Rebel Souls
Page 38
Whitman and, 73–74, 114, 124
Menken, Alexander Isaac, 70, 71
Meteor procession, 117–118
Meyerbeer, Giacomo, 239
Miller, Joaquin, 184
Milner, Henry, 143, 145
Les misérables (Hugo), 204
Missouri
as border state, 172–173, 222
Ludlow-Bierstadt trip to, 172–173
M’Liss (Harte), 184
Moby-Dick (Melville), 36
Le Moniteur Universel (newspaper), 251
Moore, Clement, 23
Morbidness, of Pfaff’s Bohemians, 26–27, 47, 92–93, 125, 159–160, 196, 207, 230, 245
Mormons, Ludlow-Bierstadt trip and, 178–181
Morris, Clara, 61
Motley, John Lothrop, 27
Mount Shasta, 181
Mumford, Lewis, 243
Murdoch, James, 72, 203
Murger, Henry, 12–14
Nantucket, Clapp and, 5, 262
Nantucket Inquirer (newspaper), 6
Nargeot, Pierre-Julien, 13
Nast, Thomas, 22–23, 116
Nation (magazine), 64
Nevada, 210–211
New Bedford (MA) Intelligencer (newspaper), 6
New Bedford Mercury (newspaper), 171
Newell, Robert (real name of Orpheus C. Kerr), 208, 213, 214, 250
New World (periodical), 34
New-York Atlas (newspaper), 66
New York City
Bohemians in, 1, 19
as commerce center, 80, 170
fires set by Confederate officers in, 223–224
response to outbreak of Civil War, 137–138
rivalry with Boston perpetrated by Clapp, 85–86, 90, 100, 239
urban anonymity of, and its benefit to Bohemians, 17, 101, 183
See also Broadway, Pfaff’s Restaurant and Lager Bier Saloon
New Yorker (magazine), Saturday Press compared to, 86
New York Herald (newspaper), 22, 63, 113, 117, 118, 140, 161, 205, 221
New York Hotel (New York City), 24
New-York Illustrated News (newspaper), 114, 116
New York Leader (newspaper), 155–156, 243, 259
New York Mirror (newspaper), 34
New York Picayune (newspaper), 21
New York Post (newspaper), Ludlow travel dispatches and, 172, 176–177, 247
New York Times (newspaper), 88, 105, 200, 256
New York Tribune (newspaper), 80, 140, 256
New York World (newspaper), 54
Norway (ME) Advertiser (newspaper), 129
Noyes, J. Franklin, 258
O’Brien, Fitz-James, 19–21
Danforth and, 68
death of, 156, 256
hashish and, 55
literary legacy of, 156–157
military service, 139, 154–155
at Pfaff’s, 2, 25–26, 29, 62, 68, 156–157
as poet, 120
politics and, 50
on the rock, 25–26
Saturday Press and, 82, 90, 243
Vanity Fair and, 131
war injury, 154–155
as writer, 20–21, 156–157
“O Captain! My Captain!” (Whitman), 239–240, 241, 265
Occidental Hotel (San Francisco), 183
O’Connor, William Douglas, 200, 220, 267
Odd Fellow’s Opera House (New York), 24
“Ode to a Tobacco Pipe” (Hammond), 83
Old Crib (New York City), 110–111
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 23
Omoo (Melville), 34
Oneida (NY) Circular (newspaper), 159
Only a Woman’s Heart (Clare), 257
“On Marrying Men” (Ludlow), 186
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 185
on the rock, as slang phrase of Pfaff’s Bohemians, 25
Opium, Ludlow’s use of, 168–169, 187, 246, 248
Osborne, Rosalie, 55. See also Ludlow, Rosalie (Osborne)
Our American Cousin (play), 231, 232–233, 235
“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (Whitman), 92–93, 105, 270
Palmerston (Lord) (Henry John Temple), 116
Panic of 1857, 25, 49, 226
Paris
city’s style of Bohemianism, 8–9, 12–14
Clapp in, 8–16
Menken in, 250–3
Parker, Dorothy, 86
Parker House (Boston), 27, 89
