INDEX Abraham, 6 Abstractive memory, 48-54, 296-7 Academic psychology, 44, 44n, 60, 137, 166 Acquired skills, 37, 45 Act of Creation, The, 47 n, 131, 134 n, 136, 139, 147, 161, 221 n Adaptive strategies, see Flexible strategies Aggression, 14-15, 69, 93, 116 Aggressive-defensive emotions, 60, 93, 116, 130 Aha experience, the, 133-4, 136, 156 Allegory, 122 Allport, F. H., 317 Alpbach Symposium, 23, 23 n, 56, 202 11, 289 11 Altruism versus egoism, 62 American Pragmatism, 4 n Anamorphosis, 234 n, 269 Anna Karenina, 156 Anticipation of reward, 71-2 and see Emotional drive Anti-matter, 253, 253 n Arborization, 47, 49, 297-8, 308 Archetypes, 210-11, 222 Archimedes, 159 Aristarchus, 159 Aristophanes, 122 Aristotle, 115, 135, 153, 160, 191, 224, 278 Art, the discoveries of, ch. VIII, passim Arthropods, 12-13, 18 As If, the philosophy of, 4, 4 n Atkinson, J.W., 137, 137 n Auschwitz, 2, 95 Autonomic nervous System, 317-18 Autonomous holons, 41, 292-3 Awareness, degrees of, 230-1 Bacon, Sir Francis, 115, 124, 278 Baerends, G. P., 178 Baltimore, D., 199 n Bartlett, F. C., 300 Bateson, Gregory, 182-3 Bateson,William, 181-4, 190 Becoming, hierarchies of, 43, 45 Behaviour: learnt, 42-3, 59 rules governing, 62, 81-2, 91-2 Behaviour of Organisms, The, 167 n Behavioural holons, 37 Behaviourist psychology, 25, 39 n, 44 n, 51, 71, 165-9, 179, 223 Bell, J. S., 256-7 Bergson, Henri, 115, 116 11, 123, 128, 137, 224, 226, 229, 269, 271, 301 Berkowitz, L., 88 Berri, Claude, 112 Berthollet, Claude, 322 'Beyond Atoniism and Holism', 56 'Beyond Reductionism' Symposium, 23, 165 n, 289 n Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 63 'Biochemical Aspects of Brain Activity', 101-2 Biochemical Warfare, 3 Biological evolution, 168-9, 214, 219-20, 222, 276 Biology of God, The, 96 n Birkbeck College, London, 257 Birth control, 101 Bisociation, 113, uS, 123, 129-30, 141-7, 149, 151, 156 Black holes, 254-5 Bohm,, David, 250, 257, 267 Bohr, N., 247 Bolk,J., 218 Bonner, James, 40 Botticelli, Sandro, 154 Bragg, Sir William, 244 Brain: functions of the, 12-13, 276-7 structures of the, 9-11, 20 types of, 12 Brave New World, 103 Bristol University, 91-2 Broad, C. D., 32 Bruner, Blanche, 23 n Bruner, J. S., 23 n, 290 Buddhism, 7, 8, 265 Burt, Sir Cyril, 248, 272 Buss, A. H., 88 Butler, Samuel, 185, 193, 202 Calder, Nigel, 91-2 California, University of, 101 Caligula, Roman emperor, 77 Cambridge, University of, 184, 271 Canons, see Codes Capra, Fritjof, 243, 247 n, 248 Caricature, 114, 122-3, 126, 128-9, 133 Carrell, Alexis, 30 Carroll, Lewis, 121 Cartesian dualism, 229-30, 233-5, 245 Cartoons, 114, 118, 123, 128 Caruso, 51 Case of the Midwife Toad, The, 180 n, 193 n, 198 n, 200, 261 n Causality, physical, 259-65, 268-9 Cell: body, 40-1 nucleus, 40, 182 Cells, 27-30, 39-42, 44, 58, 68, 225 Centripetal versus centrifugal, 62 CETI (conimunication with extraterrestrial intelligence), 319-25 Cézanne, Paul, 141, 154 Chain-response theory, 39 n Challenge of Chance, The, 243 n, 260, 269 Chance and Necessity, 67, 191 Chaplin, Charles, 115, 117 Child, C. M., 310 Chomsky, Noam, 31, 170, 234, 290 Chopin, Frédéric, 127 Chromosomes, 39-42,44, 181-2, 185, 186 n, 187, 197-9, 202-3, 215, 273 Cicero, 115, 124 Civilization and its Discontents, 63 Clausius, 222 Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, 229 Clerk Maxwell, James, 135 Cobb, S., 318 Code governing holon's structure, 38-9 Codes of conduct, 38-45, 59, 61, 63, 81-2, 89, 112, 145, 148 incompatible, 144 Coghill, G. E., 214 Cognitive code, 45-6 Cognitive hierarchy, 