22 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 267; Barnouin and Yu, p. 107
23 Memorandum for the President, 14 July 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, p. 3; USOH, Supplement, Lord
24 Memorandum of Conversation, 10 July 1971, Afternoon, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, pp. 9, 2—13, 7
25 Ibid., pp. 10, 13
26 Ibid., pp. 14—18
27 Ibid., pp. 18, 20
28 Ibid., pp. 21, 32; USOH, Supplement, Lord; USOH, Holdridge, pp. 59—60
29 USOH, Supplement, Lord; Bundy, p. 241
30 WHY, p. 751
31 Ibid., pp. 751—2
32 Memorandum of Conversation, n July 1971, Early Morning and Morning, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 37, pp. 1—2; WHY, pp. 751—3; Barnouin and Yu, pp. 107—8; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 268
33 Memorandum of Conversation, 11 July 1971, 10.35 a.m.-11.55 a.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 38
34 WHY, p. 753; Memorandum for the President, 14 July 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, p. 2
35 Memorandum for the President, 14 July 1971, NSA, Beijing—Washington, Doc. 40, pp. 5, 6, 26; WHY, pp. 1055—6; Memorandum for the President, 14 July 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, p. 26; WHY, pp. 744—7; Valeriani, p. 95
36 USOH, Supplement, Farland; Green, in Green, Holdridge and Stokes
37 USOH, Supplement, Farland; WHY, pp. 755—6; Haig interview, PCC transcripts, 2, p. 5; Henry Kissinger to General Haig, 11 July 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 39
38 WHY, p. 758; Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 318—20; Brandon, p. 278
39 WHY, p. 760; Ehrlichman, p. 293
40 USOH, Freeman; WHY, p. 761
41 Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 321, 323—4; RN, pp. 554—5; Bundy, pp. 240-1
42 Isaacson, p. 347; USOH, Galloway; Hanhimäki, pp. 144—5; Arbatov, p. 180; Wishnick, Mending Fences, pp. 58—9; Ma Jisen, p. 301
43 Hersh, p. 442; Kalb, p. 268
44 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 269; Hoxha, pp. 560, 577
45 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, pp. 269—70
46 Schoenhals, p. 111 n. 108; Jin Qiu, pp. 80, 129, 135—6, 146; Li Zhisui, pp. 453—4
47 Jin Qiu, p. 146, ch. 7 passim; Chang and Halliday, pp. 580—3
48 Short, Mao, pp. 614—15; Li Zhisui, pp. 542—3; Ma Jisen, pp. 142—3, 355—6, 378, 401
49 See, for example, WHY, pp. 696—7, 768—9; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 270; Barnouin and Yu, p. 193; Burr, ed., Kissinger Transcripts, p. 61
50 Lijie, pp. 60—1; Barnouin and Yu, p. 195; Kraft, p. 18; Li Danhui, p. 186; author interview with Yanhua Shi; Tao, Part II, p. 349
CHAPTER 13: GETTING READY
1 Walker, pp. 183, 148, 167, 94
2 USOH, Freeman
3 Walters, pp. 533—41; Memorandum of Conversation, 20 October 1971, 4.40 p.m.—7.10 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 10, p. 7; WHY, p. 775
4 Memorandum of Conversation, 23 October 1971, 9.05 p.m.–10.05 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 14, p. 12
5 WHY, pp. 776—8; Diplomatic History Institute of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Xin zhonggjuo wenjiao fengyun, vol. 3, pp. 59-70 [available at NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 21, p. 3]
6 Chapin interview, PCC transcripts, roll 46, pp. 9—10; Diplomatic History Institute of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Xin zhonggjuo wenjiao fengyun, vol. 3, pp. 59—70 [available at NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 21, p. 6]; Chapin interview, PCC transcripts, roll 46, p. 28; WHY, p. 780
7 Memorandum of Conversation, 21 October 1971, 10.30 a.m.–1.45 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 11, pp. 8—9; Walker, p. 164
8 Memorandum of Conversation, 21 October 1971, 10.30 a.m.–1.45 pm., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 11, p. 3; WHY, p. 778
9 Memorandum of Conversation, 22 October 1971, 4.15 p.m.–8.28 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 13, p. 40; Diplomatic History Institute of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Xin zhonggjuo wenjiao fengyun, vol. 3, pp. 59—70 [available at NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 21, pp. 7—8]; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, pp. 271—2
10 Memorandum of Conversation, 24 October 1971, 10.28 a.m.–1.55 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 15, pp. 3—11
11 Diplomatic History Institute of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Xin zhonggjuo wenjiao fengyun, vol. 3, pp. 59—70 [available at NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 21, pp. 9]; WHY, pp. 781—4; Memorandum of Conversation, 24 October 1971, 10.28 a.m.–1.55 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 15, p. 25; Memorandum of Conversation, 24 October 1971, 9.23 p.m.–11.20 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 16, pp. 3—11