Parnassus (Emerson), 266
Parodies
of Leaves of Grass, 106–107
of Mazeppa, 208
“Passage to India” (Whitman), 269
Pattee, Fred, 157
Perey, Charles, 14
Peter the Great, 142
Pfaff, Charles Ignatius “Charlie,” 18, 27, 28, 64, 127, 160, 238, 261, 272
Pfaff’s Bohemians, 1–4,19, 21–23, 28–29, 32–33, 44–46, 47, 49–50, 55, 62, 63–69, 73–76, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 90–91, 100, 106, 110, 125, 127, 134, 136, 138–140, 153–157, 160, 185, 189, 200–201, 238, 243, 245, 246, 260–262, 272
as alternative artists, 2, 27
Civil War and, 3, 136, 138–140, 141, 153–154, 155–156, 160, 200–201
counterculture and, 50
deaths of, 4, 156–157, 252–253, 255, 256, 259, 261–262, 272
Fiery Fifties and, 47, 49–50
fixation on darkness and death, 26–27, 47, 92–93, 125, 159–160, 196, 207, 230, 245
poverty of, 20–21, 25–26, 43–44, 55, 62, 155–156, 167–168, 190, 199, 252, 260–262, 270
regulars, 1–2, 19–30, 62 (see also individual Bohemians)
success of, 2, 79, 88–90, 109, 145, 149, 185, 203–207, 239–242, 248–249, 254, 265–267, 272
tensions among, 29–30, 32–33, 44–45, 106, 160
war correspondents, 139–140
Whitman and, 31–33, 43, 44–46, 62, 74, 76, 98–99, 159–160, 200–201, 272
women as, 65–73
See also individual Bohemians
Pfaff’s Restaurant and Lager Bier Saloon
advertisements in Saturday Press, 86–87, 238, 243
description of, 17–18
food and drink of, 18–19
as gay men’s meeting place, 74–75, 76, 97, 98–99, 158, 201
Howells’s visit to, 90–92
relocations of, 238, 272
vaulted room reserved for Bohemians, 27–28, 74, 89, 159–160
Whitman’s final visit to, 272
Whitman’s poetry and, 46, 62, 92–93, 104, 118, 159–160
women at, 63, 64
Philadelphia Express (newspaper), 82
Philadelphia Inquirer (newspaper), 118
Philips, Wendell, 133
The Philosophy of Electrical Psychology (Dods), 37
Phrenological Cabinet of Fowler & Wells (New York), 36, 37, 40
Phrenology, 36–38, 42, 75, 104. See also “Adhesiveness,” “Amativeness”
Piatt, J. J., 200
Pickens, Francis, 135, 136
Pierce, Franklin, 45, 48, 137
“Pinky sermon” (Beecher), 112
Pipes, as Bohemian affectation, 14, 15, 28, 73, 83, 183, 256
Les pirates de la Savane (play), 250–251
Platte Country Railroad, 173
Plattsburgh (NY) Republican (newspaper), 114
Poe, Edgar Allan, 26–27, 36, 45
Politics, Whitman as a close, prescient, and empathetic observer of, 45–46, 49, 105, 121–122, 197–198, 225, 228, 234–235, 239–241, 270–271
Polygamy, 179
Pope, John, 229
�
�A Portrait” (Whitman), 120
Poverty, Pfaff’s Bohemians and, 20–21, 25–26, 43–44, 55, 62, 155–156, 167–168, 190, 199, 252, 260–262, 270
Primer of Words (Whitman), 36
“The Primpenny Family” (Ludlow), 133
Protean comedies, 73, 114
Proverbial Philosophy (Tupper), 40
The Public Life of Capt. John Brown (Redpath), 96
Puccini, Giacomo, 14
Punch (magazine), 131, 254
Puritans, 5, 17, 262
Putnam’s (magazine), 21, 23, 40
Pythagoras, 54
Queen (magazine), 254
Radley’s Hotel (Southampton), 255
Rathbone, Henry, 232, 233
Redpath, James, 96, 102
Reform Judaism, 70
Rent (Larson), 14
Revere House (Boston), 81
Riots, during Fiery Fifties, 48–49
The Rise of Silas Lapham (Howells), 89
Rockwell, Porter, 178, 181
Rocky Mountains, Ludlow-Bierstadt trip to, 175–177
The Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak (Bierstadt), 171