47, 59, 226, 233 Cognitive holons, 112, 121, 131-2 Coincidence, 144, 259-65 Colorado, University of, 323-4 Comedy, 125, 129, 144-5 Comic devices, 123-4 Comic opera, 127 Comic verse, 121 Communicating ideas, 35 Communication theory, 34, 53, 53 n Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence (CETI), 319-25 Complementarity, Principle of, 61, 234-5, 244-5 Condon, E. U., 323 Conflict, 145 Confucianism, 7 Consciousness, levels of, 230-1, 310 Constable, John, 50 'Control of the Mind' Symposium, 101 Cooperation versus competition, 62 Copenhagen School of physicists, 249 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 1, 159, 258 Cornell University, 282 n Correns, Karl, 181 Country of the Blind, 281 Creativity, the three domains of, 109-11, 128-9, 146-7 Crick, F., 196, 213 Criteria for judging humour, 127-8, 130 Criteria of relevance, 50-1, 54, 153-4 Cro-Magnon, 2, 98, 275 Crying, 137-8 Cultural evolution, 168-9, 220 D'Andrea, Joanne, 312 Darlington, C. D., 188, 196 Darwin, Charles, 125, 134, 155, 174-80, 185, 190, CH. X passim, 205, 214-15, 274, 274 n, 275, 279 Darwin, Francis, 180 n Darwin Retried, 178 Darwinism, 175-6, 179-81, 183, 190, Ch. X passim, 209, 223 Daumier, Honoré, 126 de Beer, Sir Gavin, 216 n, 217 de Broglie, Maurice, 245, 250 Death-wish (Thanatos), 5, 57, 63-6, 223, 304 Deformity, 124 Degrees of awareness, 230-1 Degrees of freedom, 237, 237 n Deluc, J. A., 322 Democritus, 158, 243 Dependence versus autonomy, 62 Descartes, René, 115, 229, 278 Determinism, 47, 239-41, 248 Developmental homeostasis, 42 Devotion, capacity for, 14, 82, 89 Dirac, Paul, 154 Disney, Walt, 123 Divine Flame, The, 96 n Dobbs, Adrian, 252, 271-2 Domains of creativity, the three, 109-11, 128-9, 146-7 Donne, John, 78, 155, 160 Driesch, Hans, 224 Drosophila melanogaster, 182-3, 198 Dualism, Cartesian, 229-30, 233-5, 245 Dulbecco, R., 199 n Dürer, Albrecht, 154, 158, 177 Eastman, Max, 120 Eccles, Sir John, 251 Economy in humour, 128, 130 Eddington, Sir Arthur, 251-2 Edinburgh University, 180 Eidetic imagery, 53-4 Einstein, Albert, 132, 135-6, 149-51, 153, 155, 245, 248, 250, 252, 255-6, 258-9, 263 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, 248, 256-7 Electric shock experiments, 83-90 Electromagnetism, 132 Ellis, Ruth, 240-1 Embryo, development of the, see Ontogeny Embryology, experimental, 41, 189, 224 Emerson, R. W., 134 Emotion, the three variables of, 70-6 Emotional drive, 70-2 Emotional dynamics, 114, 118 Emotional reaction, types of, 140 Emotions: aggressive-defensive, 60, 118 hedonic tone of, 70-1 Papez-MacLean theory of, 8-9, 53 self-tranScending, 60, 70 Emotive behaviour, 60-1, 70-6, 104 Empathy, 143-4 Emphasis in humour, 127-8, 130 Enjoyment of Laughter, The, 120 Entelechy, 224 Environments, hierarchy of, 40 'Epigcnetic landscape', 40 EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) paradox, 248, 256-7 Eros (libido), 57, 63-6, 304 ESP (extra-sensory perception), 242-3, 251-2, 258, 260, 263, 270-3 Ethology, 31, 37, 46 n, 100, 177, 230 European Organization for Nuclear Research, 246, 256 Evolution, theories of, 46, 165, 170, 172-3, 182, 190, 200, 205, 209, 215, 274-5 Evolution of species, 43, 170, 177, 184 'Evolution of Systems of Rules of Conduct, The', 81 n Evolution Old and New, 193 Evolutionary 'blunders', 11-12, 18-20 Evolutionary canon, 44, 205 Evolutionary holons, 37, 43 Evolutionary strategies, 44, ch. XI passim Exclusion Principle, Pauli's, 257-9, 263, 266 Existentialism, 146, 153 Experimental embryology, 41, 189, 224 Experimental psychology: at