12 Henry A. Kissinger, Memorandum for The President, from My October China Visit: Drafting the Communiqué, p. 5, in Briefing Books I and II, The NPM–NSC Files, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord) China/Vietnam Negotiations, Box 846; WHY, pp. 782—4; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 272 n. 153
13 Chapin interview, PCC transcripts, roll 46, pp. 14—15
14 Bostdorff, pp. 31—56; Memorandum of Conversation, 10 July 1971, Afternoon, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book 66, Doc. 35, p. 17; Xiong, ‘Mao Zedong’, p. 13; USOH, Supplement, Feldman
15 NSSM 107 Issues paper: The Entire U.N. Membership Question and U.S.–China Policy, 9 February 1971, NSA, Collection: China and the United States, CH00201; NSSM-106: United States China Policy, NSA, Collection: China and the United States, CH00202; Memorandum of Conversation, 10 July 1971, Afternoon, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 17
16 USOH, Supplement, Feldman; Christopher H. Phillips interview, PCC transcripts, 2/1
17 Conversation among President Nixon, Secretary of State William Rogers, and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, 30 September 1971 and Conversation between President Nixon and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, 30 September 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Docs. 7 and 8
18 Phillips interview, PCC transcripts, 2, 2—3; Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 368—9
19 Cited in Isaacson, p. 352
20 Barnouin and Yu, p. 65; Xiong, pp. 18—19
21 Zhang Hanzhi, p. 279; USOH, Thayer; author interview with Yanhua Shi; Telegram from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, 20 November 1971, FRUS, United Nations, 1969—1972, pp. 886-8
22 Memorandum of Conversation, 23 November 1971, 10.00 p.m.–11.55 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, pp. 3—4, 10
23 Interview with Mohammad Khan, Nixon’s China Game, PBS website
24 Van Hollen, pp. 339—61
25 See for example Paper Prepared by the National Security Council’s Interdepartmental Group for Near East and South Asia for the Senior Review Group, Washington, undated [April 1971?] FRUS, Nixon–Ford Adminstrations, vol. E-7, Doc. 132; Study Prepared in Response to National Security Study Memorandum 133, Washington, 10 July 1971, FRUS, Nixon–Ford Adminstrations, vol. E-7, Doc. 140
26 WHY, pp. 860-1, 866-7
27 Memorandum of Conversation, 10 July 1971, 12.10 p.m.–6.00 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 11; Memorandum for the President from Henry Kissinger, 14 July 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, p. 20; Memorandum for the President from Henry A. Kissinger, 11 November 1972, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 20, p. 27
28 Conversation among President Nixon, Henry Kissinger and John Mitchell, 8 December 1971, FRUS, Nixon–Ford Administrations, vol. E-7, Doc. 165; Van Hollen, pp. 353—7
29 Conversation among President Nixon, Kissinger and Sultan Kahn, 15 November 1971, FRUS, Nixon–Ford Administrations, vol. E-7 Doc. 154
30 Conversation among President Nixon, Henry Kissinger and John Mitchell, 8 December 1971 and Conversation among President Nixon, Kissinger and Haig, Washington, 12 December 1971, FRUS, Nixon–Ford Adm
inistrations, vol. E-7, Docs, 165 and 177
31 Conversation among President Nixon, Kissinger and Haig, Washington, 12 December 1971, FRUS, Nixon–Ford Administrations, vol. E-7, Doc. 177; Bundy pp. 279—80 and n. 99; Memorandum of Conversation, 10 December 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 23
32 WHY, pp. 913, 917—18; Isaacson, pp. 394—6; Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 391—7
33 Brown interview, PBS transcripts i/V, pp. 13—15, 20—1; USOH, Freeman
34 ‘Nixon’s Visit to China’; Barnouin and Yu, p. 109
35 Haig, pp. 263—4; author interview with Zhang Hanzhi, Beijing, 21 April 2005; interview with Zhang Hanzhi, Nixon’s China Game, PBS website
36 Memorandum of Conversation, 25 October 1971, 9.50 p.m.—11.40 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 18, p. 14; Haig, pp. 259—61
37 Haig, pp. 260—1; Memorandum of Conversation, 3 January 1971, Midnight, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 24, pp. 1—2
38 Memorandum of Conversation, 3 January 1971, Midnight, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 24, pp. 4—6; ‘Haig’s Preparatory Mission for Nixon’s Visit to China in January 1972’, Xin Zhonggjuo wenjiao fengyun, vol. 3, pp. 71—82, translation available NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 26