Romani, Bohemianism and, 8–9
Rome brothers (Andrew, James, and Thomas), 39–40
Roosevelt, Theodore, 54
Ross, Harold, 86
Round Table (magazine), 257
Salt Lake City, 178–180
Sanborn, Frank, 102
San Francisco
Clare in, 212
Ludlow-Bierstadt trip to, 181, 183–184, 185
Menken in, 208–209, 215
Ward in, 215
West Coast Bohemians, 183–186
Sappho, 83
Saturday Club (Boston), 27
Saturday Press (journal), 1, 157
advertisers, 86–87, 238, 243
Bohemianism and, 82–83, 88–89
circulation, 88
Clapp as editor of, 79–83, 237–244
debut of, 79–80
final closure of, 242–244
finances of, 87–88
first closure of, 119–120
Howells and, 89–90
New Yorker compared to, 86
promoting Whitman and Leaves of Grass, 106–108
revival of, 237–244
Twain and, 241–242
Whitman’s poems published in, 33, 92–93, 95, 239–240
Sawyer, Tom, 199
Sayers, Tom, 109, 113, 115–117
“A Scandal in Bohemia” (Doyle), 249
Schanne, Alexandre, 12, 14
Scholis, Hiram, 193
Seamen’s Bethel (Boston), 101–102
Segregation of sexes, in nineteenth-century America, 63–64
Self-help movement and phrenology connection, 37
Seneca Advertiser (newspaper), 130
7th Regiment of the New York Militia, 139
Seward, William, 96, 103, 137, 204, 231, 233
Sex/sexuality, as subject matter of Bohemian works
in Clare’s essays, 84
in Menken’s theatrical pieces, 124, 144–145, 208, 250
in Whitman’s poems, 97, 100, 103–104, 105–106
Shakespeare, William, 24, 35, 38, 54, 61, 72–73, 221, 224, 234, 272
Shaw, Dora, 67–68
Shelley, Mary, 143
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 229
Shillaber, Benjamin Penhallow, 129
“A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim” (Whitman), 163–164, 229
Skowhegan (ME) Democratic Clarion (newspaper), 129
Slang
Bohemian, 25
soldiers during Civil War, 163
Whitman’s use of, 36, 39, 40, 104, 163
workingmen’s, 36
Slavery
Booth family and, 60
national argument over, 111–113
Smith, John, 142, 143–145
Smith, Joseph, 181
Smithsonian Institution, 128
Song of Hiawatha (Longfellow), 40
“Song of Myself” (Whitman), 164, 192, 270
Sophocles, 83
South-Sea Idylls (Stoddard), 185
Speaking voice, stage careers and, 59, 66, 149
Spencer, Dan’l, 77
Spencer-Churchill, John Winston, 83
Spenser, Marie Rachel Adelaide de Vere, 69
Spirit of the Times (sporting sheet), 113, 117
“Spirituelle,” 65
Spotsylvania, battle of, 202
Springfield (MA) Daily Republican (newspaper), 105
St. Nicholas Hotel (New York City), 24
Stanfield, Agnes, 258. See also Clare, Ada (Ada Agnes McElhenney)
Stanton, Edwin, 204
Starry Night (Van Gogh), 272
Statesman (magazine), 34
Stedman, Edmund, 90, 139, 260, 261
Stevens Case, Marie, 67–68
Stewart, A. T., 24
Stoddard, Charles Warren (“Pip Pepperpod”), 184–185
Stoddard, Richard, 87
Stoker, Bram, 272
A Storm in the Rocky Mountains, Mt. Rosalie (Bierstadt), 246
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 81, 112
Strong, Lorenzo, 195
Substance abuse among Bohemians, 20, 55–56, 59, 120, 168–169, 187, 207, 221–222, 246–248, 255, 256, 259–261
Sumner, Charles, 112, 200
The Sunny South (book, anonymous), 112
Supreme Court, Dred Scott decision and, 49
Swayne, William, 40
Swinburne, Algernon, 267
Swinton, John, 200–201
System of Mineralogy (Dana), 177
Taylor, Father Edward, 101–102
