Memorial to Joseph Benson Foraker: Meeting of the Bench and Bar Held in the Court Room of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, Federal Building, Cincinnati, Ohio…Saturday Morning, June Sixteenth, in the Year One Thousand Nine Hundred and Seventeen. Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County.
Nicholas Longworth Papers. Library of Congress.
Oscar S. Straus Papers. Library of Congress.
Oswald Garrison Villard Papers. Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Philander C. Knox Papers. Library of Congress.
Presentation of Loving Cup to Hon. Joseph Benson Foraker, United States Senator, in Appreciation of His Services on Behalf of the Members of Companies A, B and C, 25th Infantry, by a Committee of Colored Citizens: The Ceremony and Addresses, March 6th, 1909, at Metropolitan A.M.E. Church, Washington, DC. Washington, DC: Murray Brothers, 1909.
Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1780s–1917. National Archives.
Report of the Proceedings of the Court of Inquiry Relative to the Shooting Affray at Brownsville, Tex., August 13 and 14, 1906, by Soldiers of Companies B, C, and D, Twenty-Fifth United States Infantry. S. Doc. No. 61-701 (1911), vols. 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, and 10–12, cited in this book as “CI-1,” “CI-2,” “CI-3,” and “CI-4.”
Steven Elkins Collection. West Virginia University.
Summary Discharge or Mustering Out of Regiments or Companies: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting a Report from the Secretary of War, Together with Several Documents, Including a Letter of General Nettleton, with Memoranda as to Precedents for the Summary Discharge or Mustering Out of Regiments or Companies. S. Doc. No. 59-155, vol. 11 (2d sess. 1907), pts. 1 and 2, cited in this book as “SD-1” and “SD-2.”
Theodore Roosevelt Collection. Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Theodore Roosevelt Papers. Library of Congress.
William H. Scott Family Papers. Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University.
William Howard Taft Papers. Library of Congress.
William Howard Taft Papers. Ohio History Connection, Columbus.
accommodation. See Atlanta Compromise
Adair, Clifford I., 64, 102, 301, 383–84
Adams, Henry, 400
Adams, John J., 309–10, 311
Adams, Samuel, 50
affidavit, 182–85, 203, 232–33, 360, 379
African Americans. See Negroes
African Methodist Episcopal Church. See Church, African Methodist Episcopal
agitation, 120–21, 188, 190, 193, 323
Ainsworth, Fred C., 79–81, 82, 88, 94, 98–99, 140, 146, 256
Alanis, Nicolas Sanchez, 48
Aldrich, Nelson, 268, 381
Alger, Russell A., 246
“All Coons Look Alike to Me” (song), 277–78
Allen, Richard, 21
Altgeld, John Peter, 127
American Revolution, 50
ammunition. See ballistic evidence in Brownsville Incident
Amos, James, 398, 403–4, 406–8
Anderson, Charles W., 142, 256, 313, 322
appointments
Foraker and, 164–65, 309–11
of Negroes, 20, 112, 150–52, 228
Roosevelt and, 124, 196, 284–87, 295, 310
Aquino, Servillano, 61
Archbold, John D., 364–66, 368
Armstrong, John B., 69
Armstrong, Samuel C., 115–16
army, investigation of Brownsville Incident by, 92–93, 99–100, 149, 229–30. See also individual regiments
Arnold, E. C., 379, 380
Arthur, Chester A., 164, 292
Articles of War, 98, 132, 247. See also justice, military
Atlanta Compromise, 119–21, 188–89, 223, 226–27, 238
Atlanta Constitution (newspaper), 121, 150, 190
Atlanta race riot, 133, 222–27, 284, 346
Atlanta University, 180, 190, 191, 225
Attucks, Crispus, 50
Bacon, Robert, 78, 131, 370
