13John Awdeley, The fraternity of vagabonds (1575), in The Elizabethan underworld, ed. A. V. Judges (London, 1965), p. 57.
14The moste excellent and pleasaunt Booke, entituled: The treasurie of Amadis of Fraunce (STC 545, London, [1572?]). Other books sold by Hacket ‘at his shop in the Royal Exchange, at the sign of the green dragon’ were Pierre Boaistuau, Theatrum Mundi, The Theatre or rule of the worlde, trans. John Alday (STC 3169, London, 1574), a previous printing of which, from about 1566 (STC 3168), was sold from Hacket’s shop in Paul’s Churchyard; and Edward Hake, A Touchestone for this time present (STC 12609, London, 1574).
15SP 70/130, fo. 47.
16An admonition to the Parliament (STC 10848, [Hemel Hempstead?, 1572]), article 16.
17Calendar of the manuscripts of the most honourable the Marquis of Salisbury preserved at Hatfield House, 24 vols (Historical Manuscripts Commission, London, 1883–1976), vol. II, p. 55.
18SP 12/243, no. 9.
19Gasper, ‘Literary legend of Sir Thomas Gresham’, p. 101.
20William Haughton’s Englishmen for My Money or A Woman Will Have Her Will, ed. Albert Croll Baugh (Philadelphia, 1917), p. 113 (line 373).
21Gasper, ‘Literary legend of Sir Thomas Gresham’, p. 100.
22Richard Niccols, The Furies: With vertues encomium. Or the image of honour. In two bookes of epigrammes, satyricall and encomiasticke (STC 18521, London, 1614), sig. B3; Crystal Bartolovich, ‘London’s the thing: alienation, the market, and Englishmen for My Money’, HLQ, 71 (2008), p. 143.
CHAPTER 10: ALIENS AND STRANGERS
1John Oldland, ‘The allocation of merchant capital in early Tudor London’, EcHR, 63 (2010), p. 1079; PROB 11/32/429.
2Andrew Pettegree, Foreign Protestant communities in sixteenth-century London (Oxford, 1986), pp. 21, 82; Fiona Kisby, ‘Royal minstrels in the city and suburbs of early Tudor London: professional activities and private interests’, Early Music, 25 (1997), p. 209; The othe of everie free man, of the Cittie of London (STC 16763.3, London, [1595]).
3Lien Bich Luu, Immigrants and the industries of London, 1500–1700 (Aldershot, 2004), pp. 104–9.
4J. Lindeboom, Austin Friars: history of the Dutch Reformed church in London, 1550–1950 (The Hague, 1950), pp. 198–203.
5Kingsford, vol. I, p. 177. See also The panorama of London circa 1544 by Anthonis van den Wyngaerde, ed. Howard Colvin and Susan Foister (London Topographical Society, no. 151, London, 1996), pp. 28–9 (drawing VII).
6Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England), An inventory of the historical monuments in London, 5 vols (London, 1924–30), vol. IV, pp. 32–4; Lindeboom, Austin Friars, plate III; Pettegree, Foreign Protestant communities, p. 77.
7Register of the attestations or certificates of membership, confessions of guilt, certificates of marriages, betrothals, publications of banns … preserved in the Dutch Reformed church Austin Friars, London, ed. J. H. Hessels (London and Amsterdam, 1892), p. 2.
8Register of … Austin Friars, ed. Hessels, pp. 220–21.
9A treatise or sermon of Henry Bullynger (STC 4079, London, 1549).
10Peter W. M. Blayney, The Stationers’ Company and the printers of London, 1501–1557, 2 vols (Cambridge, 2014), vol. II, p. 607.
11A. J. Hoenselaars, Images of Englishmen and foreigners in the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries (London and Toronto, 1992), p. 17.
12Thomas Dekker, The Shoemaker’s Holiday, ed. Anthony Parr (London, 2002), p. 25.
13Dekker, Shoemaker’s Holiday, ed. Parr, pp. 26–7.
14By the Mayor. An Act of Common Councell, prohibiting all Strangers borne, and Forrainers, to use any trades, or keepe any maner of shops in any sort within this Citty, Liberties and Freedome thereof (STC 16722, London, 1606).
15SP 12/20, nos. 14, 15.