Bristol University, 91-2 at Yale University, 83-90 'Experiments in Plant Hybridization', 181 Exploratory drive, 134-5, 140-1, 143, 214, 226 Extra-sensory perception (ESP), 241-3, 251-2, 258, 260, 263, 270-3 Extraterrestrial civilizations, 184, 284 n, 319-25 Faraday, Michael, 151 Feedback control, 298-9 Feynman, R.P., 248, 253, 259 Finnegan's Wake, 244 n Firsoff, V. A., 252 First Circle, The, 156-7 Fischer, Bobby, 73 Fixed action patterns, 37, 46 n Fixed rules, 38-40, 42-6, 59, 61, 236, 293-4, 300, 305-6 Flexible strategies, 38-46, 59, 211-12, 236, 293-4, 300, 305-6 Flight towards Reality, 321 Foss, Donald, 312 France, Anatole, 122 Frankl, Viktor, 23, 23 n, 25, 55 Free will, 47, Ch. XII passim versus determinism, 239-41 Freedom, degrees of, 237, 237 n Freedom and Dignity, 67 Freedom of choice, 45 n, 236-8 Freud, Sigmund, 5, 14-15, 24, 63, 64 fl, 72, 79-80, 87, 91, 94, 120, 135, 137, 139 n, 155, 264 his theories, 63-6, 71, 116, 116 n, 117, 128, 223, 304 Functional holons, 36-7, 54 Galen, 224 Galileo Galilei, 133, 155, 159, 199, 258, 324 Galley, Robert, 324 Galton, Francis, 180, 196 Galvani, Luigi, 224 Garstang, W., 216-17 Gaskell, W. H., 12 Gellhorn, E., 317-18 General Systems Theory, 31, 67, 289 Genes, 40-2, 69, 181, 183-7, 226 'Genetic blueprint' (hereditary endowment), 196-7, 199, 201, 203, 215, 273 Genetic code, 37, 39-41, 43, 45, 200 Genetic micro-hierarchy, 188-90, 203, 206, 210, 273 Genetic mutations, 174-5, 202, 206 Genetics, 182, 184-7, 200, 203 Geometrodynamics, 254 n Gerard, Ralph, 37 n Gesetz der Serie, Das, 261-2 Gestalt psychology, 26 n, 37, 51, 133 Ghost in the Machine, The, 6 n, 9, 40 n, 47 n, 70 n, 88 n, 105-6, 168 n, 175, 186 n, 189, 193, 206, 206 n, 211, 215, 220 n, 239, 275 Gibbs-Smith, C. H., 322 Giotto di Bondone, 157-8 Goddard, Air-Marshal Sir Victor, 321 Goethe, J. W. von, 23-4, 158, 210-11, 224 Goitrous cretinism, 99-100 Golden Bough, The, 155 Golding, William, 54 Gombrich, Sir Ernst, 157 Gothenburg University, 101 Gozzi, Carlo, 211 Grassé, Pierre, 174 n, 177, 182,
i86 n, 191-2, 199, 226, 273 Gray, Asa, 174 Group: behaviour, 81-3, 91-2, 117 belief-system of the, 79-81, 90, 94 identification with the, 82-3, 140 Group-mentality (Massenpsychologie), 80-3, 104 Group-mind, 90, 93-4, 96, 104 Growth-curves of science and technology, 7-8, 11 Gulag, 95 Gulliver's Travels, 122 Habit formation, 231-3 Habituation, 49 n Haclainard, Jacques, 149 Haeckel, Ernst, 279 Haldane, J. B. S., 170, 197 Hardy, Sir Alister, 96 n, 172, 180, 208, 210, 214, arö 11, 218, 230, 269 Hári János, 127 Harvard Medical School Symposium, 47 n Harvard University, 166, 178 11, 195, 198, 209 Harvey, William, 129 Harvie, Robert, 269 Haydn, Franz, 127 Hayek, F. A. von, 23 n, 81 n Hebb, D. O., 317 Hedonic tone of emotions, 70-2, 139 Heel of Achilles, The, 6 n, 243 n Heisenberg, Werner, 67, 235, 248-9, 253, 258-9 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 160 Hereditary canon, 39 Hereditary endowment ('genetic blueprint'), 196-7, 199, 201, 203, 215, 273 Heredity, theory of, 180-2, 194, 203 Herrick, Judson, 223, 306 Hess, W. R., 317 Hidden variables, the theory of, 251-2 Hierarchic awareness, 94-5 Hierarchic order, 32-4, 43, 50, 67, 103, 225, 291-2, 298-9 Hierarchic organzation, 27-34, 44, 99, 289-90 Hierarchic structures, 44,49, 99, 290 Hierarchical Structures, 37 n Hierarchies: input, 36, 295 of becoming, 43, 45 output, 36, 294, 307 social, 34, 61, 63, 93-4, 226, 303 symbolic, 37 n Hierarchy cognitive, 47, 59, 226, 233 language, 35-7, 233 levels of, 43, 45, 49 n, 53-6, 59, 62, 72, 81, 94 