4 Ibid., p.18.
5 Marius B. Jansen, The Japanese and Sun Yat-sen (Princeton, 1970), p. 117.
6 John D. Pierson, Tokutomi Soh 1863 – 1957: A Journalist for Modern Japan (Princeton, 1980), p. 143.
7 Ibid., p. 279.
8 Benoy Kumar Sarkar, ‘The futurism of young Asia’, International Journal of Ethics, 28, 4 (July 1918), p. 536.
9 Quoted in Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti- Westernism: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York, 2007), p. 76.
10 Quoted in Kowner (ed.), Impact of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 242.
11 Philip Short, Mao: A Life (London, 2004), p. 37.
12 Ibid., p. 38.
13 Kowner (ed.), Impact of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 230.
14 Sun Yat-sen, ‘Pan-Asianism’, China and Japan: Natural Friends – Unnatural Enemies (Shanghai, 1941), p. 143.
15 Gandhi, Collected Works, vol. 4, p. 471.
1. ASIA SUBORDINATED
1 Quoted in Juan Cole, Napoleon’s Egypt: Invading the Middle East (New York, 2007), p. 17.
2 Ibid., p. 11.
3 Ibid., p. 128.
4 Ibid.
5 Trevor Mostyn, Egypt’s Belle Epoque: Cairo and the Age of the Hedonists (London, 2006), p. 18.
6 Ibid., p. 14.
7 Bernard Lewis, A Middle East Mosaic: Fragments of Life, Letters and History (New York, 2000), p. 41.
8 Shmuel Moreh (trans.) Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabarti’s Chronicle Of The French Occupation, 1798 (Princeton, 1993), p. 71.
9 Ibid., pp. 28 – 9.
10 Ibid., p. 28.
11 Ibid., p. 31.
12 Ibid., pp. 109 – 10.
13 Lewis, A Middle East Mosaic, p. 42.
14 Quoted in Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton, 1996), p. 112.
15 K. M. Panikkar, Asia and Western Dominance: A Survey of the Vasco da Gama Epoch of Asian History, 1498 – 1945 (London, 1953), p. 74.
16 Tapan Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West in Nineteenth-century Bengal (Delhi, 2002), p. 185.
17 Edmund Burke, Selected Writings and Speeches (New Brunswick, 2009), P. 453.
18 Nicholas B. Dirks, The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain (Cambridge, Mass., 2006), p. 292.
19 Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Autobiography of an Unknown Indian (London, 1951), p. 408.
20 Christopher Hibbert, The Dragon Wakes: China and the West, 1793 – 1911 (London, 1984), p. 32.
21 Ibid., p. 53.
22 Julia Lovell, The Opium War (London, 2011), p. 89.
23 Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China (London, 1990), p. 123.
24 Ibid., p. 129.
25 Lovell, The Opium War, p. 52.
26 William Theodore De Bary, Richard John Lufrano, Wing-tsit Chan and Joseph Adler (eds.), Sources of Chinese Tradition, From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century, vol. 2 (New York, 2000), p. 203.
27 Ibid., p. 204.
28 John K. Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842 – 1854 (Palo Alto, Calif., 1953), p. 173.
29 Madhavi Thampi (ed.), Indians in China, 1800 – 1949 (Delhi, 2010), p. 89.
30 Lovell, The Opium War, p. 227.
31 Patricia Buckley Ebrey, The Cambridge Illustrated History of China (Cambridge, 1996), p. 240.
32 Hibbert, The Dragon Wakes, p. 264.
33 Ibid., p. 226.
34 Ibid., p. 265.
35 Rebecca E. Karl, Staging the World: Chinese Nationalism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (Durham, N.C., 2002), p. 12.
36 Ibid., p. 14.
37 Theodore Huters, Bringing the World Home: Appropriating the West in Late Qing and Early Republican China (Hawaii, 2005), p. 65.
38 Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man (London, 1995), p. 81.
39 Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered, p. 73.
40 Rudrangshu Mukherjee, Awadh in Revolt, 1857 – 1858: A Study of Popular Resistance (Delhi, 1984), p. 32.
41 William Dalrymple, The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi 1857 (London, 2009), p. 96.
42 Emily Eden, Up the Country: Letters Written to Her Sister from the Upper Provinces of India (Cambridge, 1866), p. 139.
43 Dalrymple, The Last Mughal, p. 104.
44 Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered, p. 38.
45 Karl Marx, Early Writings (Harmondsworth, 1975), p. viii.
46 Mahmood Farooqui (ed. and trans.), Besieged: Voices from Delhi 1857 (Delhi, 2010), p. 352.
47 Ibid., pp. 382 – 3.
48 Mukherjee, Awadh in Revolt, p. 81.
49 Ibid., p. 148.
50 Narayani Gupta, Delhi Between Two Empires, 1803 – 1930: Society, Government and Urban Growth (Delhi, 1981), p. 21.
51 Lovell, The Opium War, p. 260.
52 Abdul Halim Sharar, Lucknow: The Last Phase of an Oriental Culture, trans. E. S. Harcourt and Fakhir Husain (Delhi, 1975), p. 66.