Bailey, Joseph W., 77–78
Bailey, Thomas A., 316
Baker, A. Y., 64, 96
Baker, Ray Stannard, 225–26, 321
Baldwin, William, 358, 375–77
ballistic evidence in Brownsville Incident
discussed, 233, 265, 301–4, 353–54
found, 68–69, 71, 72, 100
withheld or ignored, 70, 93, 97
Barber, Max, 321
Barnett, Ida B. Wells, 192
baseball, 53, 159, 401
Beecher, Lyman, 160
Beer, William C., 387–88
Berry, James H., 293
Beveridge, Albert, 78, 281
bicycle, 53–55
Bigelow, W. Sturgis, 275, 375
Black Battalion. See Twenty-Fifth Infantry
Blackburn, Joseph C. S., 243–44, 268–69, 272
Black Laws, 160, 165
blacks. See Negroes
Blaine, James G., 164, 166–67, 319
Bliss, Cornelius, 179
Blocksom, Augustus
father of, 248–49
investigation and report of, 94–97, 99, 100, 203, 230, 231, 236–37, 249, 252, 306, 377
removal of troops urged by, 82, 88
“bloody shirt,” 17, 386
Blythe, Samuel G., 278, 279, 280, 281
Bonaparte, Charles Joseph, 79, 196, 256, 345
Boston Guardian (newspaper), 191, 307, 315
Boston Radicals, 191–92
Bourbon Democrats, 138, 156, 262
Boutwell, George S., 310
Bowden, Robert, 368
Brawner, Darby W. O., 40
Brewer, David, 167
Brickell, W. D., 285
Brinkley, Douglas, 62
Brooklyn Navy Yard, 126–27
Brown, Elmer, 288–89
Brown, Henry, 196
Brown, Jacob, 63, 389
Browne, Herbert J., 332–33, 358, 375–77, 379, 383
Brownsville, Texas
described, 29, 34
map of, 30–31
police department of, 32, 46, 91
race relations in, 63–64, 94–95, 96, 100, 103, 132
reactions to Brownsville Incident in, 72, 73, 81–83, 92
Brownsville Incident, 9, 28, 30–31
burden of proof in, 235–37, 265–66, 350, 354, 383
confessions in, 307–8, 332–33, 403–4
Court of Inquiry for, 381–84
election of 1906 and, 108, 109–10, 284
exoneration of soldiers in, 390
Gridiron Club and, 273–83
guilt of soldiers presumed in, 67, 70, 76, 86, 89–90, 103, 233, 263, 383
guilt of soldiers questioned in, 16, 300, 386–87
lawsuit over, 319–20, 374
motive in, 96, 102–3, 132, 209, 264–65, 301, 307–8, 354
political considerations in, 106–7, 320, 324, 341
reenlistment of soldiers in, 235, 266, 288–89, 350–51
Senate investigation of, 299–306
witnesses, testimony of, 36–49, 65, 68, 95, 233, 248, 300
See also ballistic evidence in Brownsville Incident; Citizens’ Committee; discharge of soldiers in Brownsville Incident; silence, conspiracy of; Twenty-Fifth Infantry; and under Foraker, Joseph Benson; Roosevelt, Theodore
Bruce, Blanche K., 21
Bryan, William Jennings, 126, 127, 170, 324, 362, 367
Buchanan, James, 133
buffalo, 51–52, 62
Buffalo Soldiers. See Ninth Cavalry; Tenth Cavalry; Twenty-Fifth Infantry; Twenty-Fourth Infantry
bugle, 39, 65, 86–87, 95, 308
Bulkeley, Morgan G., 300, 350
bullets. See ballistic evidence in Brownsville Incident
Bullock, Rufus Brown, 119
Bundy, Hezekiah, 162
burden of proof. See under Brownsville Incident
Burns, Tommy, 373
Burrows, Julius, 269
Burt, And
rew S., 50, 53, 104–5, 136
Burt, R. J., 56
Burton, Theodore
Foraker and, 176–78, 331, 357, 363
Roosevelt and, 311, 347, 372
California. See Japanese in America
“Call to Arms” (bugle call), 39, 65, 86–87, 95, 308
Canada, Charles, 45
Cannon, Joseph, 110, 207, 246
Carnegie, Andrew, 112, 166, 235, 320
Caro, Robert, 197
Carter, Thomas H., 213–14
“Cast Down Your Buckets” (speech), 120–21
cavalry, 52. See also individual regiments
Chace, Charles, 45
Chambers, Julius, 325–28
Chase, Calvin, 135, 136
Church, African Methodist Episcopal (AME), 21
Boston AME Church, 192–93
Metropolitan AME Church (Washington, DC), 15, 23–27, 136, 384–88
Metropolitan Union AME Church (New York), 136
Church, Roman Catholic, 169
