spectabilis (pl. spectabiles) – Intermediate senatorial rank of the later fourth century (see clarissimus and illustris).
testudo – ‘tortoise’. The classic Roman wall-of-shields infantry formation, designed to give all-round and overhead protection.
Teutobergiensis Saltus – The Teutoburg Forest, where Arminius ambushed and destroyed Varus’ three legions.
Visigoths – A new and much larger Gothic group created by Alaric I (king 385–410) out of parts of the Tervingi and Greuthungi who arrived at the Danube requesting asylum in 376, and the Goths of Radagaisus who invaded Italy in 405/6. The term has often been used as a synonym for the Tervingi before 376 (when they were led by Athanaric), but this is mistaken.
Wielbark culture – A zone of remains extending over much of northern Poland in the first and second centuries AD, then spreading eastwards and southwards in the third and fourth.
NOTES
ABBREVIATIONS
AM – anno mundi, year of the world
BC – Book of Constitutions: ed. Von Salis (1892); trans. Drew (1972)
CAH 1. 12 – Cambridge Ancient History, 1st edn, vol. 12: The Imperial Crisis and Recovery AD 193–324, ed. S. A. Cook et al. (Cambridge, 1939)
CAH 2. 7. 2 – Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn, vol. 7.2: The Rise of Rome to 220 BC, ed. F. W. Walbank et al. (Cambridge, 1989)
CAH 2. 8 – Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn, vol. 8: Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 BC, ed. A. E. Astin et al. (Cambridge, 1989)
CAH 2. 9 – Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn, vol. 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic 146–43 BC, ed. J. A. Crook et al. (Cambridge, 1994)
CAH 2. 10 – Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn, vol. 10: The Augustan Empire 43 BC–AD 69, ed. A. K. Bowman et al. (Cambridge, 1996)
CAH 2. 11 – Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn, vol. 11: The High Empire 70–192 AD, ed. A. K. Bowman et al. (Cambridge, 2000)
CE – Code of Euric: in Zeumer, ed. (1902)
Chron. Gall. 452 – Gallic Chronicle of 452: in Mommsen, ed. (1892)
Chron. Gall. 511 – Gallic Chronicle of 511: in Mommsen, ed. (1892)
CIL – corpus inscriptionum latinarum
CJ – Codex Justinianus: in Kreuger, ed. (1877)
CM 1, 2 – Chronica Minora, vols 1 and 2: ed. Mommsen (1892; 1894)
CMH 1. 1 – Cambridge Medieval History, 1st edn, vol. 1: The Christian Empire, ed. J. B. Bury et al. (Cambridge, 1911)
CTh – Codex Theodosianus (Theodosian Code): ed. Mommsen and Kreuger (1905); trans. Pharr (1952)
fr., frr. – fragment(s)
HE – Ecclesiastical History (Historia Ecclesiastica)
ILT – P. Gauckler (ed.), Rapport sur des inscriptions latines découvertes en Tunisie de 1900 à 1905 (Paris, 1907)
MGH – Monumenta Germaniae Historica
Not. Dig. Occ. – Notitia Dignitatum, western Empire: in Seeck, ed. (1876)
Not. Dig. Or. – Notitia Dignitatum, eastern Empire: in Seeck, ed. (1876)
Nov. Theod. – Novels of the Emperor Theodosius II: in Mommsen and Kreuger, eds (1905); trans. Pharr (1952)
Nov. Val. – Novels of the Emperor Valentinian III: in Mommsen and Kreuger, eds (1905); trans. Pharr (1952)
Or. – Oration, Orationes
P. Columbia 123 – Papyri from the Columbia University collection no. 123: ed. W. L. Westermann and A. A. Schiller, Apokrimata: Decisions of Septimius Severus on Legal Matters (New York, 1954)
P. Ital. – J.-O. Tjader (ed.), Die nichtliterarischen lateinischen Papyri Italiens aus der Zeit 445–700, 3 vols (Lund, 1954–82)
Pan. Lat. – Latin Prose Panegyrics: ed. and trans. Nixon and Rogers (1994)
PLRE 1 – A. H. M. Jones et al. (eds), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 1, AD 260–395 (Cambridge, 1971)
PLRE 2 – J. R. Martindale (ed.), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, AD 395–527 (Cambridge, 1980)
ref., refs – reference(s)
s.a. – sub anno, under the year
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRIMARY SOURCES