16Returns of aliens dwelling in the city and suburbs of London: from the reign of Henry VIII to that of James I, ed. R. E. G. Kirk and Ernest F. Kirk, 4 vols (Huguenot Society of London, vol. 10, Aberdeen, 1900–1908), vol. II, p. 156.
17SP 12/201, no. 31.
18Sir Thomas More, ed. John Jowett (London, 2011), p. 43.
19Sir Thomas More, ed. Vittorio Gabrieli and Giorgio Melchiori (Manchester, 1990), pp. 17–18.
20Returns of strangers in the metropolis, 1593, 1627, 1635, 1639: a study of an active minority, ed. Irene Scouloudi (Huguenot Society of London, quarto series, vol. 57, London, 1985), p. 3; Charles Nicholl, The lodger: Shakespeare on Silver Street (London, 2008), pp. 175–80.
21Guido Marnef, Antwerp in the age of Reformation: underground Protestantism in a commercial metropolis, 1550–1577, trans. J. C. Grayson (Baltimore, 1996), p. 142; Returns of aliens, ed. Kirk and Kirk, vol. II, p. 76; vol. III, p. 394; PROB 11/60/238.
22PROB 11/64/371; The marriage, baptismal, and burial registers, 1571 to 1874… of the Dutch Reformed church, Austin Friars, London, ed. W. J. C. Moens (Lymington, 1884), pp. 89, 125, 211; Returns of aliens, ed. Kirk and Kirk, vol. II, p. 167; Two Tudor subsidy assessment rolls for the city of London, 1541 and 1582, ed. R. G. Lang (London Record Society, vol. 29, London, 1993), p. 261 (no. 349).
23PROB 11/64/371; Marriage, baptismal, and burial registers, ed. Moens, p. 89; Returns of aliens, ed. Kirk and Kirk, vol. I, p. 334; Register of … Austin Friars, ed. Hessels, p. 1.
24PROB 11/64/371.
25Frances A. Yates, John Florio: the life of an Italian in Shakespeare’s England (Cambridge, 1934), pp. 65–6; Returns of strangers, ed. Scouloudi, p. 208; Returns of aliens, ed. Kirk and Kirk, vol. III, pp. 51, 151.
CHAPTER 11: ‘TRAVAILS, PAINS, AND DANGERS’
1Taylor, Geography, pp. 95–6, 263; John Dee, General and rare memorials pertayning to the Perfect Arte of Navigation (STC 6459, London, 1577), sig. i3.
2Taylor, Geography, pp. 172–3, 256, 264; Johannis, confratris et monachi Glastoniensis, chronica sive historia de rebus Glastoniensibus, ed. Thomas Hearne (Oxford, 1726), pp. 497–556.
3Early voyages and travels to Russia and Persia by Anthony Jenkinson and other Englishmen, ed. E. Delmar Morgan and C. H. Coote, 2 vols (Hakluyt Society, first series, nos. 72, 73, London, 1886), vol. I, pp. 26–7.
4Early voyages and travels, ed. Morgan and Coote, vol. I, pp. 35–7, at p. 37.
5Samuel H. Baron, ‘Herberstein and the English “discovery” of Muscovy’, Terrae Incognitae, 18 (1986), pp. 43–54, at p. 44.
6Early voyages and travels, ed. Morgan and Coote, vol. I, pp. 52–3; Pietro Martire d’Anghiera, The decades of the newe worlde or west India, trans. Richard Eden (STC 646, London, 1555), fo. 280v (sig. AAAa4v).
7Early voyages and travels, ed. Morgan and Coote, vol. I, pp. 53–9, at p. 57.
8Early voyages and travels, ed. Morgan and Coote, vol. I, pp. 59–81, at p. 69.
9Early voyages and travels, ed. Morgan and Coote, vol. I, pp. 87–90, at p. 88.
10Early voyages and travels, ed. Morgan and Coote, vol. I, pp. 107–9.
11John H. Appleby, ‘Jenkinson, Anthony (1529–1610/11)’, ODNB.
12Martín Cortés, The Arte of Navigation, trans. Richard Eden (STC 5798, London, 1561), Preface.
13SP 70/101, fo. 36v.
14Krystyna Szykuła, ‘Anthony Jenkinson’s unique wall map of Russia (1562) and its influence on European cartography’, Belgeo, 3–4 (2008), pp. 325–40.
