K. Koch, “Esras erste Vision: Weltzeiten und Weg des Höchste,” BZ 22 (1978): 46–75, at 46. ↵
In 7:112–14, for example, Ezra is told that “the day of judgement will be the end of this age and the beginning of the immortal age to come, in which corruption has passed away.’ Again, statements such as that found in 8:46 indicate the continuing importance of an eschatological duality for 4 Ezra: “things that are present [or ‘in this world’] are for those who live now, and things that are future [or ‘in that world’] are for those who will live hereafter” (see the notes in Stone, M. E. and Henze, M., 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch, 56.) ↵
Longenecker observes that “if Uriel ever gives Ezra an answer in explanation of the ways of God it is imbedded in the two-age scheme which he propagates for the first time (in nuce) at this point” (Longenecker, Eschatology and the Covenant, 61). ↵
4 Ezra 4:26–32. ↵
4 Ezra 4:33–37 (emphasis mine). Cf. also 4 Ezra 11:44: “the Most High has looked upon his times, and behold, they are ended, and his ages are completed!” ↵
4 Ezra 4:40–43. ↵
I say “in a sense” because the point subsequently made in, for example, 5:6 is not that a coming reign was unanticipated, but that the one who exercises that reign does not meet expectations. The most influential study of apocalyptic and maternal imagery in Paul is, of course, Gaventa, Our Mother Saint Paul. However, Gaventa’s approach to apocalyptic, which follows Martyn closely, leads her to emphasize “God’s unilateral action of intervention in the cross and resurrection of Jesus Christ” (14) and to downplay the importance of “maturation” and continuity (cf. 122). I have discussed these issues in more detail in J. P. Davies, “What to Expect when you’re Expecting: Maternity, Salvation History, and the ‘Apocalyptic Paul’” JSNT 38, no. 3 (March 2016), 301–15. ↵
J. C. Beker, Paul the Apostle: The Triumph of God in Life and Thought (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980), 143. ↵
Ibid., x. ↵
J. L. Martyn, “Review of Paul the Apostle: The Triumph of God in Life and Thought, by J. Christiaan Beker,” Word & World 2, no. 2 (1982): 194–98, at 196–97. ↵
E.g. J. C. Beker, Paul’s Apocalyptic Gospel: The Coming Triumph of God (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1982), 50, where he says that “with the apocalyptic authors, Paul expects the future to entail a definitive closure/completion-event in time and space, rather than simply a continuous, open-ended process.” ↵
Ibid., 40. ↵
Martyn, “Review of Beker,” 196. ↵
Ibid. ↵
See, for example, three recent contributions to the Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters: B. W. Longenecker, “Salvation History in Galatians and the Making of a Pauline Discourse,” JSPL 2, no. 2 (2012): 65–87; J. Maston, “The Nature of Salvation History in Galatians,” JSPL 2, no. 2 (2012): 89–103; T. D. Still, “‘Once upon a Time’: Galatians as an Apocalyptic Story,” JSPL 2, no. 2 (2012): 133–41. ↵
Gal. 1:3-4 (NRSV). ↵
Martyn, Galatians, 97. ↵
de Boer, Galatians, 30. De Boer’s list of additional references is very useful, and demonstrates that the “two ages” is not simply “apocalyptic” but is something found across a wide range of Jewish and Christian texts. ↵
