8. Clarence E. Glick, Sojourners and Settlers: Chinese Migrants in Hawaii (Honolulu, 1980), 381, note 51; Li Ling Ai, Life Is for a Long Time: A Chinese Hawaiian Memoir (New York, 1972), 174-
9. Chung Kun Ai, My Seventy-Nine Years in Hawaii (Hong Kong, 1960), 192-97.
io. HIN, 192.
i i. "Business of Chinese Immigrants [in Chinese]," in [Overseas Penman Club], The Chinese ofHawaii (Honolulu, 1929), 42; Tin-Yuke Char, ed., The Sandalwood Mountains: Readings and Stories of the Early Chinese in Hawaii (Honolulu, 1975), Ioi; James G. Y. Ho, "Honolulu Chinatown Fires of 1886-19oo- 1902," Downtown Planet, November 4, 2002, 7.
12. EBU, June 16, 1900, 1; John Taksaki, "Kaimuki," HJH, Vol. 9 (1975), 6474; Charlie Minor [as told to Gail Miyasaki], "Chinatown," in Nancy Foon Young, ed., Asian-Americans in Hawaii (Honolulu, 1975), 138-39•
13. Soga, Gojunenkan No Hawaii Kaiko, 94; EBU, May 7, 1900, I.
14. Brian Niiya, ed., Encyclopedia ofjapanese History (New York, 1993), 262; Niiya, Encyclopedia, revised edition (New York, 2001), 368; Gary Y. Okihiro, "The Japanese in America," in Niiya, Encyclopedia, revised edition, 1-23; Roland Kotani, Japanese in Hawaii: A Century of Struggle (Honolulu, 1985); Tom Brislin, Weep into Silence/Cries of Rage: Bitter Divisions in Hawaii's Japanese Press (Columbia, S.C., 1995)-
15. HIN, 422; Chung, My Seventy-Nine Years in Hawaii, 196-97; Star-Bulletin (Honolulu), February 3, 1999; September 27, 2002.
16. EBU, April 18, 1900, i; Mori File, MAM; Eriko Yamamoto, The Evolution of an Ethnic Hospital: An Analysis of Ethnic Processes of Japanese Americans in Honolulu through the Development of the Kuakini Medical Center (Ph.D. diss., University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1988).
17. Day File, MAM.
18. Emerson File, MAM.
19. Wood File, MAM.
20. Hoffman File, MAM.
21. Carmichael File, MAM. On the plague crisis in San Francisco, see Guenter Risse, "`A Long Pull, a Strong Pull, and All Together': San Francisco and Bubonic Plague, 1907-1908," Bulletin ofthe History of Medicine, Vol. 66 (1992), 260-82; Risse, "The Politics of Fear: Bubonic Plague in San Francisco, California, 19oo," in Linda Bryder and Derek A. Dow, eds., New Countries and Old Medicine: Proceedings of an International Conference on the History of Medicine and Health (Auckland, N.Z., 1995); Risse, "No Burning: Race, Public Health, and Civil Rights in San Francisco's Chinatown, 19oo," Policy History Conference, May 31, 2002; Susan Craddock, City of Plagues: Disease, Poverty, and Deviance in San Francisco (Minneapolis, 2000); Nayan Shah, Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco's Chinatown (Berkeley, 2ooi); and Marilyn Chase, The Barbary Plague: The Black Death in Victorian San Francisco (New York, 2003)-
22. HIN, 522, 527-28.
23. Thurston quoted in PCA, November 8, 1887, 2. Thurston was using "plague" metaphorically at the time and probably referring to leprosy, but his old fears applied even more forcefully and literally with the arrival of bubonic plague itself; HIN, 423-31-
24. PCA, March 1, 1900, 3; IND, March 7, 1900, 4, March 11, 1900, 5; Katsuki File, MAM. Katsuki eventually decided to remain in Honolulu, where he had a long and successful practice. When he died in 1967 at the age of ioi, he was considered the dean of Hawaii's medical community.
2 5. David Selvin, Sky Full of Storm: A Brief History of California Labor (San Francisco, 1975); Robert Edward Wynne, Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, 185o-igio (New York, 1978); Risse, "No Burning: Race, Public Health and Civil Rights in San Francisco's Chinatown, 1900," paper presented at the Policy History Conference, St. Louis, Mo., May 31, 2002; Charles McClain, In Search of Equality: The Chinese Struggle Against Discrimination in Nineteenth-Century America (Berkeley, 1994); and McClain, "Of Medicine, Race and American Law: The Bubonic Plague Outbreak of 19oo," Law and Social Inquiry, Vol. 13 (1988),447-5 13; Nayan Shah, Contagious Divides; Chase, Barbary Plague.
26. See, for example, John G. Grace, "Some Observations on the Plague in Hawaii," New Zealand Medical journal, Vol. i (1900-oz), 166-68; and Herbert P. Williams, "Honolulu's Contention with the Plague," The Sanitarian (1900), 319-28.
27. Galbraith File, MAM; PCA, January 27, 19oo, 9; J. J. Kinyoun to Walter Wyman, December 6, 1 goo, in Operations of the United States Marine-Hospital Service, igoi (Washington, D.C. [19021), 499-
28. J. J. Kinyoun, "The Prophylaxis of Plague," journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 42 (1904), 235; "Directions for Combating Plague," forwarded to Washington, D.C., by the U.S. consul-general in Berlin, then reprinted in United States Public Health Reports, Vol. 17, Part 2 (1902), 2 371-73; Eduardo Liceaga, "The Bubonic Plague" [American Public Health Association, New York], Public Health Papers and Reports, Vol. 32, Part i (1906), 215-18; Mark Gamsa, "The Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria, 1910-11, in Historiographical Perspective," draft of a paper, kindly provided by the author; Rupert Blue, "The Prophylaxis and Eradication of Plague," California State journal of Medicine, Vol. 5 (1907), 306.
29. Kinyoun, "The Prophylaxis of Plague," 235-
30. HIN, 424; D[uncan]. A. Carmichael to Surgeon General, October 15, 1900, in Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service of the United States for the Fiscal Year lgoo (Washington, D.C. [1901]), 440.
31- On the Philippines, see Ken De Bevoise, Agents of Apocalypse: Epidemic Disease in the Colonial Philippines (Princeton, 1995), 177, 181-82, 242, n. 29, and Reynaldo C. Ileto, "Cholera and the Origins of the American Sanitary Order in the Philippines," in David Arnold, ed., Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies (Manchester and New York, 1988), 12 5-48. The battle against yellow fever in Panama is the subject of dozens of books.
32. IND, April 30, 1900, 1; Boston Herald, quoted in IND, February 2, 1900, 4.
33• See William Deverell, "Plague in Los Angeles, 1924: Ethnicity and Typicality," in Valerie J. Matsumoto and Blake Allmendinger, eds., Over the Edge: Remapping the American West (Berkeley, 1999), 172-200.
34• PCA, January 1, 1900, 14.
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