15Early voyages and travels, ed. Morgan and Coote, vol. I, pp. 145–6.
16Early voyages and travels, ed. Morgan and Coote, vol. I, pp. 150, 157–8.
17SP 70/75, fo. 69. On Eden as Smith’s pupil, see Eden’s Preface to Cortés, Arte of Navigation.
18SP 12/36, no. 60, and BL, Cotton MS, Galba D.IX, fo. 4, collated in Early voyages and travels, ed. Morgan and Coote, vol. I, pp. 159–66.
19The voyages and colonising enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, ed. D. B. Quinn, 2 vols (Hakluyt Society, second series, nos. 83, 84, London, 1940), vol. I, pp. 105–6.
20SP 12/42, nos. 5, 5(I); Sir Humphrey Gilbert, ed. Quinn, vol. I, pp. 110–11; Taylor, Geography, p. 268.
21SP 70/101, fo. 33.
22Early voyages and travels, ed. Morgan and Coote, vol. I, pp. ci–cii.
23William Warner, Albions England (STC 25082, London, 1596), p. 283.
CHAPTER 12: FLOURISHING LANDS
1Taylor, Richard Hakluyts, vol. I, pp. 2–5, 69–70.
2Middle Temple records, ed. Charles Henry Hopwood and Charles Trice Martin, 4 vols (London, 1904–5), vol. I, p. 433.
3R. N. Skelton, Explorers’ maps: chapters in the cartographic record of geographical discovery (London, 1970), pp. 78–9, 95.
4PN1, sig. *2r.
5‘John Dee his Mathematicall Præface’ to The elements of geometrie of the most auncient Philosopher Euclide of Megara (STC 10560, London, 1570), sig. c4.
6William Cunningham, The cosmographical Glasse, conteinyng the pleasant Principles of Cosmographie, Geographie, Hydrographie, or Navigation (STC 6119, London, 1559), sig. A4; Peter C. Mancall, Hakluyt’s promise: an Elizabethan’s obsession for an English America (New Haven, CT, and London, 2005), p. 19.
7Taylor, Richard Hakluyts, vol. I, pp. 81–2.
8Anthony Payne, ‘Hakluyt, Richard (1552?–1616)’, ODNB.
9Taylor, Geography, p. 33; ch. 4 of Humphrey Gilbert, A discourse of a Discoverie for a new Passage to Cataia (STC 11881, London, 1576), sigs. E2v–F1.
10W. P. Cumming, ‘The Parreus map (1562) of French Florida’, Imago Mundi, 17 (1963), p. 27; H. P. Biggar, ‘Jean Ribaut’s Discoverye of Terra Florida’, EHR, 32 (1917), pp. 253–70.
11Robert Seall, A Commendation of the adventerus viage of the wurthy Captain. M. Thomas Stutely Esquyer and others, towards the Land called Terra florida (STC 22139, London, [1563]).
12Jean Ribaut, The whole and true discoverye of Terra Florida, (englished the Florishing lande.), trans. Thomas Hacket (STC 20970, London, 1563), sig. A2-v.
13Ribaut, Terra Florida, sig. A7v.
14Ribaut, Terra Florida, sig. B1v.
15Ribaut, Terra Florida, sig. B3v.
16Ribaut, Terra Florida, sig. B3v.
17Ribaut, Terra Florida, sig. A2v.
18Philip Tromans, ‘Thomas Hacket’s publication of books about America in the 1560s’, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 109 (2015), pp. 113, 117–19.
19André Thevet, The new found worlde, or Antarctike, trans. Thomas Hacket (STC 23950, London, 1568); Taylor, Geography, pp. 170–78; Mancall, Hakluyt’s promise, pp. 115–20.
20Thevet, New found worlde, sigs. 2v–3r.
21Thevet, New found worlde, sig. *4r.
22SP 70/101, fos. 32–3.
23A true declaration of the troublesome voyadge of M. John Haukins (STC 12961, London, 1569).
24PN1, sig. *3r.
CHAPTER 13: THE UNKNOWN LIMITS
1BL, Cotton MS, Otho E.VIII, fo. 42; The three voyages of Sir Martin Frobisher, ed. Richard Collinson (Hakluyt Society, first series, no. 38, London, 1867), pp. 87–8.