E.g. H. D. Betz, Galatians: A Commentary on Paul’s Letter to the Churches in Galatia, Hermeneia (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979), 42n58; J. D. G. Dunn, A Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, BNTC (London: A&C Black, 1993), 36; R. N. Longenecker, Galatians, WBC 41 (Dallas: Word, 1990), 8; T. R. Schreiner, Galatians, ZECNT (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2010), 77; S. K. Williams, Galatians, ANTC (Nashville: Abingdon, 1997), 35; Wright, PFG, 1068–69. ↵
Martyn, Galatians, 98. ↵
E.g. Isa. 43:18–19; cf. Hanson, Dawn of Apocalyptic, 127. ↵
Martyn, Galatians, 565. A questionable dichotomy is invoked here: there are other options besides “repair” and “replacement” as creation’s “renewal” in 4 Ezra 7:75 suggests and the bodily resurrection of Jesus demonstrates. A useful study of apocalyptic, the “two ages” and resurrection is D. M. Moffitt, Atonement and the Logic of Resurrection in the Epistle to the Hebrews, NovTSup 141 (Leiden: Brill, 2011), esp. 96–104, on 4 Ezra. This is not the only false dichotomy involved in Martyn’s approach (see below). ↵
Martyn, Galatians, 388; cf. 406–8. ↵
Ibid., 389. ↵
Ibid. ↵
Ibid., 388. ↵
de Boer, Galatians, 261. ↵
Ibid. ↵
Ibid., 262. ↵
Ibid., 261n389. ↵
Williams, Galatians, 111. ↵
Martyn, Galatians, 99. ↵
Wright, PFG, 877. ↵
Ibid., 876n286. Cf. Martyn, Galatians, 389. ↵
Richard B. Hays, The Faith of Jesus Christ: The Narrative Substructure of Galatians 3:1—4:11, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002), 227–28. ↵
Here, the important work of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson is instructive (see Metaphors We Live By [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981], esp. chapter 17 (pp. 97–105) on “Complex Coherences Across Metaphors”). ↵
Hays, “Apocalyptic Poiesis in Galatians,” 205. ↵
Cf. Martyn, Galatians, 104; and also N. T. Wright, Jesus and the Victory of God (London: SPCK, 1996), 467–72; Wright, PFG, 550–62. ↵
Index of Names
Adams, Edward, 161, 258, 268, 271, 294
Aernie, Jeffrey W., 312
Agamben, G., 274
Allen Jr., O. Wesley, 240
Alsup, John E., 143
Arnold, Clinton E., 280, 289
Attridge, Harold W., 158
Aulen, G., 118, 124
Aune, David E., 153, 175
Bailey, D. P., 232
Baird, William, 168–70
Baker, W., 203, 209
Barclay, John M. G., 31, 83, 159–60, 190, 249, 272, 278–79, 300
Barnett, Paul, 169–70, 307
Barrett, C. K., 246, 248, 261, 264, 280, 289, 307
Barrier, Jeremy, 185
Barth, Karl, 69–70, 73, 75, 77, 79–80, 122, 203, 205–6, 210–15, 226, 229–30, 233, 235, 237
Bassler, Jouette M., 40
Batovici, D., 278
Bauckham, R., 48
Bayer, Martin, 234
Beale, G. K., 13, 39
Becker, Michael, 146
Beker, J. Christiaan, 8, 27–28, 30, 36, 115, 203, 298, 351–52
Bell, Richard H., 306–8
Belleville, Linda, 306
Berkhof, Hendrik, 289
Bertani, Mauro, 73
Bertschmann, Dorothea H., 279
Betz, Hans Dieter, 169, 353
Bieringer, Reimund, 303, 305, 313
Bietenhard, Hans, 168
Bird, Michael F., 131, 178, 186, 196, 224, 236
Black, Matthew, 289–90
Blackwell, Ben C., 178, 196, 307, 310
Boccaccini, Gabriele, 340
Bockmuehl, Markus N. A., 13, 39, 71, 253
Bornkamm, G., 229
Bousset, William, 167
Bovon, F., 192
Braaten, B., 199
Braaten, Carl, 199, 211, 213, 215
Bremmer, J., 189
Breytenbach, Cilliers, 310
Briones, David E., 165
Brock, Ann Graham, 192
Bromiley, Geoffrey William, 30, 69, 204, 223
Brookins, Timothy A., 161, 176
Brouwer, Rene, 162
Brown, Alexandra R., 251, 258, 284
Brown, Colin, 306
Brown, Paul J., 288
Brunner, Emil, 77
Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, 303
Bultmann, Rudolf, 200, 273, 307, 313
Burkert, Walter, 158, 161–62
Caird, George B., 114, 282, 289