of environments, 40, 299-300 of knowledge, 132 organismic, 27-31, 223 perceptual, 49-50, 52 n, 307 Hilgard, E. R., 137, 137 n, 312 Hippocrates, 265 Hiroshima, 1-3 Historic cycles, 161 History of human species, 6-8, 18 Hitchcock, Alfred, 75 Hitler, Adolf, 2, 16 Hitlerism, 8 Hixon Symposium, 299 Hobbes, Thomas, 115 Hogarth, William, 114, 126 Holarchy, Ch. I passim, 57, 78, 82 Holism, 26, 256, 265 Holon: concept of the, 27, 33-4, 36-7, 37 n, 56, 289-90, 304 integrative tendency of the, 57-63, 67-8, 74-6, 78-9, 82-3, 89, 93, 139, 226, 265, 269, 301-4 self-assertive tendency of the, 57-63, 67, 74-6, 78, 82-3, 89, 93, 116, 130, 133, 135, 226, 265, 301-4 structure of a, 38, 304 Holons: autonomous, 41, 59, 89, 292-3 behavioural, 37 cognitive, 112, 121, 131-2 evolutionary, 37, 39, 43 functional, 36-7, 54 linguistic, 37 ontogenetic, 37 self-regulating properties of, 41-2 social, 37, 57, 60-1, 80-2, 93-4, 100 Homeostasis, developmental, 42 Homeostatic feedback devices, 46 Homer, 158 Homicide, 14 Homology, 206, 209-10, 225 Horney, Karen, 65 Hoyle, Sir Fred, 253, 283 Hull, Clark, 290 Human creativity, theory of, 109 Human sacrifice, 6-8, 18-19, 73 Humour: CH. VI passim criteria for judging, 127-8 in music, 126-7 in the visual arts, 126-7 Hunger instinct, 73, 134, 214 Huxley, Aldous, 119 Huxley, Sir Julian, 5, 170, 170 n, 173, 174, 198, 216, 217 n, 279 Hyden, Holger, 23 n, 101-2 Hynek, J. Allen, 321 Hyper-reflection, 55 Illusion, 143 Imagination: 71-2, 76 and see Emotional drive Impersonation, 123, 127 Incongruity, 121-2 Indeterminacy, Principle of, 249-50, 250 n Inhelder, Bärbel, 23 n Inheritors, The, 54 Inhibition, 75 Innate skills, 45, 177 Input hierarchies, 36, 295 Insight and Outlook, 116 n, 220 n Instinctual activities, 37-8, 42, 45, 59, 177-8 Integration versus self-assertion, 62 Integrative tendency of the holon, 57-63, 67-8, 74-6, 78-9, 82-3, 89, 93, 139, 225-6, 265, 269, 301-4 Internal Factors in Evolution, 210 n Introduction to Psychology, 137 n Invariant rules, see Fixed rules Invisible Writing, The, 285-6 Irony, 113 Jaensch, E. R., 53 James, William, 96 n, 201, 272 Janus principle, 34, 37 n, 57-8, 66, 89, 94, 235, 238, 244, 293, 301, 304 Jeans, Sir James, 253 Jenkin, Fleeming, 180-1 Jenkins, J. J., 52, 312 Jesus Christ, 16, 152 Jevons, F. R., 33 n Johannsen, Wilhelm, 184, 190, 273 Joke, seeing the, 111, 113-15, 117-18, 120-1, 133 Jokel, Victor, 7 n Jones, Ernest, 64 n Joyce, James, 158 Jung, C. G., 259, 261, 261 n, 262-4 Jung Institute, Zürich, 263 Kafka, Franz, 12, 129 Kammerer, Paul, 193-4, 198 n, 261-4 his Law of Seriality, 262 Kant, Immanuel, 116 Keats, John, 155 Kepler,Johanncs, 131, 133, 199, 224, 263 Kidnapped, 48 Kinetic code, 45 Kluever, O., 53 Kodá1y, Zoltán, 127 Koety, S. S., 23 n Köhler, Wolfgang, 134 Koltsov, N., 216 n, 218 Krinov, E. L., 322 Kris, Ernst, 152 Kuhn, Thomas, 161 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 180, 191, Ch. X passim, 205, 215, 261, 273 Language, 15-17, 20, 43, 45 n hierarchy, 35-7, 233 Lashley, Karl, 221, 233 Laughter, 110-11, 114-19, 123-5, 129-30, 133, 137, 137 n, 138 Lavoisier, Antoine, 322 'Law of Effect', Thorndike's, 71 n Law of Gravity, Newton's, 61 Law of Seriality, Kammerer's, 262 Lawrence, D. H., 64 n Lawrence, Douglas, 312 Laws of Motion, Newton's, 248, 302 Le Bon, 80, 94 Leader-follower relationship, 79-80, 89 Learnt behaviour, 42-3 Leibniz, Gottfried, 224 Leonardo da Vinci, 126, 154, 157-8 Levels of consciousness, 230-1, 310 Levels of hierarchy, 43, 45, 49 n, 53, 54-6, 59, 61, 72, 81, 94 Levels of mental activity, 