Taylor’s (New York City), 63
Temperance movement, Clapp and, 7–8, 15
Tennyson, Alfred, 80, 85
Tenth Street Studio Building (New York City), 170, 172
Thackeray, William, 116, 261
Thayer, William, 95–96, 102, 120, 137
Thayer & Eldridge (publishing house)
bankruptcy of, 120–121
Clare and, 96, 120, 258
Saturday Press and, 119–120
Whitman and, 95–96, 97–98, 99, 102–103, 108, 265
Théâtre de la Gaîté (Paris), 251
Théâtre des Variétés (Paris), 13
Théodore, Ada Berthe, 69
Thompson, Launt, 62
Ticknor & Fields (publishing house), 80, 89
Tilden & Company (New Lebanon, New York), 51, 52
Times of London (newspaper), 254
Toledo Commercial (newspaper), 130
Trapadoux, Marc, 12
Trenton Gazette (newspaper), 243
Tupper, Martin Farquhar, 40
Twain, Mark, 3, 185–186
Golden Era and, 186
Ludlow and, 186
Menken and, 211–212, 213–215
Saturday Press and, 241–242
Ward and, 215–218, 241–242
“The Two Vaults” (Whitman), 159–160
Tyndale, Hector, 96
Tyng, Hattie, 150–151
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 80, 98
Union College, 52, 53
Union Hotel and Tavern (Georgetown), 227
Union theme, in Whitman’s poems, 105, 197, 202, 230
United States
meteor procession, 117–118
secession of southern states, 119
tensions as civil war approached, 109, 111–113
See also Civil War
Universal first person, in Whitman’s poems, 39, 104
Uta
h Territory, Ludlow-Bierstadt trip to, 178–181
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 25
Van Gogh, Vincent, 272
Vanity Fair (magazine), 131–132, 133, 140
Ward and, 147, 150
Van Velsor, Louisa, 156
Van Wyck, Charles, 112–113
Vaughan, Fred, 75–76, 104, 158
Vaulted room at Pfaff’s, 27–28, 74, 89, 159–1560. See also Pfaff’s Restaurant
Vaux, Calvert, 23
Vedder, Elihu, 44
Victor Franconi’s Imperial Hippodrome, 70, 144
Victoria (Queen), 116
La vie de Bohème (play), 13–14
Virgil, 266
Virginia City (Nevada), 209–210
Clare in, 213–214
Mazeppa in, 209–212, 213
Menken in, 209–212, 213–215
Twain in, 185–186, 212–215
Ward in, 215–218
A Visit from St. Nicholas (Moore), 23
Walker, William, 184
Walt Whitman’s Lectures (circular), 46
War correspondents, 139–140
War of 1812, 154
“War” (Tennyson), 85
Ward, Artemus, 1
alcohol and, 132–133, 207, 218, 255
apprenticeships, 129
Artemus Ward, His Book, 204, 205
“Artemus Ward letters,” 130–131, 133
The Babes in the Wood tours, 146–150, 203, 204, 215
burial of, 255–256
childhood, 128–129
decline and death of, 255
in Great Britain, 253–255
lecture, refines early iteration at Pfaff’s, 133–134
Lincoln and, 203–204
Maguire and, 206–207
Menken and, 146, 150, 205–207, 215, 250, 253
newspaper column, 130–131, 133
penitentiary joke, 148–149
at Pfaff’s 127–128, 132–134, 207
as printer’s devil, 129
style as stand-up comedian, 147–148, 215, 216, 254
tour of West, 215–218
Twain and, 215–218, 241–242
Vanity Fair and, 131–132, 133, 147, 150
visits to local newspapers, 150, 216
Winter and, 132–133, 134
Wood (agent) and, 156
Ward, J. Q. A., 224
Warhol, Andy, 2
Washburn, Cadwallader, 48
Washington, DC, 190. See also Hospital service, Whitman
Washington, George, 8, 47, 130
as Bohemian, 83, 238
Washingtonian Total Abstinence Society, 7–8
Waterford (Maine), 128, 255–256
Watson, J. W., 133
Webb, Charles, 140
Webster, Noah, 36