39 Author interview with Zhang Hanzhi; Memorandum of Conversation, 7 January 1971, 11.45 P-m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 25, pp. 3-4, 6
40 Memorandum of Conversation, 3 January 1971, Midnight, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 24, pp. 6—7, 9
41 ‘Haig’s Preparatory Mission for Nixon’s Visit to China in January 1972’, Xin Zhonggjuo wenjiao fengyun, vol. 3, pp. 71—82, translation available NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 26; Memorandum of Conversation, 7 January 1971, 11.45 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 25, pp. 4—5
42 Author interview with Zhang Hanzhi; Haig interview, PCC transcripts, 233 p. 15
43 Walker, p. 9
CHAPTER 14: GETTING DOWN TO BUSINESS
1 WHY, pp. 1071—2
2 Haldeman, Diaries, p. 416
3 WHY, pp. 1070-1; RN, p. 570
4 WHY, p. 1070; Memorandum of Conversation, Monday, 21 February 1972, 4.15 p.m.—5.30 p.m., NPM, National Security Council Files, HAK Office Files, Box 92, Country Files—Far East; Dr Kissinger’s Meetings in the PRC during the Presidential Visit, February 1972, pp. 2—4
5 Chapin interview, PCC transcripts roll 47, p. 19; Ma Jisen, pp. 378—9
6 USOH, Freeman
7 Memorandum of Conversation, 24 February 1972, 5.15 p.m.— 8.05 p.m., NSA, Record of Historic Richard Nixon—Chou En-lai Talks in February 1972, Doc. 3, pp. io-ii
8 Memorandum of Conversation, 21 February 1972, 5.58 p.m. — 6.55 p.m., NSA, Record of Historic Richard Nixon—Chou En-Lai Talks in February, Doc. 1
9 Solomon, p. 77
10 Reeves, p. 436; NPM, White House Special Files. President’s Personal Files, Box 7, Folder ‘China Notes’
11 Memorandum for the President from Henry A. Kissinger, Your Encounter with the Chinese, 5 February 1972, pp. 1—3, NPM, National Security Council Office Files, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord) China/Vietnam Negotiations, Box 847, Briefing Book V
12 Memorandum for the President, 19 February 1972, NPM, National Security Council Office Files, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord) China/Vietnam Negotiations, Box 847, Briefing Book IV
13 Memorandum of Conversation, 22 February 1972, 2.10 p.m.—6.00 p.m., NSA, Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified, Doc. 1, pp. 4—5
14 Ibid., pp. 6-7, 9-10, 11-12
15 Ibid., pp. 17-18, 31
16 Kazuo, pp. 532—4
17 Memorandum of Conversation, 23 February 1972, 2.00 p.m.—6.00 p.m., NSA, Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified, Doc. 2, pp. 2-11
18 See, for example, Memorandum of Conversation, 9 July 1971, 4.35 p.m.—11.20 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 34, p. 29; Memorandum of Conversation 11 July 1971, 10.35 a.m.—11.55 a.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 38, p. 14
19 Memorandum of Conversation, 23 February 1972, 2.00 p.m.—6.00 p.m., NSA, Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified, Doc. 2, pp. 18—19; Memorandum of Conversation, 24 February 1972, 5.15 p.m.—8.05 p.m., NSA, Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified, Doc. 3, pp. 26—7; Memorandum for the President, 11 November 1972, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 20, p. 4
20 Memorandum for the President from Henry A. Kissinger, 11 November 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 20, pp. 4, 20—2; Memorandum of Conversation, 23 February 1972, 2.00 p.m.—6.00 p.m., NSA, Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified, Doc. 2, pp. 16—17
21 Memorandum of Conversation, 22 February 1972, 2.10 p.m.—6.00 p.m., NSA, Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified, Doc. 1, pp. 14—17; Memorandum of Conversation, 23 February 1972, 2.00 p.m.—6.00 p.m., NSA, Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified, Doc. 2, pp. 3-4, 23-4, 26-7
22 Memorandum of Conversation, 22 February 1972, 2.10 p.m.—6.00 p.m., NSA, Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified, Doc. 1, p. 13; Memorandum of Conversation, 23 February 1972, 2.00 p.m.—6.00 p.m., NSA, Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified, Doc. 2, pp. 20-3, 28-31; Goh, pp. 475-502, 480
23 Topping, p. 396; Valeriani, p. 89
24 Memorandum of Conversation, 22 February 1972, 2.10 p.m.—6.00 p.m., NSA, Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified, Doc. 1, pp. 14-15, 18-19
25 Memorandum of Conversation, 10 July 1971, Afternoon, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, pp. 28—9; Memorandum of Conversation, 11 July 1971, 10.35 a.m.—11.55 a.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 38, p. 9; NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 13, p. 36; Lord to Kissinger, 15 December 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 23, p. 2
