In the Ruins of the Cold War Bunker

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In the Ruins of the Cold War Bunker Page 35

by Luke Bennett


  Pusca, Anca, 155, 162

  quarries, 15, 34–35, 106, 107, 116, 120

  Quemoy Island. See Kinmen Island

  Qendra Zjarri bunkers (Albania), 146

  Quisling, Vidkun, 104

  radiation, 35, 43, 77, 123, 124, 202, 212, 234

  Radovic, Filip & Susannah, 48, 49, 55

  RAF Boulmer, 4

  RAF Fylingdales, (UK), 72n2

  RAF Neatishead (Norfolk, UK), 187, 199n4

  RAF Upper Heyford, 196

  Ray, Andrew, 82, 93

  Ray, Gene, 60–61, 72, 82, 93

  reanimation, 16, 41–54, 58, 62–63, 68–69, 76–77, 116, 139, 154–157, 159, 161, 173, 193–194, 208–209, 220, 227, 233, 235, 237, 241–247, 249, 235;

  presencing the bunker, 16, 41–54, 62, 241–247;

  reinterpretation, 116, 139, 227, 233;

  re-painting, 154–156;

  using sound, 62–63, 68–69, 76–77, 237.

  See also heritage

  Reckwitz, Andreas, 173, 183

  redevelopment, 18, 220–228, 245

  Redhead, Steve, 28–29, 30, 38

  redundancy, 6, 8, 100

  representational practices, 10, 12, 14, 16, 55, 61, 64, 78–92, 133–134, 168, 171, 175, 178, 183, 190

  re-use, 18–19, 61–63, 78, 131–132, 140, 142, 144, 154, 176, 192, 196, 202, 205, 208–209, 213–215, 217, 220, 227–228, 233, 235, 238, 243–245, 253

  rhomb porphyry, 97–99

  Richardson, Emily, 85–88, 86, 91, 93, 206, 214

  Richardson, Emma, 206, 214

  Rings (Mitchell), 88

  Rings of Saturn (Sebald), 81

  The Roadside Picnic (Strugatsky & Strugatsky), 88

  Rose, Emma, 133–134, 138, 140, 142, 144

  Rose, Gillian, 242, 249

  Ross, Richard, 34, 36, 38

  Rowlands, Michael, 157, 161–163

  Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) Bedford, 72n2

  Royal Commission for Historic Monuments in England (RCHME), 207, 214n1

  Royal Observer Corps (ROC), 201–214;

  ROC post, 3, 4, 41–54;

  ROC’s objects, 44–45, 52, 205–206

  ROC 20 Group Headquarters. See York Cold War Bunker

  Rugg, Dean R., 147, 162

  ruins, 8–11, 19, 34, 41, 53, 65, 71, 241;

  defined, 8;

  ruination (as process), 9, 11, 31, 76, 78–79, 83, 89, 116, 121, 198, 243, 245;

  ruin lust (Ruinenlust), 8, 196, 200;

  ruinphobia, 248;

  ruin value (Ruinenwerttheorie), 58–59, 61, 65, 72n2.

  See also bunker; bunker in landscape; contamination; palliative curation; symbolism

  Sainte-Bernadette du Banlay (Nevers, France), 28, 29

  Saint-Guénolé (Brittany, France), 26, 244

  saltpetre, 121–123, 127

  Samuel, Raphael, 194, 200

  Sandys, Kathrine, 16, 35, 57, 63, 68, 69, 72, 234, 238, 243, 244, 253;

  Hush House, 62, 63;

  Magazine no.7, 62;

  Radioflash, 62, 67, 68, 69–71

  Saunders, Nicholas, 133, 144, 147, 162

  scenography, 63–64, 67–71

  Schachtel, Ernest, 69, 72

  schadenfreude, 35, 239, 242

  Schatzki, Theodore, R., 17, 168, 173, 175–176, 178, 180, 183

  Schelling, Friedrich, 43

  Schlosser, Eric, 235, 249

  Schmidt, Robert, 175, 183

  Schmitt, Carl, 106, 111

  Schofield, John, 6, 21, 82, 93, 147, 157, 162, 178, 182, 196, 200, 236, 240, 241, 248, 249