Following the usual conventions, editions of standard classical works are not cited in the bibliography; most are found in translation in either or both of the Loeb and Penguin Classics series. All Christian authors are available, if sometimes in outdated form, in Patrologia Latina or Patrologia Graeca editions. More recent (sometimes competing) editions of most of the texts cited in the Introduction and notes can be found in GCS (Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte), CSEL (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum), CC (Corpus Christianorum), and SC (Sources Chrétiennes). Many are translated in the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, and Library of the Fathers collections. Otherwise, the following editions and translations of late Roman sources have been used; where no translation is cited, the translation in the text is my own
Agathias History: ed. Keydell (1967); trans. Frendo (1975)
Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae: in Rolfe, ed. and trans. (1935–9)
The Annals of Ravenna: ed. Bischoff and Koehler (1952)
Book of the History of the Franks: ed. Krusch (1888)
Cedrenus: ed. Bekker (1838–9)
Chron. Gall. 452: in Mommsen, ed. (1892)
Chron. Gall. 511: in Mommsen, ed. (1892)
Chronicon Paschale: ed. Dindorf (1832); trans. Whitby and Whitby (1989)
Claudian Works: ed. and trans. Platnauer (1922)
Codex Justinianus: in Kreuger, ed. (1877)
Eunapius History: ed. and trans. Blockley (1982)
Eutropius: ed. Santini (1979); trans. Bird (1993)
Gregory of Tours Histories: ed. Krusch and Levison (1951); trans. Thorpe (1974)
Hydatius Chronicle: in Mommsen, ed. (1894); trans. Burgess (1993)
John of Antioch: in Mueller, ed. (1851–70); trans. Gordon (1966)
John Lydus On the Months: ed. Wuensch (1898)
John Lydus On the Magistrates: ed. and trans. Bandy (1983)
Jordanes Getica: ed. Mommsen (1882); trans. Mierow (1915)
Jordanes Romana: ed. Mommsen (1882)
Julian Works: ed. and trans. Wright (1913)
Letter of Auxentius: in Gryson, ed. (1980); trans. Heather and Matthews (1991)
Libanius Works: ed. Foerster (1903–27); Letters: partial trans. Bradbury (2004)
Life of St Epiphanius: in Vogel, ed. (1885)
Life of Severinus: ed. Noll and Vetter (1963); trans. Bieler (1965)
Malalas: ed. Dindorf (1831); trans. Jeffreys et al. (1986)
Malchus: ed. and trans. Blockley (1982)
Marcellinus Comes: in Mommsen, ed. (1894)
Miracles of St Demetrius: ed. Lemerle (1979–81)
Olympiodorus of Thebes: ed. and trans. Blockley (1982)
Passion of St Saba: in Delehaye, ed. (1912); trans. Heather and Matthews (1991)
Paulinus of Pella Eucharisticon: in Evelyn White, ed. and trans. (1961)
Priscus: ed. and trans. Blockley (1982)
Procopius Works: ed. and trans. Dewing (1914–40)
Prosper Tiro Chronicle: in Mommsen, ed. (1892)
Sidonius Poems and Letters: ed. and trans. Anderson (1936–65)
Symmachus Works: ed. Seeck (1883); Relationes: trans. Barrow (1973)
Synesius of Cyrene: ed. Garzya (1989)
Themistius Orationes: ed. Schenkl et al. (1965–74); partial trans. Heather and Moncur (2001)
Theophanes Chronographia: ed. Niebuhr (1839–41); trans. Mango and Scott (1997)
Theophylact Simocatta History: ed. De Boor and Wirth (1972); trans. Whitby and Whitby (1986)
Victor of Vita History of the Persecution in Africa: ed. Kalm (1879); trans. Moorhead (1992)
Zosimus History: ed. Paschoud (1971–81); trans. Ridley (1982)
GENERAL
Adcock, F. E. (1956). Caesar as Man of Letters (Cambridge)
Alexander, P. J. (1958). The Patriarch Nicephorus of Constantinople: Ecclesiastical Policy and Image Worship in the Byzantine State (Oxfo
rd)
Amory, P. (1993). ‘The Meaning and Purpose of Ethnic Terminology in the Burgundian Laws’, Early Medieval Europe 2.1, 1–21
———– (1997). People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy 489–554 (Cambridge)
Alfoldy, G. (1974). Noricum (London)
Anderson, W. B. (ed. and trans.) (1936–65). Sidonius Apollinaris Poems and Letters (London)
Arnheim, M. T. W. (1972). The Senatorial Aristocracy in the Later Roman Empire (Oxford)
Ausenda, G. (forthcoming a). The Burgundians: An Ethnographic Perspective (London)
———– (forthcoming b). The Vandals: An Ethnographic Perspective (London)
Bachrach, B. S. (1973). The Alans in the West (Minneapolis)
Baldwin, B. (1980). ‘Priscus of Panium’, Byzantion 50, 18–61
Bandy, A. C. (ed. and trans.) (1983). John Lydus de Magistratibus Populi Romani (Philadelphia)
Baradez, J. (1949). Fossatum Africae: recherches aériennes sur l’organisation des confins sahariens à l’époque romaine (Paris)
Barnes, T. D. (1995). ‘Statistics and the Conversion of the Roman Aristocracy’, Journal of Roman Studies 85, 135–47
