4. Ralph Tyler, letter to George Myers, September 17, 1907, Myers Papers.
5. Winfield Forrest Cozart, letter to Booker T. Washington, July 29, 1907, in Harlan and Smock, Booker T. Washington Papers, 9:305–307.
6. Cozart may have expressed his feelings calmly and respectfully. But his anger at the discharges and what he was capable of doing to show it was also conveyed. He was being considered by the State Department for “an appointment in the Consular Service.” Because of Brownsville, he withdrew his name. Winfield Forrest Cozart, letter to Booker T. Washington, July 29, 1907, in ibid., 9:306.
7. Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1984), p. 280.
8. Thomas A. Bailey, Theodore Roosevelt and the Japanese-American Crises: An Account of the International Complications Arising from the Race Problem on the Pacific Coast (Gloucester, MA: P. Smith, 1964), p. v.
9. Theodore Roosevelt, letter to Gen. Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton, May 8, 1907, in The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Elting E. Morison, vol. 5, The Big Stick: 1905–1907 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952), p. 663. Hamilton commanded British and Empire forces in the apocalyptic Gallipoli campaign in World War I. It ended his military career and for a time the political career of Winston Churchill, who left the government and went to France and combat with the Grenadier Guards Second Battalion. See William Manchester, The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, vol. 1, Visions of Glory, 1874–1932 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1983), pp. 546–71, 575; and Robert K. Massie, Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea (New York: Random House, 2003), pp. 496–97.
10. See Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography, pp. 280–81.
11. See Henry F. Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography, 2 vols. (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1964), 1:296.
12. Bailey, Theodore Roosevelt and the Japanese-American Crises, p. 7, n. 16, citing Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War, by Tyler Dennet (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1925), p. 160.
13. “In strict confidence, I am endeavoring to secure what I am sure we must have; that is, preferably by mutual agreement, the exclusion of Japanese laborers from the United States just as we should not object to the Japanese excluding our laborers from Japan.” Theodore Roosevelt, letter to Harrison G. Otis, January 8, 1907, cited in ibid., pp. 155–56.
14. Japan's government said not giving passports to Hawaii would be embarrassing and suggested it was America's business to take care of travel within its borders (which included Hawaii). Historian William Tilchin cites a letter from Roosevelt to Arthur Hamilton Lee, in which Roosevelt wrote the Canadian Commissioner of Labor and said he had Japanese documents proving the Japanese government tightly controlled immigration and “deliberately overissued” passports. Theodore Roosevelt, letter to Arthur Hamilton Lee, February 2, 1908, in The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Elting E. Morison, vol. 6, The Big Stick: 1907–1909 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952), pp. 919–21. William N. Tilchin, Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire: A Study in Presidential Statecraft (New York: St. Martin's, 1997), p. 175.
15. “There is no danger of having too many immigrants of the right kind. It makes no difference from what country they come. If they are sound in body and in mind, and, above all, if they are of good character, so that we can rest assured that their children and grandchildren will be worthy fellow-citizens of our children and grandchildren, then we should welcome them with cordial hospitality.” Theodore Roosevelt, Annual Message to Congress, December 6, 1904, HR 58A-K2, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives. See also Theodore Roosevelt, letter to Henry Cabot Lodge, May 15, 1905, in Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 1884–1918 (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1925), 2:122.
16. “On November 10, 1906,” On This Day, https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/1110.html (accessed May 31, 2014).
17. See Bailey, Theodore Roosevelt and the Japanese-American Crises, p. 169.
18. Theodore Roosevelt, letter to Lawrence F. Abbott, January 3, 1907, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 5:536–38.
19. Theodore Roosevelt, letter to Henry Cabot Lodge, May 15, 1905, in Roosevelt-Lodge Correspondence, 2:122.
20. Pringle believed in hindsight the stories were not credible and the fear was an overreaction. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography, pp. 284–85. Nevertheless, coming from credible sources, Roosevelt had to deal with it.
21. Paraphrased from Edward Wagenknecht, The Seven Worlds of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Longmans, Green, 1958), p. 273.
22. See chapter nine.
23. Ronald D. Smith, “Pioneers in Public Relations,” Buffalo State College, http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/smithrd/PR/pioneers.htm (accessed May 31, 2014).
24. See Adam Sheingate, “Progressive Publicity and the Origins of Political Consulting,” http://users.polisci.wisc.edu/apw/archives/sheingate.pdf (accessed May 31, 2014).