  Schön, Donald A., 192, 200

  Schönle, Andreas, 8, 20

  Schreiber, Verena, 176, 183

  Scotland’s Secret Bunker, (Fife, UK), 187, 199n5

  Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 86

  Searle, John, 48, 56

  Sebald, W. G., 11, 16, 21, 75, 79, 81–85, 87–89, 91–92, 93, 246, 249

  Second World War, 9, 13, 34, 69, 98, 220,

  Seigfried Line, 24

  Serres, Michel, 53, 55

  Shove, Elizabeth, 173, 183

  Sinclair, Ian, 13, 21, 90–91

  Smith, Laurajane, 21, 25–26, 38, 186, 189, 192, 195–196, 200

  Smith, Phil, 84, 93

  SNAP (Aldeburgh Festival), 86–87, 93, 127

  Sofaer, Joanna, 140, 144

  Sørensen, Tim, 118, 128

  Sørlie, Rune, 104, 111

  Soviet Union, 148–149, 198

  Speer, Albert, 24, 38, 58, 65, 71n2, 72

  speleology, 117, 119,124, 128, 129, 253

  Sperrmittelhäuser, 18, 168–169, 170, 175, 178

  Sputnik, 29

  Stalker, 72n5, 88, 89

  Standish, M.J. Alex, 153, 162

  Stefa, Elian, 146, 163

  Stevens, Paul, 121, 129

  Stevenson, Angus, 6, 21

  Strange, Ian, 240, 249

  Strömberg, Per, 238, 239, 249

  sublime, 11, 16, 33, 35, 37, 41–45, 47–48, 53–54, 58–60, 66, 71–72, 84, 234, 239;

  Ereignis (Heidegger), 53;

  in terror and war (Ray), 59–60;

  military-industrial-sublime (Dillon), 16, 44–45, 239;

  nuclear sublime, 11, 37, 234;

  post-modern sublime (Lyotard), 42;

  safe distance, 60, 71;

  scintillation (Lyotard), 53–54;

  transcendental sublime (Burke), 42, 59–60.

  See also affect; uncanny

  Subterranea Britannica (Sub Brit), 196–199

  Sweden, 237–239

  symbolism, 6–9, 17, 28, 30, 32, 42, 44–46, 61, 65, 67, 70–71, 78, 105, 116, 128, 143, 145, 152, 155, 157, 167, 171, 178, 186, 193, 240, 241, 244–245

  Taiwan, 7, 131–132, 135, 136, 139, 142, 144

  Tarkovsky, Andrei, 59, 72n5, 88–90

  taxonomic, 12, 78, 171–175, 195, 197–199, 240–244;

  as communal activity, 174;

  experts, 197–199;

  as masculine geography (Rose), 242;

  in Monuments Protection Programme (UK), 195;

  recording, 171–173;

  specialisation, 175.

  See also heritage

  Thickett, David, 206, 214

  Thomas, Roger J. C., 6, 13, 19, 157, 181, 194–195, 200, 203, 207, 214

  Threads, 77

  Thrift, Nigel, 10, 21, 53, 55, 173, 183

  Thunderball, 72n4

  Till, Karen E., 171, 183

  Tilly, Christopher, 134, 141

  The Tin Drum (Grass), 25

  Tjøme island (Vestfold, Norway), 98

  Tolia-Kelly, Divya, 132, 142

  Torås Fort, 16, 97, 98, 99–100, 101, 102–110

  Torås Kommandoplasse. See Torås Fort

  tourism, 12, 14, 17–18, 33, 35, 37, 45, 59, 62, 71–72, 79, 129, 132–133, 135, 140–144, 155, 157, 160, 185–200, 220, 239, 244;

  battlefield tourism, 135, 220;

  dark tourism, 33, 37, 239;

  disaster tourism, 45;

  distinct from non-tourists, 157, 160;

  heritage tourism, 12, 59, 62;

  rapproachment tourism (Zhang), 17, 132, 140–142;

  tourist gaze (Urry), 71;

  visiting bunker museums, 18, 185–199

  Townley, Anna, 91, 93

  trauma, 15–16, 23, 25, 30–37, 42, 45–49, 51, 55, 77–78, 86, 109–110, 131, 145–146, 153–154, 158–161, 240–244, 248;

  childhood trauma, 16, 31, 34, 36, 154;

  collective memory (Badiou), 49;

  collective psychosis (Felmingham), 77;

  collective trauma, 153, 158;

  residue left at site (Wilson), 78, 159;

  site of trauma (Carruth), 45;

  sympathy (Lafleur), 240;

  therapeutic landscape (Gesler), 142n1;

  war psychosis (Prifti), 146

  working through trauma, 30–31, 109–110, 240–244;

  Trigg, Dylan, 46–47, 53, 56

  Trip Adviser, 211–214

  Tufnel, Ben, 83, 89
, 93

  tunnels. See bunker forms

  Tzalmona, Rose, 24, 38, 235–236, 249

  uncanny, 16, 32, 35, 41, 42, 44–49, 52–54, 56, 58, 59, 64–66, 83, 89, 234, 243;

  in the everyday (Trigg), 53;

  unbound affects (Pollock), 49;

  uncanny field of affect, 42, 49, 53;

  uncanny modernity (Masco), 234

  Unheimlichkeit, 46–47;

  Unidentified Flying Object (UFO), 234, 247n1

  United States, 5, 7, 17;

  Civil War, 121

  urban exploration (urbex), 12–13, 19, 33, 174, 177–178, 181, 182, 197, 215–217, 220, 248;

  28dayslater.co.uk, 197;

  by Arno Geesink, 215–217, 220;

  UK Urbex, 197;

  TalkUrbex, 197;

  Urbewußtsein (Zahavi), 66.