Churchill, Winston, 107
Cincinnati, Ohio, 109–10, 126, 136–37, 158–59, 160–61, 163
Cincinnati Law School, 163
Citizens’ Committee
investigation of, 69, 78, 79, 149, 383
prejudice of, 73–76, 82, 89–90
civil rights
Du Bois and, 189, 322–23
Foraker and, 336, 387
Roosevelt and, 25, 154
Taft and, 20
voting and, 190, 238
Washington and, 119–21, 188–89
See also equality
civil service. See under Roosevelt, Theodore
Civil War, 17, 51, 117, 161–62, 224, 292
Clark, James Beauchamp, 158, 280, 282, 369, 397
Clark, W. A., 252
Clarke, C. J. T., 140–41
Clay, Alexander, 244–45
Cleveland, Grover, 18, 124, 166, 274
Clinton, William Jefferson, 320
Cobb, James A., 323–24
Collier, Peter, 123
Collum, Shelby, 213, 245, 381
Colored Troops (US Civil War). See US Colored Troops
Combe, Frederick J., 28–29, 32, 79
Brownsville Incident and, 37, 48–49, 64, 66–67, 68–73, 75–76, 82–83, 89–92, 231
Combe, Joe, 28, 37, 48–49, 68, 73
Committee on Military Affairs, Senate, 215, 350–51
Brownsville hearings in, 97, 104, 242–44, 299–306, 377
Warren and, 131, 211, 292
Confederacy, 17–18, 166, 220
Conner, George, 33, 67, 71
conservation, 62, 199
Constitution, US, 25, 246–47, 271, 279, 369. See also Reconstruction Amendments
Constitution League, 133, 179–80, 257, 322
Brownsville Incident and, 148, 183–85, 232–36, 356
Conyers, Boyd, 140, 359–60, 375, 378–80, 391
coon song, 277–78
Cornelia, 158, 175, 395
Cornell University, 163, 169, 355
Cortelyou, George B., 173, 234, 257, 311, 338–39, 368
court-martial, 98, 132, 209, 229, 231, 247, 333–34
Court of Inquiry. See under Brownsville Incident
Cowen, Anna, 35, 41
Cowen, Louis, 35, 41, 333
Cox, Charles, 328–30
Cox, Minnie, 151–52
Cozart, Winfield Forrest, 314–15
Creager, Rentfro, 70, 93
Crichton, Judy, 401
Crixell, Joe, 28, 47, 66–67
Crozier, William, 302–3
Cuba, 55–60, 78, 107, 130–31, 147. See also under Roosevelt, Theodore; Twenty-Fifth Infantry
Culberson, Charles A., 63, 76, 77, 78, 211–12, 214–15, 259, 270
Daggett, Aaron S., 382–83
Dakota Territory, 123
Darwin, Charles, 152
Davenport, Walter, 368
Davis, George B., 247, 289, 359
Davis, Jefferson, 17, 54
Davis, Richard Harding, 147
Democrats, 24, 78, 117, 139, 149, 235, 361, 367, 395
Brownsville Incident and, 204, 243, 271, 299, 335, 351, 382
Department of War. See War Department
Dewey, George, 56, 60
Dick, Charles, 177, 285
discharge of soldiers in Brownsville Incident
authority for, 231, 240–41, 246–47, 250, 259–60, 268–69, 279, 349
ordered, 99, 101–2, 104, 106, 130, 140
reactions to, 133–42, 150, 182, 204–7, 246–47
suspended, 144–47
“without honor,” 103, 132, 209, 247–48, 390
discipline. See under Twenty-Fifth Infantry
Dolliver, Jonathan P., 292
Dominguez, M. Yonacio “Joe,” 36, 45–47, 68, 132, 307, 349, 354
Douglass, Frederick, 21, 27, 162, 192
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 388
Du Bois, Burghardt, 194–95
Du Bois, Mary (née Burghardt), 190
Du Bois, W. E. B., 189–91
Brownsville Incident and, 12, 134, 137–38, 194, 314, 324
death of, 219, 394
influence of, 113, 193, 226, 323, 362
racial views of, 122, 187, 188, 190, 219, 225–26
Roosevelt and, 134, 342, 389, 398
Washington and, 12, 113, 188–90, 193–94, 226, 253, 322, 393–94
Dunn, Arthur Wallace, 104
Durbin, Winfield Taylor, 221
Edger, Benjamin J., 63, 304
Edmunds, George F., 164
education of Negroes, 115–16, 118–20, 188
Edward VII, 132
El Caney, 57–59, 129, 134, 382
Eleazar, Rabbi, 128
election of 1876, 117
election of 1884, 164
election of 1888, 124, 165–67, 196, 319
election of 1892, 124
election of 1900, 170, 200
election of 1904, 152, 155
