4. J. N. Postgate, “The Land of Assur and the Yoke of Assur,” World Archaeology 23:3 (1992), p. 255.
5. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, p. 83.
6. Olmstead, “Tiglath-Pileser I and His Wars,” p. 186.
7. Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 212.
8. Olmstead, “Tiglath-Pileser I and His Wars,” p. 180.
9. W. G. Lambert, “Studies in Marduk,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 47:1 (1984), p. 4.
10. Postgate, p. 249.
11. J. A. Brinkman, “Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 BC: The Documentary Evidence,” American Journal of Archaeology 76:3 (1972), p. 276.
12. Quoted in Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 254.
Chapter Forty-Two The Fall of the Shang
1. J. A. G. Roberts, p. 10.
2. Ch’ien, p. 51.
3. Mencius, Mencius, translated by D. C. Lau (1970), p. 172.
4. Ibid., p. 26.
5. J. A. G. Roberts, p. 13.
6. Cotterell, China, p. 28.
Chapter Forty-Three The Mandate of Heaven
1. Tsui Chi, A Short History of Chinese Civilisation (1942), p. 47.
2. Ch’ien, p. 64.
3. Cotterell, China, p. 42.
4. Claudio Cioffi-Revilla and David Lai, “War and Politics in Ancient China, 2700 BC to 722 BC: Measurement and Comparative Analysis.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 39:3 (1995), p. 473.
5. Constance A. Cook, “Wealth and the Western Zhou,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 60:2 (1997), pp. 254–275.
6. Ch’ien, p. 63.
7. Ibid,, p. 62.
8. Li Xueqin, Eastern Zhou and Qin Civilizations (1985), p. 16.
9. Sarah Allan, “Drought, Human Sacrifice and the Mandate of Heaven in a Lost Text from the ‘Shang Shu,’” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 47:3 (1984), p. 533.
10. Edward L. Shaughnessy, “Western Zhou History,” in The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC, ed. Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy (1999), p. 311; also Xueqin, p. 16.
11. This is preserved in the Shang shu; see Shaughnessy, “Western Zhou History,” p. 314.
12. Quoted in Shaughnessy, “Western Zhou History,” p. 322.
13. Ibid.
14. Ch’ien, p. 66.
15. Paraphrased slightly from Ch’ien, p. 68.
16. Ibid.
Chapter Forty-Four The Bharata War
1. Kulke and Rothermund, p. 36.
2. Keay, p. 40.
3. Wolpert, p. 37.
4. Keay, pp. 3–4.
5. Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan, trans., The Mahabharata: An English Version Based on Selected Verses (1998), pp. 14–15.
6. Wolpert, p. 30.
7. Narasimhan, p. 34.
8. Kulke and Rothermund, p. 44.
9. Keay, p. 43.
10. Narasimhan, p. 44.
11. Ibid., p. 47.
12. Wolpert, p. 30.
13. Keay, p. 41.
14. Wolpert, p. 36.
Chapter Forty-Five The Son of David
1. Josh. 1:4, New International Version (hereafter NIV).
2. Pellegrino, p. 256.
3. Josh. 13:2–4, NIV.
4. Judg. 15:11, NIV.
5. Judg. 16:30, NIV.
6. 1 Sam. 8:11–18, NIV.
7. 1 Sam. 13:19–21, NIV.
8. 1 Sam. 17:51–52, NIV.
9. Dimitri Baramki, Phoenicia and the Phoenicians (1961), p. 25.
10. 1 Kings 4:22–26, NIV.
11. E. W. Heaton, Solomon’s New Men: The Emergence of Ancient Israel as a National State (1974), p. 34.
12. 1 Kings 10:1–2, 13, NIV.
13. Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (2001), p. 13.
14. Ibid., p. 38.
15. 1 Kings 9:11, NIV.
16. Homer, The Iliad, Book 9, 460–469, translated by Samuel Butler (1898).
17. Clayton, p. 184.
18. 1 Kings 14:25–27, NIV.
Chapter Forty-Six From Western to Eastern Zhou
1. Shaughnessy, “Western Zhou History,” p. 324.
2. Constance A. Cook, “Wealth and the Western Zhou,” p. 283.
3. Shaughnessy, “Western Zhou History,” p. 326.
4. Ch’ien, p. 70.
5. Fairbank and Goldman, p. 18.
6. Shaugnessy, “Western Zhou History,” p. 329.
7. Ch’ien, p. 71.
8. The Greater Odes 3.7, Ezra Pound, in trans., The Confucian Odes: The Classic Anthology Defined by Confucius (1954), p. 180
9. Constance A. Cook, “Wealth and the Western Zhou,” p. 288.
10. Ch’ien, p. 71.
11. Ibid., p. 72.
12. Edward L. Shaughnessy, “Historical Perspectives on the Introduction of the Chariot into China,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 48:1 (1988), p. 223.