25. Woodbridge was born Francis Woodbridge Michaelis two years after his brother George. Their parents, Ortho and Kate Michaelis, had nine children, seven of which were born at six different army arsenals where Ortho was stationed during his military career with the army's ordnance corps. There is no record of when or why he dropped Michaelis as his last name, but in 1894 (four years after his father died) when he was nineteen and applying to Harvard for financial aid, he was Francis Woodbridge. His mother's name on the application is shown as Kate K. (for Kerchival) Woodbridge Michaelis, suggesting he was born in an earlier marriage. But in an affidavit among her pension records she indicated she and Ortho were married seven years before Francis was born. See Edward Winter, “Ortho Ernst Michaelis,” Chess Notes, April 2011, http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter81.html (accessed October 2, 2014). See also Harvard University Application for Aid from the Price Greenleaf Fund, April 28, 1894, Harvard University Archives.
26. “Mr. Roosevelt Defies Negro Troops’ Friends,” New York Times, December 23, 1906.
27. See United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974); Robert Suro and Joan Biskupic, “Judge Finds Clinton in Contempt of Court,” Washington Post, April 13, 1999; Peter Baker and Susan Schmidt, “President Is Denied Executive Privilege,” Washington Post, May 6, 1998.
28. Though Clinton's case may have been weaker. Roosevelt's authority as commander in chief is explicitly part of the Constitution. Clinton's claim of executive privilege is recognized only as implied by the Constitution's separation of powers among the three branches of government. Both, however, are derived from the Constitution.
29. George Michaelis, letter to Joseph B. Foraker, February 7, 1907, Joseph Foraker Papers, Cincinnati History Library and Archives.
30. Andrew Carnegie, letter to Booker T. Washington, January 5, 1907, in Harlan and Smock, Booker T. Washington Papers, 9:182–83; Booker T. Washington, letter to Emmett Scott, January 31, 1907, in Harlan and Smock, Booker T. Washington Papers, 9:205–206.
31. See Hae-sung Hwang, Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois: A Study in Race Leadership, 1895–1915 (Seoul: American Studies Institute, Seoul National University, 1992), p. 122.
32. William Howard Taft, letter to Booker T. Washington, February 5, 1908, in Harlan and Smock, Booker T. Washington Papers, 9:451; Oswald Garrison Villard, letter to Booker T. Washington, February 25, 1908, in Harlan and Smock, Booker T. Washington Papers, 9:457.
33. David L. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919 (New York: Henry Holt, 1993), p. 363.
34. “Mr. Baker came here day before yesterday and is going to remain several days. We have just gone over the Atlanta situation thoroughly.” Booker T. Washington, letter to Oswald Garrison Villard, November 9, 1906, in Harlan and Smock, Booker T. Washington Papers, 9:120.
35. Booker T. Washington, letter to Ray Stannard Baker, May 23, 1907, July 23, 1907, and August 21, 1907, in ibid., 9:272, 303, 333. Booker T. Washington, letter
to Emmett Scott, March 2, 1908, in ibid., 9:459.
36. Unsigned letter to Moore, September 7, 1908, in ibid., 9:619. See Emma L. Thornbrough, T. Thomas Fortune: Militant Journalist (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), pp. 225–26, 255, 307–309. See also T. Thomas Fortune, letter to Emmett Scott, September 7, 1907; and Booker T. Washington, letter to Fred Moore, October 5, 1907, in Harlan and Smock, Booker T. Washington Papers, 9:619.
37. See Thornbrough, T. Thomas Fortune, pp. 310–13.
38. Charles Anderson, letter to Emmett Scott, February 25, 1907, in Harlan and Smock, Booker T. Washington Papers, 9:223.
39. Booker T. Washington, letter to Charles Anderson, September 30, 1907, in ibid., 9:223.
40. Roscoe Conkling Simmons, letter to Booker T. Washington, October 2, 1907, in ibid., 9:347.
41. Roscoe Conkling Simmons, letter to Booker T. Washington, December 12, 1904, in The Booker T. Washington Papers, ed. Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock, vol. 8, 1904–6 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979), pp. 154–56. Roscoe Conkling Simmons should not be confused with Roscoe Conkling Bruce. Both were card-carrying members of the Tuskegee Machine. Simmons became Washington's nephew when Washington married his third wife, Margaret Murray Washington, who was Simmons's aunt. Both were named after the New York senator who, among other things, helped draft the Fourteenth Amendment. Bruce was the son of Reconstruction Mississippi senator Blanche K. Bruce and figured in another irritant between Washington and Du Bois. Du Bois wanted to be the Colored Superintendent of the District of Columbia schools and wanted Washington's support. Instead Washington recommended Bruce, and he got the job. See Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, p. 246. Another once-famous-but-now-forgotten man named after Conkling was Roscoe Conkling “Fatty” Arbuckle, the silent movie comedian and star.