  See also embodied experience

  Urry, John, 71, 72

  Uzzell, David, 145, 154, 163

  valorization, 8, 10, 14, 23, 58–59, 65, 80, 178, 194–195, 238, 240;

  cultural alchemy (Strömberg), 238;

  discord value (Schofield), 240;

  ruin value - Ruinenwerttheorie (Speer), 58–59, 65;

  symbolic value (Leader), 45, 105, 157

  vandalism, 81, 174, 177

  Vanderbilt, Tom, 6, 21, 60, 72, 126, 129

  Van Dyke, Chris, 247, 249

  Van Wyck, Peter, 246, 249

  Vatican, 29

  Veitch, Jonathan, 239, 249

  Venezuela, 114, 129, 253

  vertical geography, 120

  Vickers, Miranda, 153, 163

  Vietnam, 5

  Virilio, Paul, 15, 23, 25–38, 43, 56, 61, 66, 72, 108–109, 111, 159, 163, 210, 214, 233, 237, 240–241, 244–245, 247–249;

  acceleration, 29;

  aesthetics of disappearance, 30, 43;

  architecture of disequilibrium, 29;

  Bunker Archeology, 25–27, 29, 30–31, 38, 72, 108, 111, 214, 240, 245, 249;

  cryptic architecture, 28;

  cryptic energy, 28;

  habitable circulation, 28;

  influence of Catholic faith, 27;

  Parent, Claude, 27–29, 31, 38;

  polar inertia, 30–31, 38;

  Pure War, 30–32, 237, 241, 249;

  Total War, 26, 30–31;

  trauma of war, 30–31

  Wahrheitsgesellschaft (The Society of Truth/Vril Society), 107

  war room. See command centre

  Warsaw Pact, 5, 227

  Walley, Ed, 240, 249

  Wallmeister, 169, 174, 181

  Watson, Chris, 83, 86, 93

  Wegener, Wolfgang, 171, 182

  Weinberger, Sharon, 126, 129

  Weiner, Jon, 6, 21

  Wenger, Etienne, 10, 14, 21

  weird realism, 16

  Westwall. See Seigfried Line

  Wetherell, Margaret, 10, 21

  White Sulphur Springs (West Virginia, US), 121

  Wilson, Jane & Louise, 64–66, 73, 77, 82;

  Blind Landing, 65;

  Gamma, 77;

  Sealander, 65;

  Stasi City, 77;

  The Toxic Camera, 77;

  Urville, 65

  Wilson, Louise K., 16, 35, 64, 75, 92–93, 237, 242–244, 253;

  A Record of Fear, 76

  Wilson, Marc, 9, 21

  Woodward, Christopher, 80, 81, 83, 93

  Woodward, Rachel, 105–106, 111

  Woodyer, Tara, 116, 127, 129

  Wright, Patrick, 193, 200

  Ying-jeou, Ma, 132

  York Cold War Bunker (UK), 199n3, 201, 202, 203–206, 207, 208–214

  Young, James E., 67–68, 73

  Young, Terence, 72n4

  Yugoslavia, 146, 148, 152

  Zahavi, Dan, 66, 73

  Zalasiewicz, Jan, 103, 111

  Zedong, Mao, 149

  Zeitlin, Steven, 31, 37

  Zhaishan Tunnel, 17, 132, 135–137, 139–142

  Zhang, J. J., 17, 131–133, 136, 144, 238, 243, 244, 253

  Zocher, Jan David, 221

  Contributors

  Luke Bennett is a Reader in the Department of the Natural & Built Environment at Sheffield Hallam University, UK. His research interest in the modes and motivations of multivalent engagement with modern ruins derives from his experience of working upon the decommissioning of industrial and military sites as an environmental lawyer prior to moving into academia in 2007.

  Kevin Booth is a Senior Curator for English Heritage with responsibility for over 250,000 artefacts ranging from Neolithic flints to the telephone switchboards of the ROC Group Control. His background in the archaeology of buildings helped inform the understanding and presentation of the York bunker.