53 Ibid., p. 62.
54 Benoy Kumar Sarkar, ‘The futurism of young Asia’, International Journal of Ethics, 28, 4 (July 1918), p. 532.
55 John D. Pierson, Tokutomi Soh, 1863 – 1957: A Journalist for Modern Japan (Princeton, 1980), p. 130.
56 Alan Macfarlane, The Making of the Modern World: Visions from the West and East (London, 2002), p. 35.
57 Alexis de Tocqueville, ‘The European Revolution’ and Correspondence with Gobineau (New York, 1959), p. 268.
58 Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered, p. 90.
59 Macfarlane, The Making of the Modern World, p. 36.
60 Stephen N. Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and his Critics in Japan, China, and India (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), p. 82.
61 Amiya Dev and Tan Chung (eds.), Tagore and China (Delhi, 2011), p.170.
62 Joseph R. Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), p. 155.
2. THE STRANGE ODYSSEY OF JAMAL AL-DIN AL-AFGHANI
1 Ali Rahnema, Ali, An Islamic Utopian. A Political Biography of Ali Shariati (London, 1998), p. 98.
2 Nikki R. Keddie, ‘The Pan-Islamic appeal: Afghani and Abdülhamid’, Middle Eastern Studies, 3, 1 (Oct. 1966), p. 66.
3 Ali Shariati and Sayyid Ali Khamenei, Iqbal: Manifestations of the Islamic Spirit, trans. Laleh Bakhtiar (Ontario, 1991), p. 38.
4 Janet Afary and Kevin B. Anderson, Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism (Chicago, 2005), p. 99.
5 Shariati and Khamenei, Iqbal: Manifestations of the Islamic Spirit, p. 38.
6 Nikki R. Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’: A Political Biography (Berkeley, 1972), p. 138.
7 Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, The Arab Discovery of Europe: A Study in Cultural Encounters (Princeton, 1963), p. 102.
8 Ibid., p. 120.
9 Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Oxford, 1968), p. 146.
10 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 45.
11 Ibid., p. 104.
12 Ibid., p. 46.
13 Ibid., p. 54.
14 Aziz Ahmad, ‘Sayyid Ahmad Khn, Jaml al-dn al-Afghn and Muslim India’, Studia Islamica, 13 (1960), p. 66.
15 Narayani Gupta, Delhi Between Two Empires, 1803 – 1930: Society, Government and Urban Growth (Delhi, 1981), p. 22.
16 William Dalrymple, The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi 1857 (London, 2009), p. 9.
17 Ibid., p. 24.
18 Ralph Russell and Khurshidul Islam, ‘The satirical verse of Akbar Ilhbd (1846 – 1921)’, Modern Asian Studies, 8, 1 (1974), p. 8.
19 Ibid., p. 9.
20 Christopher Shackle and Javed Majed (trans.), Hali’s Musaddas: The Flow and Ebb of Islam (Delhi, 1997), p. 103.
21 Gail Minault, ‘Urdu political poetry during the Khilafat Movement’, Modern Asian Studies, 8, (1984), pp. 459 – 71.
22 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 250.
23 Rajmohan Gandhi, Understanding the Musli
m Mind (Delhi, 1988), p. 23.
24 Ibid., p. 25.
25 Ralph Russell (ed.), Hidden in the Lute: An Anthology of Two Centuries of Urdu Literature (Delhi, 1995), pp. 185 – 6.
26 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 107.
27 Russell (ed.), Hidden in the Lute, p. 202.
28 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, P. 103.
29 Ibid., p. 105.
30 Jawaharlal Nehru, Autobiography (1936; repr. edn New Delhi, 1989), P. 435.
31 Philip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453 – 1924 (London, 1995), p. 291.
32 Ibid., p. 288.
33 Ibid., p. 277.
34 M. ükrü Hanioglu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton, 2008), p. 6.
35 Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, p. 248.
36 Ibid., p. 265.
37 Feroz Ahmad, From Empire to Republic: Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Istanbul, 2008), p. 43.
38 erif Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas (Princeton, 2000), p. 79.
39 Ibid., p. 115.
40 Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, p. 139.
41 Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought, p. 167.
42 Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York, 2007), p. 36.
43 Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, p. 11.
44 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 64.
45 Ibid., p. 69.
46 Juan R. I. Cole, Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt’s Urabi Movement (Cairo, 1999), p. 195.
47 Gustave Flaubert, Flaubert, in Egypt: A Sensibility on Tour, trans. Francis Steegmuller (Harmondsworth, 1996), p. 28.
48 Stanley Lane Poole, The Story of Cairo (London, 1902), p. 27.
49 Trevor Mostyn, Egypt’s Belle Epoque: Cairo and the Age of the Hedonists (London, 2006), p. 126.
50 Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, p. 9.