42. T. Thomas Fortune, letter to Booker T. Washington, February 12, 1907, in Harlan and Smock, Booker T. Washington Papers, 9:217–19.
43. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, p. 246.
44. Ibid., pp. 341–42.
45. “Niagara Movement (1905–10),” The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_niagara.html (accessed May 31, 2014).
46. See “Niagara's Declaration of Principles, 1905,” Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition, http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1152.htm (accessed May 31, 2014).
47. The efficient Tuskegee Machine even learned of the first meeting in spite of Du Bois's efforts to keep it secret. Harry Smith of the Cleveland Ledger suggested a Buffalo real estate agent for finding meeting and housing facilities. That man was a confidant of Washington's man, Charles Anderson. He told Anderson, who passed it on to Washington. It was too late for the 1905 meeting. See Christopher E. Forth, “Booker T. Washington and the 1905 Niagara Conference,” Journal of Negro History 72, nos. 3–4 (Summer–Autumn 1987): 44–56.
48. “Ransom, Reverdy C., 1861–1959,” American Decades, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3468300612.html (accessed February 25, 2014). See also Susan D. Carle, Defining the Struggle: National Racial Justice Organizing, 1880–1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 193–94.
49. Its coeditor was Lafayette M. Hershaw, Washington's target at the Department of the Interior.
50. See Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, p. 339.
51. James A. Cobb, letter to Booker T. Washington, August 26, 1907; and James A. Cobb, letter to Emmett Scott, September 5, 1907, both found in Harlan and Smock, Booker T. Washington Papers, 9:334.
52. Elliott M. Rudwick, W. E. B. Du Bois: A Study in Minority Group Leadership (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1960), p. 109. On October 11, 1907, Du Bois wrote to Foraker (on Atlanta University stationery), “By direction of the Third Annual Meeting of the Niagara Movement…I beg to congratulate you upon the firm stand which you have taken for justice.” Foraker sent his thanks on seven days later and added, “Be assured of my high appreciation for [the Niagara Movement].” Both letters found in Foraker Papers.
53. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, p. 341.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: A FACE TO GRACE THE WHITE HOUSE
1. John D. Weaver, The Brownsville Raid (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1992), p. 110; Everett Walters, Joseph Benson Foraker: An Uncompromising Republican (Columbus: Ohio History Press, 1948), p. 236; Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), p. 471; H. W. Brands, TR: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), pp. 496–97; Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1984), p. 274 (“when he shaved he saw a face that would grace the White House in 1908”).
2. Julius Chambers, letter to Joseph B. Foraker, May 1, 1906, folder 2, box 2, Joseph Foraker Papers, Cincinnati History Library and Archives.
3. Julius Chambers, “Walks and Talks,” Brooklyn Eagle, June 22, 1906, folder 2, box 2, Foraker Papers.
4. Julius Chambers, letter to Joseph B. Foraker, June 23, 1906, folder 2, box 2, Foraker Papers.
5. Joseph B. Foraker, letter to Charles Kurtz, June 28, 1906, folder 5, box 2, Foraker Papers.
6. Joseph B. Foraker, letter to Charles Kurtz, August 30, 1906, folder 5, box 2, Foraker Papers.
7. Joseph B. Foraker, letter to Julius Chambers, September 1, 1906, folder 2, box 2, Foraker Papers.
8. Joseph B. Foraker, Notes of a Busy Life, 2 vols. (Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd, 1917), 2:377.
9. Joseph B. Foraker, letter to Julius Chambers, September 14, 1906, folder 2, box 2, Foraker Papers.
10. Joseph B. Foraker, letter to Julius Chambers, September 19, 1906, folder 2, box 2, Foraker Papers.
11. Julius Chambers, letter to Joseph B. Foraker, January 7, 1907, Foraker Papers.
12. Joseph B. Foraker, letter to Julius Chambers, January 8, 1907, Foraker Papers. Foraker knew he was sending them to two men who had no chance and were no threat to him.