2Sir Martin Frobisher, ed. Collinson, p. 88.
3James McDermott, Martin Frobisher: Elizabethan privateer (New Haven, CT, and London, 2001), p. 109.
4McDermott, Martin Frobisher, p. 112; T. S. Willan, The early history of the Russia Company (Manchester, 1956), pp. 26–8.
5Samuel H. Baron, ‘William Borough and the Jenkinson map of Russia, 1562’, Cartographica, 26 (1989), pp. 72–85; the voyage of William’s brother Stephen in 1556 is described in PN1, pp. 311–21.
6McDermott, Martin Frobisher, pp. 104–5.
7BL, Cotton MS, Otho E.VIII, fo. 42v.
8McDermott, Martin Frobisher, p. 116.
9Sir Martin Frobisher, ed. Collinson, pp. 89–90.
10McDermott, Martin Frobisher, p. 118.
11Sir Humphrey Gilbert, A discourse of a Discoverie for a new Passage to Cataia (STC 11881, London, 1576), Epistle to the reader.
12John Dee, General and rare memorials pertayning to the Perfect Arte of Navigation (STC 6459, London, 1577), sig. A1v.
13Richard I. Ruggles, ‘The cartographic lure of the northwest passage: its real and imaginary geography’, in Meta Incognita: a discourse of discovery; Martin Frobisher’s Arctic expeditions, 1576–1578, ed. Thomas H. B. Symons, 2 vols (Quebec, 1999), vol. I, p. 202; James McDermott, The navigation of the Frobisher voyages (Hakluyt Society, London, 1998), p. 8.
14Gilbert, Discourse of a Discoverie, ch. 4 (sigs. D3v–D4v); Taylor, Geography, p. 33.
15McDermott, Navigation of the Frobisher voyages, pp. 4–5.
16Dee, General and rare memorials, sig. A1v.
17BL, Lansdowne MS 24, fo. 159.
18George Best, A true discourse of the late voyages of discoverie, for the finding of a passage to Cathaya, by the Northweast, under the conduct of Martin Frobisher Generall (STC 1972, London, 1578), p. 51; McDermott, Martin Frobisher, p. 153.
19McDermott, Martin Frobisher, p. 155.
20PC 2/11, pp. 157–8.
21SP 12/110, nos. 21, 22; Sir Martin Frobisher, ed. Collinson, pp. 111–13.
22Pietro Martire d’Anghiera, The History of Travayle in the West and East Indies, and other countreys lying eyther way, towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccaes, trans. Richard Eden and ed. Richard Willes (STC 649, London, 1577), p. 236. See also Dionyse Settle on Cathay and America in The three voyages of Martin Frobisher, ed. Vilhjalmur Stefansson, 2 vols (London, 1938), vol. II, p. 11.
23Best, True discourse, p. 51.
24Martin Frobisher, ed. Stefansson, vol. II, pp. 99–101.
25Martin Frobisher, ed. Stefansson, vol. II, p. 102.
26Taylor, Geography, p. 182.
27Martin Frobisher, ed. Stefansson, vol. II, pp. 14–15.
28SP 94/1, fo. 3.
29Settle in Martin Frobisher, ed. Stefansson, vol. II, pp. 16–18.
30SP 15/25, no. 35.
31The third voyage of Martin Frobisher to Baffin Island, 1578, ed. James McDermott (Hakluyt Society, third series, no. 6, London, 2001), p. 83.
32McDermott, Martin Frobisher, pp. 191–2.
33Martin Frobisher, ed. Stefansson, vol. II, p. 225; Taylor, Geography, p. 183.
34PC 2/12, p. 27.
35Sir Martin Frobisher, ed. Collinson, pp. 170–83; Third Voyage, ed. McDermott, p. 78.
36Third Voyage, ed. McDermott, p. 78.
37Sir Martin Frobisher, ed. Collinson, pp. 182–3.
38Third Voyage, ed. McDermott, p. 84.
39Third Voyage, ed. McDermott, p. 84.
CHAPTER 14: MASTER LOK’S DISGRACE
1George B. Parks, ‘Frobisher’s third voyage’, Huntington Library Bulletin, 7 (1935), pp. 183–4.