election of 1906, 108, 109–10, 200–1, 284
election of 1907, 109, 347
election of 1908, 109, 145, 171, 172–75, 177–78, 284, 327–30, 360
election of 1912, 282, 395
Eliot, Charles William, 319
Elkins, Herbert, 41, 49, 76
Emancipation Proclamation, 63, 162
equality
Du Bois and, 25, 122, 188–89, 193
Foraker and, 27, 336
Negroes and, 97, 134
Roosevelt and, 153–54, 263
Washington and, 119–20, 188–89, 323
whites and, 121, 161, 239
Estrada, Tomás, 130–31
Evans, Mrs. Lon, 33, 43, 85, 96, 132, 354
executive power, 10–11, 170, 176, 271
factionalism, black, 188, 193, 194, 288, 314
Fairbanks, Charles W., 162, 177, 196, 203, 205–6, 211–12, 244
Fernanders, J. E. C., 136
Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 51, 53, 139
firearms
in Brownsville, 29, 32, 38
at Fort Brown, 66, 86–87, 229–30
Springfield rifle, 69, 71, 265, 301–4
See also ballistic evidence in Brownsville Incident
Fisk University, 189
Foraker, Benson, 282
Foraker, Creighton, 254–55
Foraker, Ethel Marie, 254–55, 312
Foraker, James, 254–55, 309, 312, 357
Foraker, Joseph Benson, 161–63
and Brownsville Incident
anger over, 181–82, 335–36, 242–45
appreciated, 15, 19, 23–27, 384–87, 396
in committee hearings, 299–306, 350–51
Gridiron Club and, 277–82
isolation of, 212, 245, 357–58, 382
lawsuit and, 318–20, 348
motivation of, 325–31, 351–52
optimism of, 141, 369–71
reenlistment of soldiers and, 352–55, 375–79
Senate investigatio
n initiated by, 205–7, 210–15, 238, 269–70
Confederacy and, 17, 18, 166
conservatism of, 11, 170
death of, 396–97
doctors and, 325, 329, 357, 363
election of 1888 and, 165–67, 319
election of 1906 and, 110
election of 1908 and, 15, 177–78, 181, 325–28, 335–36, 347–48
as lawyer, 10, 11, 27, 159, 163–64, 303–6, 395
legacy of, 13, 396
Milholland and, 253–54, 357–58
Myers and, 15, 287
Negroes and, 26, 180, 288
as Ohio governor, 17, 27, 164–65
as orator, 17, 18, 163, 169–70, 246–51, 331, 351
physical description of, 24, 169
qualities of, 9, 17
racial views of, 162
Roosevelt and, 16, 164, 170–72, 176–78, 201–4, 310–11, 328, 355, 370–71, 378
Senate seat, loss of, 26, 283, 312, 369, 386
as senator, 169–71
Taft and, 164–65, 167–68, 361, 387
trusts and, 364–66
Tyler and, 285–87
Foraker, Julia (née Bundy), 9, 162–66, 182, 202, 273, 278, 349–50, 365, 366, 368
Foraker, Mount, 397
Fort Brown, 34–35, 63, 76–77, 92, 389
Fort Davis, 52
Fortescue, Granville Roland, 404–7
Fortieth Infantry, 54
Fort Meade, 52
Fort Missoula, 53
Fort Monroe, 54
Fort Niobrara, 53, 62–63, 71
Fort Reno, 53, 84, 101, 103, 128–29, 140–41, 183, 230, 290
Fort Riley, 53
Fort Ringgold, 83
Fort Russell, 131, 291, 292
Fort Sam Houston, 102, 128, 131–32
Fort Shaw, 53
Fortune, T. Thomas, 135, 155, 179–80, 192, 223, 227, 256–57, 321, 322, 340–41, 361–62
Fourteenth Amendment, 20, 117, 268, 336, 387
Fowler, Dorothy Ganfield, 239
Frazier, Jacob, 40, 129, 232, 305
Fromkin, David, 399
Gable, John, 153
Galvin, John, 280–81, 309–10
Gambell, Ralph E., 305
Garfield, James A., 158, 196
Garfield, James R., 196, 282, 284, 288, 297–98, 311, 313, 330, 348
Garlington, Ernest A., 102–4, 105, 130, 140, 197, 231, 236, 248, 305, 353
Garner, John Nance, 89, 272, 382
Garza, Celedonio, 75, 85
Garza, Ygnacio, 49
Gatewood, Willard, 152, 161
Gazaway, J. W., 26
Germany, 318
Gilder, Richard Watson, 150–51
Gillett, James, 345
Gleason, W. W., 297–98
Glenn, Edwin F., 299
Goethals, George, 259
Gone with the Wind (film), 119
Gould, Lewis, 10
grandfather clause, 190
Granger, Gordon, 63
Grant, Ulysses S., 63, 145, 158, 159–60, 229, 310
Taking on Theodore Roosevelt Page 62