Calvin, John, 226
Campbell, Constantine R., 67, 74
Campbell, Douglas A., 9, 11, 31, 33, 36–38, 40, 67, 71, 78, 82, 124–25, 131, 141, 197, 232, 278, 298, 301, 311, 315, 342
Carlston, Charles E., 298
Carr, Wesley, 280, 288
Carson, D. A., 230
Cayzer, J. F., 227
Charlesworth, J. H., 55, 347
Chrysostom, John, 248, 282
Ciampa, Roy E., 282, 289–90
Clements, Ronald E., 141
Clemo, Jack, 216
Colish, Marcia L., 162
Collins, A. Yarbro, 46, 157, 168, 178
Collins, John J., 5, 28, 32, 39, 45–50, 138–39, 142, 144, 157, 161, 167, 173, 176, 180, 184, 277, 289, 340, 345–46
Collins, Raymond F., 280
Congdon, David, 7, 25, 37, 204, 222
Conzelmann, H., 225, 261–62, 267, 280
Cox, John Edmund, 236
Cranfield, C. E. B., 226, 228, 232, 244, 246, 248
Cremer, H., 223, 230
Cristaudo, W., 203, 209
Critchley, Simon, 203
Cullman, Oscar, 89
Cuvillier, E., 48
Dalferth, Ingolf U., 207
Damschen, Gregor, 165–66
Davies, J. P., 113, 345, 350
Davies, Philip R., 141
Davies, W. D., 66
Davis, Joshua B., 7, 25, 38, 200–201, 222, 315
De Boer, Martinus, 4, 8–9, 25, 31–32, 35, 40, 45, 48–49, 51–59, 117–18, 124, 138, 142, 144–45, 206, 258, 289–90, 299–300, 310, 322–26, 331, 341–42, 344–46, 353, 356
De Bruyn, Th., 248
De Lubac, Henri, 84
Deissmann, G. Adolf, 74
Delling, Gerhard, 280, 289
Deming, W., 260, 265, 270
Derrida, Jacques, 199
DeSilva, David A., 159, 176
Dibelius, Martin, 280, 289
Dodson, Joseph, 7, 165, 178, 186, 196
Downing, F. Gerald, 158
Downs, D. J., 295
Duff, Nancy J., 38
Dunderberg, Ismo, 159
Dunn, James D. G., 153, 226, 232, 244, 353
Dunne, John A., 278, 333
Eastman, Susan Grove, 38, 315
Ebeling, G., 222
Eckstein, H. J., 23
Eliot, G., 200
Eliot, T. S., 134, 157
Elliott, M. W., 11, 204
Elliott, Neil, 280
Engberg-Pedersen, Troels, 6, 159, 169, 171–74, 257, 264
Everling, Otto, 280, 289
Fallon, Francis, 178
Fantin, Joseph D., 278
Farmer, W. R., 36
Fee, G., 266, 280
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 200
Filson, F. V., 89
Fitzmyer, J. A., 244, 248, 281, 289, 313
Flebbe, J., 233
Fontana, Alessandro, 73
Forsen, Bjorn, 291
Foskett, Mary F., 240
Foucault, Michel, 73
Fowler, A., 342–43
Frey, Jorg, 146
Froitzheim, Franzjosef, 142
Funk, R. W., 202
Furnish, Victor Paul, 168–70, 305, 307
Gabrielsen, Vincent, 291
Garland, David E., 281, 289
Gathercole, Simon J., 31, 233, 300, 310
Gauly, Bardo Maria, 161
Gaventa, Beverly Roberts, 31–32, 35, 40, 46, 58, 204, 226, 240–42, 247–48, 250, 319, 342, 350
Gillespie, Thomas W., 201
Gladd, Benjamin L., 13, 39, 284
Glasson, Thomas Francis, 24, 339
Goff, Matthew, 172
Gooder, Paula, 163, 165, 168–70
Goodrich, John K., 193
Goppelt, Leonhard, 143
Gorman, Michael, 74, 327–28, 337
Gorringe, Timothy, 206
Gregory, Andrew, 186
Gregory, Brad S., 73
Grieb, A. Katherine, 240
Griffiths, J. Gwyn, 158
Griffiths, Paul J., 79
Gunkel, Hermann, 161
Gupta, Nijay K., 290
Guttgemanns, E., 223
Haacker, Klaus, 244
Haase, Wolfgang, 158
Hahm, David E., 159
Hanson, Paul D., 46–50, 344, 354
Harink, Douglas, 7, 25, 38, 200–201, 208–9, 222, 295, 315
Harmon, M. S., 119
Harril, J. Albert, 278, 293
Harris, Murray J., 168–69, 306–7, 311
Harrison, James R., 195, 278
Harrisville, Roy A., 204, 313
Hauerwas, Stanley, 69, 72, 76
Hayes, Michael A., 158
Hays, Richard B., 11, 17, 38, 194, 201–2, 226, 236, 280, 324, 330, 344, 358–59
Heil, Andreas, 165–66
Heilig, Christopher, 127, 295
Heim, Erin, 244
Hellholm, David, 158
Hengel, Martin, 290
Hennecker, E., 50
Henze, M., 340, 347–48
Herbert, George, 221
Hiers, R. H., 51, 200