26 Memorandum of Conversation, 23 February 1972, 9.35 a.m.-12.34 p.m., NSA, Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified, Doc. 4, pp. 2-13
27 Ibid., pp. 14—18
28 Ibid., p. 20
29 Ibid., pp. 13, 20; McFarlane, p. 151
30 RN, p. 568; Ambrose, Nixon: Triumph, p. 518; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 422
CHAPTER 15: THE IRRITANT: TAIWAN
1 NPM, White House Special Files, President’s Personal Files, Box 7, Folder ‘China Notes’; WHY, p. 705
2 RN, pp. 344, 523; WHY, pp. 705, 766; Yahuda, passim; Wang, pp. 157, 159-64
3 Memorandum of Conversation, 11 July 1971, 10.35 a.rrL-11.55 a.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 38, p. 11; Memorandum of Conversation, 9 July 1971, Afternoon and Evening, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 34, p. 13; Green, Holdridge and Stokes, p. 124
4 Barnouin and Yu, p. 183
5 Fenby pp. 498, 43, 387
6 Ibid., 187; Spence, pp. 526—7, 529; Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, pp. 32—3; Memorandum of Conversation, 9 July 1971, Afternoon and Evening, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 34, pp. 9—10
7 Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, pp. 62—72; Garver, Sino–American Alliance, ch. 6
8 USOH, Holdridge
9 USOH, Osborn; USOH, Grant
10 USOH, Katrosh
11 Chenjian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, pp. 179—81; Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, pp. 42—3; Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, pp. 264—72; Taylor, p. 243; Garver, Sino-American Alliance, pp. 137—8; Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, p. 266
12 USOH, Green, ch. 1; Garver, Sino-American Alliance, p. 139; Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, p. 428
13 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 199; Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, p. 43
14 Memorandum of Conversation, 24 February 1972, 5.15 p.m.–8.05 p.m., NSA, Record of Historic Richard Nixon–Chou En-lai Talks in February 1972, Doc. 3, p. 7
15 Ibid., pp. 14—15
16 Tucker, ‘Taiwan Expend
able?’, p. 116
17 Taylor, p. 297; see also FRUS, Foundations, pp. 208—9; telecon, The President/Mr Kissinger, i8(?) April 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 145, Doc. 5; Memorandum for the President’s File, 1 July 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 33
18 NPM, NSC Files, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord) China/Vietnam Negotiations, Box 850, Folder 3, p. 3; WHY, p. 749
19 PRO, FCO 21/824, Memorandum from L. J. Wilder, 30 July 1971; Romberg, p. 26
20 See, for example, Memorandum for the President from Henry A. Kissinger, io(?) December 1970, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 6; Record of a Discussion with Mr. Henry Kissinger on 16 December 1970, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 7; Accinelli, pp. 11—25
21 See NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Docs 34—8 and NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Docs 10—15; Memorandum of Conversation, 9 July 1971,NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 34, p. 16; Memorandum
of Conversation, 10 July 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc.
35, pp. 15-17, 19
22 NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 34, pp. 12, 13; Doc. 38, p. 10; Memorandum of Conversation, 21 October 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 11, pp. 13, 20—34; Barnouin and Yu, pp. 185—7
23 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 267; USOH, Green, ch. V
24 Memorandum of Conversation, 10 July 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book 66, Doc. 35; Memorandum of Conversation, nJuly 1971, 10.35 a.m.– 11.55 a.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 38, p. 10; Memorandum of Conversation, 24 October 1971, 10.28 a.m.–1.55 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 15, p. 25; Memorandum of Conversation, 24 October 1971, 9.23 p.m.–11.20 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 16, p. 8
25 Memorandum of Conversation, 26 October 1971, 5.30 a.m.–8.10 a.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 19, p. 10; Opening Statement – First Private Meeting with Prime Minister Chou En-lai, p. 2, NPM, NSC Files, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord) China/Vietnam Negotiations, Box 847; Memorandum from Henry A. Kissinger to the President, 8 February 1972,Taiwan section, pp. 5 [Nixon handwritten comment], 8: Memorandum
Henry A. Kissinger to the President, 7 February 1972, Taiwan, p. 2, Briefing
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