13. Edward Kaplan, An Introduction to East Asian Civilizations: The Political History of China, Japan, Korea and Mongolia from an Economic and Social History Perspective (1997), sec. 12.3.
14. Shaughnessy, “Western Zhou History,” p. 347.
15. Ch’ien, p. 73.
16. Ibid., p. 74.
17. Chi, p. 48.
18. Ibid., pp. 48–49.
19. Quoted in Cotterell, China, p. 39.
20. Chi, p. 49.
Chapter Forty-Seven The Assyrian Renaissance
1. 2 Sam. 8:5–6, NIV.
2. Saggs, Assyria, p. 70.
3. Joan Oates, Babylon (1979), p. 106.
4. Saggs, Assyria, p. 72.
5. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, pp. 158, 171.
6. Laessoe, p. 102.
7. Ibid., p. 104.
8. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, pp. 164–166.
9. 1 Kings 16:21–25, NIV.
10. John Rogerson, Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings (1999), p. 102.
11. A. T. Olmstead, History of Assyria (1923), p. 87–88.
12. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, p. 147.
13. Ibid., p. 201.
14. Charles F. Pfeiffer, Old Testament History (1973), p. 314.
15. Olmstead, History of Assyria, p. 136.
16. 1 Kings 22:7 ff., NIV.
17. 2 Kings 10:32, NIV.
18. Michael C. Astour, “841 B.C.: The First Assyrian Invasion of Israel,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 91:3 (1971), p. 386.
19. Pfeiffer, p. 318.
Chapter Forty-Eight New Peoples
1. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, pp. 202–203, 264.
2. Oates, pp. 109–110.
3. Alan R. Millard, “Chaldeans,” entry in Dictionary of the Ancient Near East, ed. Piotr Bienkowski and Alan Millard (2000), p. 70.
4. Brinkman, “Foreign Relations of Babylonia,” p. 279.
5. Olmstead, History of Assyria, p. 144.
6. Saggs, Assyria, p. 77.
7. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, p. 254.
8. Olmstead, History of Assyria, p. 156.
9. R. W. Rogers, A History of Babylonia and Assyria, vol. 2 (1971), p. 95.
10. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, p. 259.
11. J. A. Brinkman, APolitical History of Post-Kassite Babylon, 1158–722 BC (1968), pp. 169–170.
12. Brinkman, “Foreign Relations of Babylonia,” p. 279.
13. Saggs, Assyria, p. 79.
14. Terry Buckley, Aspects of Greek History, 750–323 BC: A Source-Based Approach (1996), p. 35.
15. Donald Latimer, “The Iliad: An Unpredictable Classic,” in Robert Fowler, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Homer (2004), p. 18.
16. Ken Dowden, “The Epic Tradition in Greece,” in Fowler, p. 190.
17. Robin Osborne, “Homer’s Society,” in Fowler, p. 206.
18. Ibid., p. 218.
19. Robert Fowler, “Introduction,” in Fowler, p. 5.
20.
Sarah B. Pomeroy et al., Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History (1999), p. 79.
Chapter Forty-Nine Trading Posts and Colonies
1. Homer, The Iliad, Book 2, translated by Alexander Pope (1713).
2. T. J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC) (1995), pp. 31–33.
3. David Ridgway, Italy Before the Romans: The Iron Age (1979), pp. 24–25.
4. Cornell, pp. 35–36.
5. H. H. Scullard, A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC (2003), p. 39.
6. Buckley, p. 36.
7. Judith Swaddling, The Ancient Olympic Games (1999), pp. 10–11.
8. Livy, 1.4, from The Early History of Rome, Books I–V of The History of Rome from Its Foundation, translated by Aubrey de Selincourt (1971), pp. 37–38.
9. Plutarch, Romulus, in Plutarch’s Lives, vol. 1: The Dryden Translation, p. 27.
10. Livy 1.6, Early History of Rome, p. 39.
11. Ibid., p. 40.
12. Livy, 1.1, Early History of Rome, p. 33.
13. R. M. Ogilvie, “Introduction: Livy,” in Livy, Early History of Rome, p. 17.
14. Livy, 1.7–9, Early History of Rome, pp. 42–43.
15. Livy, 1.9, Early History of Rome, p. 43.
16. Livy, 1.13–14, Early History of Rome, pp. 48–49.
17. Buckley, p. 39.
18. Hesiod, Works and Days, ll. 37–40, in Theogony, Works and Days, Shield (2004), p. 66.
19. Ibid., ll. 220–221, p. 70.
20. Ibid., ll. 230–235, p. 71.
Chapter Fifty Old Enemies
1. Saggs, Assyria, p. 81.
2. 2 Kings 14: 25–28.
3. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, p. 114.
4. Saggs, Assyria, p. 80.
5. Ibid., p. 83.
6. Ibid.
7. Olmstead, History of Assyria, p. 124.
8. Oates, p. 112.
9. Hayim Tadmor, The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria (1994), p. 45.
10. Ibid.
11. Oates, p. 114.
12. Saggs, Assyria, p. 88.
13. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, p. 273.
14. Ernest A. Fredricksmeyer, “Alexander, Midas, and the Oracle at Gordium,” Classical Philology 56:3 (1961), p. 160.
15. Herodotus, 1.14.
16. 2 Kings 15–16.
17. Reconstruction from fragmentary translations offered by Oates, p. 114, and Brevard S. Childs in Isaiah and the Assyrian Crisis (1967), p. 81.
18. Olmstead, History of Assyria, p. 179.
19. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, p. 285.
20. Daniel David Luckenbill, “The First Inscription of Shalmaneser V,” American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 41:3 (1925), p. 164.
21. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, p. 283.
Chapter Fifty-One Kings of Assyria and Babylon
1. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 9.14, in The Works of Josephus (1987), pp. 264–265.
2. 2 Kings 17:4, NIV.
3. Clayton, p. 189; Jan Assmann, The Mind of Egypt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs (2002), p. 312.
4. Assmann, pp. 317–319.
5. Quoted in Assmann, p. 320.
6. Saggs, Assyria, p. 92.
7. Daniel David Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylon, Volume II: Historical Records of Assyria from Sargon to the End (1927), p. 71.
8. Ibid., p. 2; 2 Kings 17:6.
9. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 2, p. 2.
10. Ibid., p. 3.
11. A. Leo Oppenheim, “The City of Assur in 714 B.C.,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 19:2 (1960), pp. 142, 147.
12. Paul Zimansky, “Urartian Geography and Sargon’s Eighth Campaign,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 49:1 (1990), p. 2.
13. Translated in Saggs, Assyria, p. 93.
14. Ibid., p. 94.
15. Oppenheim, “The City of Assur in 714 B.C.,” p. 134.
16. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 2, p. 10.
17. Zimansky, p. 3.
18. Laessoe, p. 113; Hoyland, p. 19.
19. J. A. Brinkman, “Elamite Military Aid to Merodach-Baladan,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 24:3 (1965), pp. 161–162.
20. Oates, p. 116.
21. Slightly condensed from the annals of Sargon, as translated by Brinkman in “Elamite Military Aid,” p. 163.
22. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 2, p. 15.
23. Oates, p. 116.
Chapter Fifty-Two Spectacular Defeat
1. Isa. 14:29, NIV.
2. Daniel David Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib (1924), p. 9.
3. Ibid., p. 10.
4. Grant Frame, Rulers of Babylonia from the Second Dynasty of Isin to the End of Assyrian Domination (1157–612 BC) (1995), p. 137.
5. Luckenbill, Annals, pp. 10–11.
6. Assmann, p. 335.
7. This quote and following from 2 Kings 20:12 ff., NIV.
8. This quote and following from 2 Kings 18:1 ff., NIV.
9. Luckenbill, Annals, p. 10.
10. Condensed and language updated slightly, from Luckenbill, Annals, p. 10.
11. Herodotus, 2.14.
12. The Nebi Yunus Inscription (H4), translated in Luckenbill, Annals, p. 85.
13. Luckenbill, Annals, p. 15.
14. Ibid., p. 16.
15. Ibid., p. 17.
16. Emil G. Kraeling, “The Death of Sennacherib,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 53:4 (1933), p. 338.
Chapter Fifty-Three The Decline of the King
1. Xueqin, p. 16.
2. Ch’ien, p. 74.
3. Fairbank and Goldman, p. 49.
4. Xueqin, p. 37.
5. Ch’ien, p. 75.
6. G. W. Ally Rickett, trans., Guanzi, vol. 1 (1985), p. 5.
7. Ibid., p. 6.
8. Ch’ien, p. 75.
9. Ibid.
10. Tso chuan, quoted by Nicola Di Cosmo in Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History (2002), pp. 98–99.