  Rachael Bowers studied Modern History and Social Anthropology at the University of St. Andrews before completing a master’s in Heritage Education and Interpretation at Newcastle University. After joining English Heritage, Rachael worked at York Cold War Bunker as its Site Manager for four years, overseeing its care, coordinating exhibitions and events, and being responsible for the promotion of the site and its interpretation to the public. She currently works at Brodsworth Hall, caring for and managing its extensive collections.

  Stephen Felmingham is artist and educator at Plymouth College of Art, with a drawing practice that engages with place, perception and memory. His drawings work as sensitive detectors that witness and register the culturally transmitted trauma that is the legacy of the Cold War, through research and fieldwork in the ruins of military installations, Royal Observer Corps posts and bunkers that were a feature of his early life in East Anglia.

  Matthew Flintham is an artist and Early Career Research Fellow in the Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture at Kingston University, specializing in the hidden geographies of militarization, security and surveillance, and the analysis of location in cinematic representation. His work intersects academic and arts practices, exploring speculative relationships between architecture, power and place, and the possibilities for arts methods to reveal hidden or immaterial relations in the landscape.

  Arno Geesink is the founding partner of a Netherlands-based architects practice (www.kraftarchitecten.nl) and also teaches at Design Academy, Eindhoven. He aims for a research-driven interdisciplinary design approach, where the combination of initiating theoretical research and architectural practice hopefully culminates in improved architectural craftsmanship. Arno’s personal interest in history and conflict studies has led to him devising several self-initiated redevelopment studies for newly accessible conflict heritage sites as well as commissioned strategic studies for a range of clients with an emphasis on the architectural redevelopment of existing structures.

  Emily Glass is an archaeologist working towards completion of a PhD at the University of Bristol. Her research uses a modern conflict archaeological and anthropological approach to examine the production, use and legacy of Albania’s Cold War bunkers. Her thesis examines how local and national materialities of mushroom-shaped bunkers (MSBs) can be utilized in the formation of object biographies. To demonstrate this, she has explored transformative relations between people and objects alongside enduring MSB properties of cross-cultural agency. Emily has worked as a professional archaeologist since 1998 on commercial and research projects in the UK, Italy, Turkey, Slovenia, Belgium and Albania, where she worked from 2001 to 2012 on excavations with the Butrint Foundation. It was during this time that Albania’s communist past inspired her to undertake an MA in Historical Archaeology at the University of Bristol and develop ideas for her doctoral thesis.

  Inge Hermann is Associate Professor at the Hospitality Business School, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, the Netherlands, where she has been a faculty member since 2012. Inge is actively involved in the Research Centre of Hospitality, and specifically within the Research Group on Ethics & Global Citizenship. Her research interests are in the field of heritage, ethics and tourism, in particular concentrating on analysing the role of dominant disc
ourses. Currently, her research agenda focuses on proclaimed ‘moral’ forms of tourism, especially aiming at young people, such as voluntourism and gap year programmes.

  Gunnar Maus completed his doctoral dissertation ‘Militarized landscapes – landscapes of memory: Practices of localized remembrance of the Cold War’ in 2015. His project was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Gunnar’s research interests are in the field of heritage, geography of memory and practice theory, and he works in the Department of Geography at Kiel University, Germany.

  María Alejandra Pérez is Assistant Professor in the Geography Program at West Virginia University, USA. A cultural anthropologist by training, she, in her research, examines the historical and present role of field science activity, such as speleology (cave science), in the shaping of regional and national geographies and identities in the Americas (with a focus on Venezuela, the United States and Cuba). This exploration contributes to understandings of human incursions in and modifications of the underground.

  Kathrine Sandys is a scenographer and Interdisciplinary Curriculum Leader in the School of Design, Management and Technical Arts at Rose Bruford College. Her research explores the notion of expanded scenographic media and devices applied beyond the theatre and performance space. Her practice and research have primarily focused on military/industrial/marine sites and the museum environment. In 2011 she received the International Jury Special Prize for Excellence in Sound Design, for Hush House, at the 12th edition of the Prague Quadrennial of Performance Design and Space.

  Louise K. Wilson is a visual artist and Lecturer in Art and Design at the University of Leeds. Her current research uses sound and aurality to ask philosophical and material questions about the spatio-temporal physicality of certain sites and, accordingly, she has made recordings inside numerous (military and scientific) sites including nuclear submarines, listening stations, university halls, marine research environments, rocket launch sites and disused RAF bases.

  J. J. Zhang is Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Hong Kong. His research interests lie in the intersection of material culture, tourism and post-conflict geopolitics. J.J.’s ancestry has drawn him back to Kinmen several times. This former Cold War frontier’s rich battlefield heritage has enspired his continual enquiry into the material cultures of memory and identity associated with the reincarnation of defunct military fortresses, bunkers and underground tunnels.

 

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