Barnish, S. J. B. (1986). ‘Taxation, Land and Barbarian Settlement in the Western Empire’, Papers of the British School at Rome 54 (1986), 170–95
Barrow, R. H. (ed. and trans.) (1973). Prefect and Emperor: The Relationes of Symmachus, AD 384 (Oxford)
Bartholomew, P. (1976). Aspects of the Notitia Dignitatum(Oxford)
Bassett, S. (1989). The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms (Leicester)
Baynes, N. H. (1943). ‘The Decline of the Roman Empire in Western Europe: Some Modern Explanations’, Journal of Roman Studies 33, 29–35
Bekker, I. (1838–9). Georgius Cedrenus Ioannis Scylitzæ, 2 vols (Bonn)
Bieler, L. (1965). Eugippius: The Life of Saint Severin (Washington DC)
Bierbrauer, V. (1980). ‘Zur chronologischen, soziologischen und regionalen Gliederung des ostgermanischen Fundstoffs des 5. Jahrhunderts in Sudosteuropa’, in Wolfram and Daim (1980), 131–42
———– (1989). ‘Ostgermanische Oberschichtsgräber der römischen Kaiserzeit und des frühen Mittelalters’, in Peregrinatio Gothica 2, Archaeologia Baltica VIII (Lodz), 40–106
Bird, H. W. (trans.) (1993). Eutropius Breviarium (Liverpool)
Bischoff, B., and Koehler, W. (1952). ‘The Annals of Ravenna’, Studi Romagnoli iii, 1–17
Blockley, R. C. (1972). ‘Dexippus and Priscus and the Thucydidean Account of the Siege of Plataea’, Phoenix 26, 18–27
———– (1982). (ed. and trans.) The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus, vol. 2 (Liverpool)
———– (1992). East Roman Foreign Policy: Formation and Conduct from Diocletian to Anastasius (Leeds)
Boissier, G. (1891). La Fin du paganisme, vol. 2 (Paris)
Bona, I. (1991). Das Hunnenreich (Stuttgart)
Boulnois, L. (1966). The Silk Road, trans. D. Chamberlin (London)
Bowman, A., and Woolf, G. (eds) (1994). Literacy and Power in the Ancient World (Cambridge)
Bradbury, S. A. (1994). ‘Constantine and Anti-pagan Legislation in the Fourth Century’, Classical Philology 89, 120–39
———– (trans.) (2004). Selected Letters of Libanius from the Age of Constantius and Julian (Liverpool)
Braund, D. C. (1984). Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of Client Kingship (London)
Brown, P. R. L. (1967). Augustine of Hippo: A Biography (London)
———– (1981). The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity (London)
———– (1995). Authority and the Sacred: Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman World (Cambridge)
———– (1996). The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford)
Browning, R. (1953), ‘Where Was Attila’s Camp?’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 143–5
Bruggisser, P. (1993). Symmaque, ou, Le rituel épistolaire de l’amité littéraire: recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance (Fribourg)
Burgess, R. (trans.) (1993). The Chronicle of Hydatius and the Consularia Constantinopolitana (Oxford)
Bury, J. B. (1928). The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians (London)
Callu, J. P. (1972–2002). Symmaque Lettres: texte établi, traduit et commenté (Paris)
Calo Levi, A. (1952). Barbarians on Roman Imperial Coinage and Sculpture, Numismatic Notes and Monographs 123 (New York)
Cameron, A. D. E. (1967). ‘Rutilius Namatianus, St Augustine, and the Date of the De Reditu’, Journal of Roman Studies 57, 31–9
———– (1970). Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius (Oxford)
———– and Long, J. (1993). Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius (Berkeley)
Cameron, Averil, et al. (eds) (2000). The Cambridge Ancient History 2nd edn, vol. 14 (Cambridge)
Campbell, J. (1982). The Anglo-Saxons (London)
Casson, L. (1982). ‘Belisarius’ Expedition Against Carthage’, in J. H. Humphrey (ed.), Carthage VII: Excavations at Carthage 1978 Conducted by the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor), 23–8
Champion, T. C. (1989). Centre and Periphery: Comparative Studies in Archaeology (London)
Chastagnol, A. (1960). La Préfecture urbaine sous le bas-empire (Paris)
Childe, V. G. (1926). The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins (London)
———– (1927). The Dawn of European Civilization (London)
Christiansen, A. (1944). L’Iran sous les Sassanides 2nd edn (Copenhagen)
Clover, F. M. (1971). ‘Flavius Merobaudes. A Translation and Historical Commentary’, Transactions of the American Philological Society 61, 1
———– (1972). ‘Geiseric and Attila’, Historia 22, 104–17