2The third voyage of Martin Frobisher to Baffin Island, 1578, ed. James McDermott (Hakluyt Society, third series, no. 6, London, 2001), pp. 66–9.
3Third voyage, ed. McDermott, pp. 58–63. See also BL, Cotton MS, Otho E.VIII, fos. 110–11.
4The three voyages of Martin Frobisher, ed. Vilhjalmur Stefansson, 2 vols (London, 1938), vol. II, p. 5.
5Kettel’s portrait of Frobisher, which is in the Bodleian Libraries in the University of Oxford, is reproduced as a colour plate in Meta Incognita: a discourse of discovery; Martin Frobisher’s Arctic expeditions, 1576–1578, ed. Thomas H. B. Symons, 2 vols (Quebec, 1999); and on the flyleaf to Third voyage, ed. McDermott.
6Thomas Churchyard, A discourse of The Queenes Majesties entertainement in Suffolk and Norffolk (STC 5226, London, 1578), sig. L4v.
7Third voyage, ed. McDermott, pp. 91–2.
8Third voyage, ed. McDermott, p. 94. See also Lok’s paper on Frobisher’s accusations, BL, Lansdowne MS 31, fos. 191–4.
9PC 2/12, p. 310.
10PC 2/12, pp. 331–2.
11Third voyage, ed. McDermott, pp. 97–8.
12Third voyage, ed. McDermott, p. 100.
13Churchyard, Discourse, sig. H3.
14Churchyard, Discourse, sig. H3v.
15Thomas Churchyard, A Prayse, and Reporte of Maister Martyne Forboishers Voyage to Meta Incognita (STC 5251, London, [1578]), sigs. A6v–A7.
16Thomas Ellis, A true report of the t
hird and last voyage into Meta incognita: achieved by the worthie Capteine, M. Martine Frobisher Esquire. Anno 1578 (STC 7607, London, 1578), sigs. C2v–C3.
17Ellis, True report, sig. B7v.
18George Best, A true discourse of the late voyages of discoverie, for the finding of a passage to Cathaya, by the Northweast, under the conduct of Martin Frobisher Generall (STC 1972, London, 1578), sig. A1v.
19Richard I. Ruggles, ‘The cartographic lure of the northwest passage: its real and imaginary geography’, in Meta Incognita, ed. Symons, vol. I, p. 214.
20Best, True discourse, sig. a4-v.
21William H. Sherman, John Dee: the politics of reading and writing in the English Renaissance (Amherst, MA, 1995), pp. 176–81.
22PN1, p. 484; Taylor, Richard Hakluyts, vol. I, pp. 159–62.
23PN 1, p. 469.
24BL, Lansdowne MS 122, fo. 30; see also BL, Cotton MS, Otho E.VIII, fos. 78–80v; and PN1, p. 459.
25PN1, pp. 460–66.
26Taylor, Richard Hakluyts, vol. I, pp. 152–4.
27Taylor, Richard Hakluyts, vol. I, p. 155.
28David Beers Quinn, England and the discovery of America, 1481–1620 (London, 1974), pp. 314–15.
29Ruggles, ‘Cartographic lure’, pp. 228–9.
30Richard Hakluyt, Divers voyages touching the discoverie of America (STC 12624, London, 1582), dedication to Philip Sidney.
31Christopher Carleill, A breef and sommarie discourse upon the entended Voyage to the hethermoste partes of America (STC 4626.5, n.p., 1583), sig. A2.
32The three voyages of Sir Martin Frobisher, ed. Richard Collinson (Hakluyt Society, first series, no. 38, London, 1867), p. 79.
33G. D. Ramsay, ‘Clothworkers, merchants adventurers and Richard Hakluyt’, EHR, 92 (1977), pp. 504–21; Peter C. Mancall, Hakluyt’s promise: an Elizabethan’s obsession for an English America (New Haven, CT, and London, 2005), pp. 60–61; Anthony Payne, Richard Hakluyt: a guide to his books and to those associated with him, 1580–1625 (London, 2008), pp. 3–7.
34For the term ‘proprietorial colonies’, see the editors’ Introduction to WP, p. xvi.
35WP, pp. 3–7.
CHAPTER 15: SHYLOCK’S VICTORY
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