97 Levels of organization, 32-3 Leviathan, 115-16 Libido (Eros), 57, 63-6, 304 Lima-de-Faria, 188 Linguistic holons, 37 Linnean Society, 274 n Living Stream, The, 172 Logotherapy, 55 London, University of, 257 Lorenz, Konrad, 14 n, 19, 24, 53, 82, 87, 91 Louis XV, king of France, 112 Low, R. J., 323-4 Loyalty, 14-15, 82-3, 89-90 LSD, effects of, 103 Macbeth, Norman, 178 McConnell, J. V., 198 n MacDougall, W., 198 Mach's Principle, 62 n, 256 MacKay, Donald, 239 MacLean, P. D., 8, 8 n, 9, 23 n, 53 McNeill, David, 23 n, 290 Malice, 115, 118, 121, 126, 133, 135 Mammalia, 206, 206 n, 207-8, 210 Mao Tse-tung, 95, 277 Maoism, 8, 277 Margenau, Henry, 256-8, 279 Marsupials, 12-13, 19, 206-8 Marx, Julius ('Groucho'), 117, 120 Marx, Karl, 155 Masochism, 112-13, 121 Massenpsychologie (group-mentality), 80-3, 104 Mass-hysteria, 94 Mayr, E., 170 Mechanic, Arnold, 312 Melancholia, 177 Memory, 47, 47 n abstractive, 48-54, 296-7 'spotlight' type of, 48, 52-4, 296-7 Mendel,J. Gregor, 181-3, 185, 198 Mendelism, 182-6, 190, 198 Mental activity, levels of, 97 Mental disorders, 95, 98, 103-4 treatment of, 104 Metamorphosis, 129 Metaphysics, Ch. XIII passim Michel, Aimé, 325 Midsummer Night's Dream, A, 234 Milgram, Stanley, 83, 85, 87-90 Miller, G. A., 44 n, 308 Milton, John, 120 Mitochondria, 28-30 Monod, Jacques, 67, 173-5, 186 n, 188-9, 191-2, 194, 213 Morgan, Lloyd, 32 Morphemes, 35, 37, 233 Morphic prInciple, 224 n, 270 Morphogenesis, 37, 41, 43 Morphogenetic fields, 37, 41 Morris, Desmond, 19, 24 Motivating forces, 77-8 Mozart, Wolfgang, 127 Muller, H. J., 213 Music, humour in, 126-7 Mutations, 187-91, 198, 202-3, 215, 273 Myers, F. W. H., 17 Myxotricha paradoxa, 68-9 Naked Ape, The, 24 Nash, Ogden, 120 Natural selection, 168-71, 173, 176-7, 181, 185, 189-90, 196, 198, 274, 284 Nature, 210 n Needham, Joseph, 31-2, 42, 220, 293 n Negentropy (negative entropy), 223-5, 269 Neocortex, 9-11, 20, 96, 99, 103, 118, 274 Neo-Darwinism, 25, 165-6, 168, 171, 173, 177, 178 n, 179, 181, 184-5, 190, 192, 194-8, 200, 204, 213, 275 Neoteny, 217 Neo-vitalism, 224-5 Nerves, 27 Net-formation (reticulation), 47 Neumann, Johann von, 266 Neuropharmacology, 101-3 Neurophysiology, 8-13, 53, 96, 230, 251 Neutrinos, 252, 252 n New Scientist, 199, 242, 320 New Yorker, 114, 118, 128 Newton, Sir Isaac, 61, 146, 153, 155, 157, 181, 185, 199, 243-4, 248, 250 his Law of Gravity, 61 his Laws of Motion, 248, 302 Nikias, 157 Nonsense verse, 122 Nuclear warfare, 2-3 Nucleus, cell, 40, 182 Ode on a Grecian Urn, 155 Odyssey, The, 158 Oersted, Hans Christian, 132 Olds,J., 317 Olivier, Sir Laurence, 76 Oneirolysis, 151 Oneirosynthesis, 151 Ontogenetic holons, 37 Ontogeny, 36-7, 39-40, 43, 54-5, 186, 189, 213, 231, 294 Organ-buds, 41 Organelles, 28-30, 34, 37, 40, 44, 58, 68, 205, 206, 209, 225 Organismic hierarchy, 27-31, 223 Organisms, 27-31 Organization, levels of, 32-3 Organs, 27-9, 39, 41, 58 Orgs, 37 n Origin of Species, The, 180, 204 Origin of Vertebrates, The, 12 Originality in humour, 127-8, 130 Orwell, George, 122, 133 Osgood. C. E., 312 Output hierarchies, 36, 294, 307 Oxford, University of, 271, 281 Paedomorphosis, 218-20, 222 Panpsychism, 229-30, 252 Papez-MacLean theory of emotions, 8-9, 53 Paranoia, 95, 98, 104, 174 Parapsychology, 242-5, 252, 258-9, 270-1, 273, 279-80 Parental love, 73 Parody, 123, 127 Part and the Whole, The (Der Teil und das Ganze), 67, 67 n Participatory tendency (of the holon), see Integrative tendency Partness, 26-7, 33, 58, 60-2, 66-7, 74, 78, 82 versus wholeness, 62 Pascal, Blaise, 78, 229, 266 'Pathology of Memory, The', 47 n Patou, 166, 168 Pattee, H. H., 30 Pattern recognition, 49 n Pauli, Wolfgang, 235, 257-9, 261 n, 263-4 his Exclusion Principle, 257-9, 263, 266 Pavlov, I. P., 19, 24, 32, 198 Pearl, F. S., 66 Penfleld, W., 53, 238, 251, 297 Pentagon, the, 3, 33 Perception, 312-16 Perceptual hierarchy, 49, 50, 52 n, 307 Perceptual skills, 35 Petri Papyrus, 101 Phenomenalism, 4 n Philosophie Zoologique, 194 Phonemes, 35, 37, 39, 233