———– (1978). ‘The Family and Early Career of Anicius Olybrius’, Historia 27, 169–96
Cornell, T., and Matthews, J. F. (1982). Atlas of the Roman World (London)
Courcelle, P. (1964). Histoire littéraire des grandes invasions germaniques (Paris)
Courtois, C. (1955). Les Vandales et l’Afrique (Paris)
Crawford, M. (1975). ‘Finance, Coinage and Money from the Severans to Constantine’, Aufsteig und Niedergang der antiken Welt 2. 2, 572–5
Cribb, R. J. (1991). Nomads in Archaeology (London)
Croke, B. (1977). ‘Evidence for the Hun Invasion of Thrace in AD 422’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies xviii, 347–67
Cunliffe, B. (1997). The Ancient Celts (Oxford)
———– and Rowley, T. (eds) (1976). Oppida, the Beginnings of Urbanisation in Barbarian Europe: Papers Presented to a Conference at Oxford, October 1975 (Oxford)
Dagron, G. (1974). Naissance d’une capitale: Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 à 451 (Paris)
Dahn, F. (1861–99). Die König der Germanen: Das Wesen des ältesten Königthums der germanischen Stämme und seine Geschichte bis auf die Feudalzeit (Munich)
———– (1877). Ein Kampf um Rom (Leipzig)
Dauge, Y. A. (1981). Le Barbare: recherches sur la conception romaine du barbare et de la civilisation, Collection Latomus 176 (Brussels)
De Boor, C., and Wirth, P. (eds) (1972). The History of Theophylact Simocatta (Stuttgart)
Delehaye, H. (1912). ‘Saints de Thrace et de Mésie’, Analecta Bollandia 31, 161–300
Demandt, A. (1984). Der Fall Roms: die Auflösung des römischen Reiches im Urteil der Nachwelt (Munich)
Demougeot, E. (1951). De l’Unité à la division de l’Empire romain 395–410: Essai sur le gouvernement impérial (Paris)
———– (1979). La Formation de l’Europe et les invasions barbares: II. De l’avènement de Dioclétien (284) à l’occupation germanique de l’Empire romain d’Occident (début du VIe siècle) (Paris)
Dewing, H. B. (ed. and trans.) (1914–40). The Works of Procopius (London)
Diesner, H.-J. (197
6). Die Völkerwanderung (Leipzig)
Dill, S. (1899). Roman Society in the Last Age of the Western Empire (London)
Dindorf, L., (ed.) (1831). Malalas Chronographia (Bonn)
———– (ed.) (1832). Chronicon Paschale (Bonn)
Dodgeon, M. H., and Lieu, S. N. C. (1991). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (AD 226–363): A Documentary History (London)
Drew, K. Fischer (trans.) (1972). The Burgundian Code: Book of Constitutions or Law of Gundobad (Philadelphia)
Drinkwater, J. F. (1987). The Gallic Empire: Separatism and Continuity in the Northwestern Provinces of the Roman Empire, AD 260–274 (Stuttgart)
———– (1992). ‘The Bacaudae of Fifth-century Gaul’, in Drinkwater and Elton (1992), 208–17
———– and Elton, H. (eds) (1992). Fifth-century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? (Cambridge)
Dunbabin, J. (1985). France in the Making, 843–1180 (Oxford)
Duncan-Jones, R. (2003). ‘Economic Change and the Transition to Late Antiquity’, in S. Swain and M. Edwards (eds), Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early to Late Empire (Oxford), 20–52
Durliat, J. (1988). ‘Le salaire de la paix sociale dans les royaumes barbares (Ve-VIe siècles)’, in H. Wolfram and A. Schwarcz (eds), Anerkennung und Integration: Zu den wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen der Völkerwanderungszeit (400–600), Denkschriften der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.–Hist. Kl. 193 (Vienna), 21–72
———– (1990). Les finances publiques de Dioclétien aux Carolingiens (284–889) (Sigmaringen)
Dvornik, H. (1966). Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy: Origins and Background, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies (Washington D
Elton, H. (1996a). Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350–425 (Oxford) ———– (1996b). Frontiers of the Roman Empire (London)
Ennabli, E. A. (1992). Pour Sauver Carthage: Exploration et conservation de la cité punique, romaine et byzantine (Tunis)
Esmonde Cleary, A. S. (2000). The Ending of Roman Britain (London)
Evelyn White, H. (1961). The Works of Ausonius, vol. 2 (London)
Fantham, E. (2004). The Roman World of Cicero’s De Oratore (Oxford)
Favrod, J. (1997). Histoire politique du royaume burgonde (443–534) (Lausanne)
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History Page 61