11. Ch’ien, p. 76.
12. Ibid., p. 77.
Chapter Fifty-Four The Assyrians in Egypt
1. Isa. 37:38, NIV.
2. Adapted from the translation by R. C. Thompson and quoted in Kraeling, pp. 338–340.
3. Olmstead, History of Assyria, p. 343.
4. Frame, p. 164.
5. Olmstead, History of Assyria, p. 351.
6. Adapted from J. A. Brinkman’s compilation of the various versions of Esarhaddon’s inscriptions, in “Through a Glass Darkly: Esarhaddon’s Retrospects on the Downfall of Babylon,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 103:1 (1983), p. 39.
7. Brinkman, “Through a Glass Darkly,” p. 41.
8. Frame, 167.
9. Francis Reynolds, ed., State Archives of Assyria, vol. 18: The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon and Letters to Assurbanipal and Sin-saru-iskun from Northern and Central Babylonia (2003), p. 4.
10. E. D. Phillips, “The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture, and Archaeology,” World Archaeology 4:2 (1972), p. 131.
11. Slightly paraphrased for the sake of clarity from the translation by Ivan Starr in State Archives of Assyria, vol. 4, Queries to the Sungod: Divination and Politics in Sargonid Assyria (1990), Queries 18, 20, 24, and 43, pp. 22, 24–25, 30, 48.
12. C. H. Emilie Haspels, The Highlands of Phrygia: Sites and Monuments, vol. 1, The Text (1971), p. 73.
13. Strabo, The Geography of Strabo in Eight Volumes (1928), 1.3.21.
14. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 2, pp. 516, 530, 533, 546.
15. Starr, Query 84, p. 98.
16. Slightly condensed from Laessoe, p. 114.
17. Clayton, p. 193.
18. Shaw, p. 358.
19. Slightly condensed from Frame, p. 194.
20. Clayton, p. 195.
21. Gebel Barka Stele, translated by Assmann, pp. 336–337, lang
uage slightly modernized.
22. Herodotus, 2.151; also Redford, Egypt, p. 431.
23. Assmann, p. 337.
24. James Henry Breasted, A History of Egypt (1967), p. 468.
25. Nah. 3:8–10.
26. Olmstead, History of Assyria, p. 417.
27. Ibid., p. 422.
28. The Nitiqret Adoption Stele, paraphrased slightly from the translation in Shaw, p. 376.
29. Olmstead, History of Assyria, p. 423.
30. Phillips, “The Scythian Domination in Western Asia,” p. 132.
Chapter Fifty-Five Medes and Persians
1. Konstantinos Staikos, The Great Libraries: From Antiquity to the Renaissance (3000 BC to AD 1600) (2000), p. 13.
2. Condensed slightly from Benjamin R. Foster, Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature, vol. 2 (1996), p. 714.
3. Frame, p. 255.
4. Ibid., p. 258.
5. Epigraphs arranged chronologically by John Malcom Russell, The Writing on the Wall: Studies in the Architectural Context of Late Assyrian Palace Inscriptions (1999), p. 159.
6. Herodotus, 1.98.
7. A. T. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire (1959), p. 30.
8. Starr, pp. 267–270.
9. Saggs, Babylonians, p. 161.
10. Frame, p. 260.
11. Saggs, Babylonians, p. 114.
12. Ezra 4:9–10, NIV.
13. P. Calmeyer, “Greek Historiography and Acheamenid Reliefs,” in Achaemenid History II: The Greek Sources, ed. Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg and Amelie Kuhrt (1987), p. 11.
14. David Frankel, The Ancient Kingdom of Urartu (1979), p. 19.
15. Phillips, p. 135.
16. 2 Kings 23.
17. Herodotus, 1.105.
18. Ibid., 1.106.
Chapter Fifty-Six Conquest and Tyranny
1. Buckley, p. 37.
2. Phaedo 109b, quoted in Robin Waterfield, Athens (2004), p. 41.
3. Pomeroy et al., p. 92.
4. Herodotus, 4.156–157.
5. Ibid., 4.159.
6. Fragment 5, quoted in Buckley, p. 66.
7. Fragment 6, quoted in Buckley, p. 67.
8. Herodotus 6.52.
9. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 2, pp. 291–292.
10. Herodotus, 6.57.
11. Lycurgus 15, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, translated by Robin Waterfield (1998), p. 24.
12. Lycurgus 12–14, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, pp. 18–22.
13. Lycurgus 10, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, p. 18.
14. Herodotus, 7.104.
15. Waterfield, p. 39.
16. Eusebius, Chronicle, in A. Schoene and H. Petermann, trans. Armeniam versionem Latine factam ad libros manuscriptos recensuit H. Petermann (1875), pp. 182–183.
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