Phylogeny, 43, 53, 54-5, 118, 188-9, 203, 213, 221, 294 Physical causality, 259-65, 268-9 Physics, Ch. XIII passim Physics and Beyond, see Part and the Whole, The Piaget, Jean, 23 n, 293 Pico della Mirandola, 265 PK (psychokinesis), 251, 270-1 Placentals, 12, 206-8 Plato, 111, 210, 265 Playful behaviour, 123-4 Pleasurableness, 70-3 Pleiotropy, 187 Pliny, 157 Podolsky, B., 248, 256-7 Poher, Claude, 324 Poincaré, Raymond, 154 Polanyi, Michael, 239 Polarity, 57-60, 62, 62 n, 70, 73, 78, 81, 135, 147, 302, 304 Pollution, 3 Polygeny, 187 Polygnotus, 157 Popper, Sir Karl, 149 n, 178 n, 239 Population explosion, 3, 10, 100 Post-natal skills, 42 Practical jokes, 123-4, 127, 129 Pre-natal skills, 42 Prescott, O., 95 Pribram, K. H., 317 Price, H. H., 271, 281 Princeton University, 254 Principle of Complementarity, 61, 234-5, 244-5 Principle of Indeterminacy, 249-50, 250 n Principles of Biology, 196 Principles of Meteoritics, 322 Probability, theory of, 266-7 Problems of Genetics, 183-4 Problems of Life, 289 Prometheus, 3, 135 Proust, Marcel, 52 Psychokinesis (PK), 251, 270-1 Psycholinguistics, 31, 36, 45 n Psychology, experimental: at Bristol University, 91-2 at Yale University, 83-90 Psychopharmacology, 104 Punch, 128 Puns, 120-1, 129, 143-4 Pythagoras, 132, 135, 157, 265, 269 Quantum theory, the, 248-9, 252-3, 255, 257-8, 263, 269, 280 Quintilian, '57 Random mutations, 168, 173-4, 176-7, 180-1, 184-5, 189, 198, 209, 215 Ravel, Maurice, 127 Recalling experience, 54 Receptivity, 14, 20 Receptor organs, 49 n, 50, 55, 201, 280 Reductionist philosophy, 19-20, 23-6, 47, 165, 184, 212, 223-4, 239, 269, 279 Regeneration, 220-2, 224, 311 Regression, 63-4, 150-2, 222 Relevance, criteria of, 50-1, 54, 153-4 Religious ideologies, 96 Rembrandt, 72 Reticulation (net-formation), 47, 49, 297-8, 308 Reward, anticipation of, 71-2 and see Emotional drive Rhine,J. Banks, 251, 258 Ribonucleic acid, 102, 102 n Ribosomes, 28-9 Riddles of the Universe, The (Die Welträtsel), 279 Ritual killing, 6-8, 18-19, 73 Roberts, L., 53 Rolland, Romain, 139 n Roots of Coincidence, The, 242, 243 n, 260 Rorschach, Hermann, 122, 153 Rosen, N., 248, 256-7 Rowlandson, Thomas, 114 Rules governing behaviour, 62, 81-3, 112, 147, 148, 150 Russell, Bertrand, 17, 112 n, 247, 256 Rutherford, E., 247 Ruyer, Raymond, 34 Sagan, Carl, 282 n, 319 St Hilaire, Geoffroy de, 43, 292 Sarton, George, 161 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 156 Satire, 122, 126, 130, 133 Schizophrenia, 103 Schizophysiology, 11, 96, 98, 104 Schlosberg, H., 312, 314 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 264-5 Schrödinger, Erwin, 223-5, 248, 250, 268-9, 306 Schweitzer, Albert, 106 Science and Human Behaviour, 166, 167 n Scientific Creativity, 131-2, 135-6, 140, 150 Second Law of Thermodynamics, 64, 66, 222-3, 306 Secular ideologies, 96 Self-assertive emotions, 70, 73-4, 77, 116, 118, 130, 145, 240 Self-assertive tendency of the holon, 57-63, 67, 74-6, 78, 82-3, 89, 93, 116, 130, 134-5, 225, 265, 301-4 Self-awareness, 238-9, 310 Self-transcendence, 76 Self-transcending emotions, 60, 70, 73-4, 