Himmelfarb, Martha, 161
Hogan, Karina Martin, 173, 340
Holland, D. L., 51, 200
Hollander, Harm W., 303
Hooker, Morna D., 289, 307, 310–11
Horsley, Richard A., 276–77, 287–88, 294
Hoskins, Paul M., 286
Hoven, Rene, 165, 174
Hugo, Victor, 237
Humphrey, Edith M., 90, 95–96
Hurst, J., 216
Hutter, Reinhard, 79
Ignatius, 282
Inwood, Brad, 165
Irons, C. L., 224
Isaac, E., 55
Jaquette, J. L., 269
Jennings, Willie James, 83
Jennings Jr., Theodore W., 24, 38, 200
Jenson, Robert, 199, 209
Jervis, L. Ann, 306
Jewett, Robert, 244, 246
Johnson, E. Elizabeth, 250
Johnson, L. T., 131
Johnson, Mark, 358
Jungel, E., 227, 230, 235
Kaftan, Julius, 200
Kaler, Michael, 180, 185
Kant, Immanuel, 228
Kasemann, Ernst, 3, 10, 27, 29–30, 50, 52–53, 88, 123, 153, 174, 202, 204, 221–24, 226–27, 233–36, 248, 274–75, 292–93, 298–300, 310–11
Kent, A. M., 216
Kerr, Nathan R., 72, 207–09
Kertelge, K., 221
Kim, Seyoon, 13, 278
King, Christine, M., 166
Kinman, Brent, 287
Kittel, G., 280
Koch, Klaus, 200, 339, 348
Kohl, Margaret, 30, 200, 299, 339
Koschorke, Klaus, 178, 194
Kovacks, Judith L., 280
Krans, Jans, 32, 58, 240
Kreitzer, Larry, 142
Kummel, Werner Georg, 143, 229
Kurek-Chomycz, D. A., 334
Ladd, George Eldon, 143
Lakoff, George, 358
Lalleman, P., 189
Landmesser, C., 23
Lang, T. J., 81
Lehmann, Paul L., 205
Leitch, J. W., 203
Lewis, C. S., 101
Lewis, Scott M., 289, 291
Lichtenberger, H., 24
Lincoln, Andrew, 13, 84, 89, 99–100, 142
Lindars, Barnabas, 246
Linebaugh, Jonathan A., 226, 230–31, 236, 252–53, 311
Littlewood, C. A. J., 166
Lohse, Eduard, 248
Long, A. A., 159, 161–62
Long, Frederick J., 290
Longenecker, B. W., 226, 348, 353
Longenecker, Richard N., 328, 353
Lowe, Walter, 23, 201, 206–7, 216
Lowrie, Walter, 200
Luck, Georg, 162
Luther, Martin, 219, 221, 227, 235
Macey, David, 73
MacGregoror, G. H. C., 280, 289
MacRae, George, 180
Mangina, Joseph, 208
Mansfield, Jaap, 161
Marga, A., 211
Marsh, Charles, 84
Marshall, I Howard, 303, 305, 313
Martyn, J. Louis, 8, 24, 27–28, 31–34, 36–37, 39–40, 46, 50, 52–53, 58–59, 61�
��62, 66, 80, 89, 101, 117, 123–24, 140, 197, 205, 213–14, 251, 298–303, 311, 315, 319, 322, 326, 337, 341, 344, 350–53, 355–59
Maston, J., 353
Matera, Frank J., 169
Matern, H., 204
Matlock, R. Barry, 3–4, 14, 24, 29, 39, 141, 145, 236, 341–42
Matthews, C., 192
May, A. S., 272
McCormack, Bruce L., 204–6, 227
McGinn, B., 45, 206
McMacken, W. T., 204
McNicol, Allan J., 142
Meeks, W., 115, 118, 133, 244
Merriel, Juvenal, 84
Merz, Annette, 143
Metzger, Bruce M., 246, 347
Meyer, Marvin, 180
Mihaila, Corin, 281
Miller, Gene, 280
Mitchell, Alan C., 286
Moffitt, D. M., 355
Mohr, J. C. B., 50
Moltmann, Jurgen, 203
Montague, W. J., 27, 88, 153, 174, 221–22, 224, 274
Montgomery, William, 30
Moo, Douglas, 244, 246
Moore, Stephen D., 293
Morales, Rodrigo J., 321
Morray-Jones, C. R. A., 14, 114, 175, 318, 340, 345
Morse, Christopher, 200
Moses, Robert Ewusie, 280, 289
Moule, C. F. D., 29, 36
Muller, C., 221
Murphy, F. J., 46–48
Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome, 169
Nash, Anne Englund, 84
Newman, Carey, 13
Newsom, Carol Ann, 29
Nichols, A., 229
Nickelsburg, George, 117, 180
Niebuhr, R. R., 36
Novenson, Matthew, 245, 278
Oepke, A., 62, 221, 223
Ogden, S., 273
Ohler, Markus, 146
Okland, J., 271
O’Regan, Cyril, 201, 211
Origen, 227
Overbeck, Franz, 216
Paddison, Angus, 84
Painchaud, L., 179
Parmentier, Martin, 248
Parrot, Douglas M., 179
Paul and the Apocalyptic Imagination Page 46