51 Ibid., p. 73.
52 Mostyn, Egypt’s Belle Epoque, p. 127.
53 Lady Duff Gordon, Letters from Egypt (London, 1865), p. 59.
54 Ibid., p. 309.
55 Mostyn, Egypt’s Belle Epoque, p. 46.
56 Cole, Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East, p. 193.
57 Lucie Duff Gordon, Last Letters from Egypt: To Which Are Added Letters from the Cape (Cambridge, 2010), p. 108.
58 Cole, Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East, p. 46.
59 Elie Kedourie, Afghani and ‘Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam (London, 1966), p. 25.
60 Flaubert, Flaubert in Egypt, p. 79.
61 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ’Al-Afghani’, p. 90.
62 Ibid., pp. 116 – 17.
63 Ibid., p. 94.
64 Michael Gaspe, The Power of Representation: Publics, Peasants, and Islam in Egypt (Stanford, 2009), p. 101.
65 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’ p. 94.
66 Ibid., p. 95.
67 Cole, Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East, p. 146.
68 Duff Gordon, Letters from Egypt, p. 105.
69 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 104.
70 Ibid., p. 106.
71 Ibid., p. 110.
72 Ibid., p. in.
73 Kedourie, Afghani and Abduh, p. 29.
74 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, pp. 121 – 2.
75 Ibid., p. 118.
76 Ibid., p. 125.
77 Flaubert, Flaubert in Egypt, p. 81.
78 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 133.
79 Rajmohan Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind (Delhi, 1988), p. 26.
80 Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought, p. 60.
81 Ibid.
82 Kedourie, Afghani and ‘Abduh, pp. 50 – 51.
83 Ahmad, ‘Sayyid Ahmad Khn, Jaml al-dn al-Afghn and Muslim India’, p. 59.
84 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, pp. 164 – 5.
85 Ahmad, ‘Sayyid Ahmad Khn, Jaml al-dn al-Afghn and Muslim India’, p. 66.
86 Nehru, Autobiography, p. 478.
87 Ahmad, ‘Sayyid Ahmad Khn, Jaml al-dn al-Afghn and Muslim India’, p. 65.
88 Russell (ed.), Hidden in the Lute, p. 205.
89 Ibid., p. 203.
90 Russell and Islam (trans.), ‘The satirical verse of Akbar Ilhbd’, p. 11.
91 Russell (ed.), Hidden in the Lute, p. 205.
92 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 167.
93 Ibid., p. 135.
94 Russell and Islam (trans.), ‘The satirical verse of Akbar Ilhbd’, p. 56.
95 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 160.
96 Russell (ed.), Hidden in the Lute, p. 207.
97 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 183.
98 Mark Sedgwick, Muhammad Abduh: A Biography (Cairo, 2009), p. 51.
99 Stephane A. Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu and Yasushi Kosugi (eds.), Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic world: Transmission, Transformation, Communication (New York, 2006), p. 9.
100 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, pp. 202 – 3.
101 Ibid., p. 202.
102 W. S. Blunt, Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of ‘A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt’ (London, 1911), pp. 208 – 9.
103 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 208.
104 Kedourie, Afghani and ‘Abduh, p. 43.
105 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 191.
106 Ibid., p. 196.
107 Sedgwick, Muhammad Abduh, p. 39.
108 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 250.
109 Ibid.
110 Ibid., p. 263.
111 Ibid., p. 285.
112 Ibid., p. 286.
113 Ibid., p. 304
114 Ibid.
115 Ibid., p. 317.
116 Renee Worringer (ed.), The Islamic Middle East and Japan: Perceptions, Aspirations, and the Birth of Intra-Asian Modernity (Princeton, 2007), p.16.
117 George Nathaniel Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question, vol. 1 (London, 1966), p. 480.
118 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 324.
119 Ibid.
120 Ibid., p. 339.
121 Ibid., p. 343.
122 Ibid., p. 363.
123 Ibid., p. 362.
124 Ibid., p. 400.
125 Ibid., p. 382.
126 Ibid., p. 391.
127 Sayid Jaml al-Dn al-Afghn and Abdul-Hadi H’ir, ‘Afghani on the decline of Islam’, Die Welt des Islams, New Series, 13, 1/2 (1971), pp. 124 – 5.
128 Christopher De Bellaigue, Patriot of Persia: Muhammad Mossadegh and a Very British Coup (London, 2012), p. 17.
129 Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 411.
130 Ibid., p. 420.
131 Charles Crane, ‘Unpublished Memoirs’, Institute of Current World Affairs, pp. 288 – 9.
132 http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/2010/02/america-and-afghani/
133 Charles Kurzman (ed.), Modernist Islam, 1840 – 1940: A Sourcebook (New York, 2002), p. 78.
134 Ruhollah Khomeini, Islamic Government (Washington, D.C., 1979), p. 35.
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