139, 140, 145 Self-transcending tendency (of the holon), see Integrative tendency Sensory input, 49-51, 55 Seurat, Georges, 154-5 Sexual relationships, 73 Shakespeare, William, 143, 145, 211 Sherrington, Sir Charles, 251 Simon, Herbert, 291, 305 Simons, H. A., 44 Simpson, G. G., 170, 195, 209, 212 Sinnott, E. W., 212 Skilled activities, 34-5, 38 Skinner, B. F., 19, 24-5, 32, 45, 45 n, 67, 166-7, 167 n, 169 Sleepwalkers, The, 131, 265 n, 324 n Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre, 68 Smuts, Jan, 26 Smythies,J. R., 23 n Social hierarchies, 34, 61, 93-4, 226, 303 Social holons, 37, 57, 60-1, 80-2, 93-4, 100 Solomon, king of Israel, 128 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 156 Sorbonne, the, 177, 182 Species, evolution of, 43, 170, 177, 184 Speech, 35, 38 Spencer, Herbert, 116, 196 Spoonerisms, 120 'Spotlight' type of memory, 48, 52-4, 296-7 Spurway, Helen, i88, 210 S-R theory, 44 n Stalinism, 8 Stanford University, 52, 312, 320 Stein, Gertrude, 58 Stevenson, R. L., 48, 72 Stimulation, 75 Strategic choices, 38-9, 45-6, 236-7, 300 Strategies in evolution, 44, Ch. XI passim Strategy of the Genes, The, 41 Structure of Scienqfic Revolutions, 161 Sturrock, Peter, 321-2 Sub-atomic particles, 28-9, 62, 244-50, 253, 265 Suggestibility, 102, 104 Suggestive emphasis in humour, 127-8, 130 Superspace, 255 'Surprise' Symphony, 127 Swift,Jonathan, 67, 106, 122, 133 Symbiosis, 69, 225 Symbolic hierarchies, 37 n Symbolic operations, 37 Symbolic thought, 43 Synchronicity, 259-65, 270 Synthetic theory, the, 25, 165, 171, 179, 188 and see Neo-Darwinism Syntropy, 223, 225, 269 Szent-Györgyi, Albert, 154 n, 223-5, 269 Tajfel, Henri, 91-2 Takhtajan, A., 216 n, 218 Tampering with human nature, 99-102, 104 Taoism, 7, 265 Teil und das Ganze, Der (The Part and the Whole), 67, 67 n Teleology, 191-2, 192 n Teleonomy, 191-2, 194, 213 Telepathy, 259-60, 270-1 Temin, H. M., 199 n Thanatos (death-wish), 5, 57, 63-6, 223, 304 'Theory of Evolution Today, The', 202 Thermodynamics, Second Law of, 64, 66, 222-3, 306 Thomas, Lewis, 68 Thompson, D. W., 292 Thomson, Sir J. A., 195, 248 Thorndike's 'Law of Effect', 71 n Thorpe, W. H., 23 n, 39-40, 165, 165 n, 210 n, 230, 292 Thurber, James, 111 Tickling, 125-6, 130 Tinbergen, Niko, 177-9 Tissues, 28-9, 31, 39-40, 40 n, 41 Torquemada, Tomás de, 77 Torture, 7, 7 n Tragedy, 144-5 Truman, Harry S., 321 Tschermak, E., 181 Twilight Bar, 61 n UFOs (unidentified flying objects), 319-25 Ulysses, 158 University College, London, 272 Unpleasurableness, 70-3 Unpopular Essays, 17 Vaihinger, Hans, 4, 4 n Valse, La, 127 Variables of emotion, the three, 70-6 Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, The, 195 Varieties of Religious Experience, The, 96 n Vasari, Giorgio, 157 Verbal Behaviour, 169 Vertebrates, 43-4, 205, 210, 218, 230 Vicarious emotions, 75 Vigier, J. P., 250 Visual arts, humour in the, 126-7 Vitalism, 224, 224 n, 226 Von Bertalanffy, Ludwig, 8, 23 n, 31, 171-2, 179, 188, 269, 289, 301, 304 Vries, Hugo de, 181 Waddington, C. H., 23 n, 40-1, 75, 170-1, 173, 190, 202, 202 n, 210, 226 n 294, 307 Wagner, Richard, 140, 318 Walker, E. Harris, 252 Wallace, A. Russel, 180, 274, 274 n, 275 Wallas, Graham, ida Walter, W. Gray, 251 Wars, origin of, 14-15, 19 Watson,J. B., 25, 165-8, 196 Weaver, Warren, 266 Weeping, 137, 137 n, 138-9 Weismann, August, 196-7, 200-3, 213 Weiss, P. A., 23 n, 30, 290, 299, 308 Welles, Orson, 324 Wells, H. G., 281 Welträtsel, Die (The Riddles of the Universe), 279 What is Life?, 268-9 Wheeler, J. A., 254, 