13. Joseph B. Foraker, letter to John J. McCook, January 8, 1907, Foraker Papers.
14. Joseph B. Foraker, letter to Julius Chambers, March 29, 1907, Foraker Papers.
15. See “Loosed,” Cincinnati Enquirer, January 9, 1907. “Possibly the sting of the President's remarks [at the Gridiron dinner] was intensified by the knowledge the friends of the Administration in Ohio are trying to destroy him politically.”
16. See Walters, Joseph Benson Foraker, pp. 258–59.
17. Roosevelt, letter to Joseph B. Foraker, February 21, 1907, in The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Elting E. Morison, vol. 5, The Big Stick: 1905–1907 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952), p. 595–596. The next month Roosevelt made it clear he was serious. He refused to appoint Foraker's man, Judge John J. Adams. See footnote 1 to this letter at p. 596.
18. Walters, Joseph Benson Foraker, p. 260.
19. Cincinnati Times-Star, March 30, 1907, cited in ibid., p. 260.
20. Foraker, Notes of a Busy Life, 2:383. See also “Taft May Get Ohio Machine,” New York Times, April 5, 1907.
21. Henry Cabot Lodge, letter to Theodore Roosevelt, April 13, 1907, in Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 1884–1918 (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1925), 2:266. This letter from Lodge answered Roosevelt's handwritten letter the day before, in which Roosevelt wrote that Crane “has been in touch with Foraker and [Boies] Penrose and…the whole opposition and reactionary crowd” and suggesting Crane was not acting so much as a peacemaker as he was a Foraker advocate. Theodore Roosevelt, letter to Henry Cabot Lodge, April 12, 1907, Henry Cabot Lodge Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
22. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography, p. 352.
23. Foraker, Notes of a Busy Life, 2:383.
24. See William Howard Taft, letter to C. P. Snow, May 8, 1907, William Howard Taft Papers, Library of Congress.
25. After medical doctors could not cure Foraker's son Arthur of a bone disease and an osteopath did, Foraker became their advocate. One osteopath, unfort
unately for Foraker not practicing in Ohio, was grateful for Foraker's support of his profession and the soldiers. Dr. S. S. Still in Iowa wrote, “I do not profess to be a ‘negro lover’ and have great respect for the President; but I feel in this case he was wrong.” S. S. Still, letter to Joseph B. Foraker, December 20, 1906, box 55, Foraker Papers.
26. See “Sad Awakening Awaits Foraker.” For Cox quote, see Cincinnati Enquirer, March 28, 1908, cited in Walters, Joseph Benson Foraker, p. 268.
27. Theodore Roosevelt, letter to Kermit Roosevelt, April 11, 1907, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 5:647.
28. Theodore Roosevelt, letter to Henry Cabot Lodge, April 12, 1907, Lodge Papers. For “haunting fear” of defeat, see chapter five.
29. Garfield Diary, May 2, 1907, James Rudolph Garfield Papers, Library of Congress.
30. See Earl R. Beck, “Joseph B. Foraker and the Standard Oil Charges,” Ohio Archeological and Historical Quarterly 56 (1947): 159, citing a letter from Foraker to C. B. McCoy, July 29, 1907; and Foraker, Notes of a Busy Life, 2:383–84. “Taft's endorsement was taken at the specific behest of George B. Cox of Cincinnati, who had been vigorously denounced by Taft in 1905 as a political boss. The loss of Cox's support was a bitter and unexpected blow to Foraker, for the Senator well knew of the power of the political machine which the municipal boss had constructed. Foraker was to declare that Taft owed his nomination to Cox more than any other single individual.”
31. Foraker, Notes of a Busy Life, 2:383. He found out how Cox planned the double cross more than four years later, when he received a letter spelling it out. Foraker confronted Charles D. Hilles, by then the secretary to President Taft, who confirmed the details. Hilles expressed his “deep regret” for any offense. See the series of correspondence at ibid., 2:384–86.
32. William Howard Taft, letter to Theodore Roosevelt, July 23, 1907, cited in Walters, Joseph Benson Foraker, p. 264. Naturally, this is exactly what Roosevelt wanted to hear. In that same letter, Taft also told Roosevelt it would be “for the benefit of the country to remove [Foraker from the Senate because he was] a man so reactionary, so unscrupulous, and so able.”
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