254 n, 255 Whitehead, A. North, 159 Wholeness, 26-7, 33, 58, 60-2, 66-7, 74, 78, 82 Whyte, L. L., 188 n, 210 n, 224 n, 270 Wickranashinghe, Chandra, 283 Wiener Walzer, 127 Wilberforce, Samuel, bishop of Oxford, 179 Wilson, D., 37 n Wit, Ch. VI passim, 135 Witticisms, 120-1, 133 Wolsky, A., 174 n Wolsky, M. de I., 174 n Woltereck, N., 224 n, 269 Wood Jones, F., 12 Woodger,J., 32, 293 n Woodworth, R. S., 150, 312, 314 Yale University, 83-5, 125, 256, 279 Yeats, W. B., 143, 145 Yoga, 46, 55, 234 Young, J. Z., 217 ABOUT THE AUTHOR ARTHUR KOESTLER was born in 1905 in Budapest. Though he studied science and psychology in Vienna, at the age of twenty he became a foreign correspondent and worked for various European newspapers in the Middle East, Paris, Berlin, Russia and Spain. During the Spanish Civil War, which he covered from the Republican side, he was captured and imprisoned for several months by the Nationalists, but was exchanged after international protest. In 1939-40 he was interned in a French detention camp. After his release, due to British government intervention, he joined the French Foreign Legion, subsequently' escaped to England, and joined the British Army. Like many other intellectuals in the thirties, Koestler saw in the Soviet experiment the only hope and alternative to fascism. He became a member of the Communist Party in 1931, but left it in disillusionment during the Moscow purges in 1938. His earlier books were mainly concerned with these experiences, either in autobiographical form or in essays or political novels. Among the latter, Darkness At Noon has been translated into thirty-three languages. After World War II, Mr. Koestler became a British citizen, and all his books since 1940 have been written in English. He now lives in London, but he frequently lectures at American universities, and was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford in 1964-65. In 1968 Mr. Koestler received the Sonning Prize at the University of Copenhagen for his contributions to European culture. He is also a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, as well as one of the ten Companions of Literature, elected by the Royal Society of Literature. His works are now being republished in a collected edition of twenty volumes. PHILOSOPHY, HISTORY OF SCIENCE Arthur Koestler -------- JANUS "Few can surpass the clarity and simplicity with which Koestler can translate complex scientific ideas into common language: Th
e Washington Post Book World -------------------------------------------------------------------------- This important work is at once a summary and an extension of Arthur Koestler's lifelong examination of the "sciences of life -- the evolution, creativity and pathology of the human mind." Its central theme is the position of man in the post-Hiroshima world, a time when such traditional doctrines as rationalism, materialism, and determinism offer little hope for our continued survival. This encyclopedic study ranges from small-particle physics to humor, and the analysis is both informed and highly suggestive. As Koestler questions our understanding of life, he also contributes to it -- in this book with a new and compelling model of the human mind, based on the rival tendencies of independence and cooperation. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- "In this eloquent distillation of his ideas ... koestler demonstrates the breadth of vision that makes him one of the most challenging thinkers of our time." Bookviews
Janus: A Summing Up Page 37
