Many Wounds, 262, 320
maps made by Alokut, 87
Mason, Edwin, 219, 279
Mason, Harry, 162, 177–78
massacre plot, 30–31
Mayer, Frederick, 344n15
McBeth, Kate, 300
McCafferty, Hugh, 224
McCartney, Jim, 241, 242
McClernand, Lieutenant, 269, 270
McConville, Edward, 122, 153, 160, 171, 177–78, 180
McCormick, Washington J., 193–94
McCrary, Secretary, 295
McDowell, General, 143, 248
McGrath, Dan, xi, xvii, 115, 329n6
McGrath, Mrs. Dan, 115–16
McLaughlin, James, 58–59, 140, 264–65, 282, 284, 312, 315
McLeod, William, 61
McLoughlin, John, 13
McNall, Wells, 77–78, 81
McWhorter, L. V., xvi, xvii, xix, xxiii–xxiv; on Bearpaw Mountains battle, 273; on Big Hole battle, 207, 209; on Canyon Creek battle, 249, 352n4; on Camas Meadows raid, 225; on casualties, 355n15; on Chief Joseph’s surrender, 282; on Chief Looking Glass, 177; on Cottonwood skirmish, 150; Hear Me, My Chiefs!, 168; on Hugh L. Scott’s theory, 243–44; on incidents leading to war, 110, 111, 113; on Manuel family incident, 127–28, 341n6; on march over Lolo Trail, 178–79; on meeting between Alokut and Lieutenant Boyle, 87; on monuments, 320, 350n32; on Nez Perce chiefs, 117, 163, 168, 348n6; on reservation issue, 86; on Swan Necklace, 349n12; on Tuhulhutsut, 89; on White Bird Canyon battle, 131; Yellow Wolf: His Own Story, 117
Meany, Edmond, 38, 42, 309–13, 314, 318
measles, 15
medicine men: at councils, 81–82, 95–96, 339n12; drumming at dances, 141, 167; at funerals, 66; influence of, 63, 306; Old Chief White Bird as medicine man, 355n11; Pile of Clouds as medicine man, 349n1; role of, in Nez Perce government, 13; Smohalla as medicine man, 61; Tuhulhutsut as Dreamer medicine man, 89; urging war, 108, 111; U.S. government and Dreamers, 84, 97
Merrill, Lewis, 253–54, 256
Methodist Church, 12
Michel, Chief, 177, 346n9
Miles, Evan, 143, 159, 160–61, 164, 181
Miles, John, 132–33
Miles, Nelson A., xxv; in Bearpaw Mountains battle, 268–69, 272–73, 274; in Canyon Creek battle, 252; C. E. S. Wood and, 278–79; Chief Joseph and, 274–75, 275–76, 281–82, 284–85; in Cow Island skirmish, 262–63, 266–67; Nez Perce Tribe and, 289–92, 294–97, 304; Oliver O. Howard and, 278–79
Miller, Marcus P.: in Clearwater battle, 160–61, 165–66, 167, 169–71; preparing for battle, 143
miners, 37, 42, 45, 49, 83, 127–28, 143, 309. See also prospectors
Minthon, John. See Swan Necklace (Um-til-ilp-cown)
missions and missionaries, 5–6, 12–16, 28, 63, 65, 71–72, 94, 348n13. See also Christianity
Missoula MT, 186–88
Modoc massacre, 73, 97, 99, 143
Moelchert, William, 260
Monteith, John B.: advising Oliver O. Howard, 124, 181; as advocate for Nez Perce Tribe, 76–78; Chief Joseph and, 68–69, 80–81, 86, 335n8; in councils, 73, 94–95, 97, 103; on land-inspection ride, 102; as Presbyterian agent, 67
Monument of Contrition, 320
monuments, 345n2, 350n32
Moody, Charles S., 127
Mooney, James, 61, 62
Moore, Joseph, 127
Mormons, 39–40, 62
Moses, Chief, 309, 311
Moses, Sarah, 57, 58, 284, 312, 354n10
Mount Idaho area, 122
Mowitz, Niky, 306
Mox Mox, 127, 132, 133
mules, 159, 206, 208, 221–22, 224–25, 238
My Life and Experiences among Our Hostile Indians (O. Howard), xix
Nesmith, James W., 43, 54
Nespilem Tribe, 309–10
New Northwest, 116
Nez Perce (name), 330n1(chap.1)
“The Nez Perce Indian” (Spinden), 7–8
Nez Perces, nontreaty: ambush among sawed trees by, 177–79; approaching Canadian border, 264; attacking teamsters, 261; avoiding troops, 249–50; in Bearpaw Mountains battle, 268–74, 277; in Big Hole battle, 201–8, 210–11; at Big Hole Valley, 196–97; burning Baronet Bridge, 245; in Canyon Creek battle, 254–56; Clearwater battle and, 161–62, 164–65, 170, 172; on Colville Reservation, 306; Cottonwood skirmish and, 146–47, 150, 151–55, 156; in councils, 73–75, 88–89; Cowan party and, 229, 236–38; in Cow Island skirmish, 260–62; Crow Tribe and, 352n4(chap.20); disputes among, 176–77, 193, 348n6; dubbed “Howard’s Indians,” 291; escaping after Chief Joseph surrender, 355n10; false accusations against, 302, 304; fighting skills of, 213–14; fleeing after Big Hole battle, 217–19; forced travels of, 292–93, 295, 302, 304, 356n3; “Fort Fizzle” and, 189, 191–92; good war record of, 295–96; in Horse Prairie Creek attack, 218; injustices toward, 296, 309; joining Chief Looking Glass, 156–58; known as “Howard’s Indians,” 180; learning from white soldiers, 284; leaving homeland, 107–8; Lolo Trail march and, 182–85, 185–86; Mandan Tribe and, 292–94; massacre at Slate Creek and, 125; massacre of teamsters, 218; as new faction, 53–54; on Ponca Reservation, 299, 300–301; preparing for war, 110–11, 112–13, 144–45; as prisoners of war, 289–90; raiding party of, 181; religion of, 60–63, 65; reservation issue and, 60, 82, 88; scalping not done by, 212–13; setting fire, 208–9; stagecoach captured by, 259; stealing animals, 218, 221; traveling along Bitterroot Valley, 192–95; treaties and, 71; treating prisoners well, 273; treaty Nez Perces and, 60, 85–86; U.S. government and, 56, 83–85; victory celebrations of, 141–43; Washington J. McCormick on, 193–94; Weikert party and, 239–43; White Bird Canyon battle and, 130–31
Nez Perces, treaty: massacre at Slate Creek and, 121; against monument for Chief Joseph, 350–51n32; as new faction, 53–54; nontreaty Nez Perces and, 60, 85–86; religion of, 63; treaties and, 54; U.S. government and, 54, 56; White Bird Canyon battle and, 132–33
Nez Perces, Upper, 45, 49, 51
Nez Perce Tribe: alcohol and, 44, 104, 109, 110, 126, 218, 260–61, 311, 313; atrocities by, 126–27; benefits of peace for, 40; Bible-seeking delegation of, 5–6, 331n6; characteristics of, 71–72; compared to Nespilem Tribe, 310; in councils, 13–14, 28–29, 32, 32–33, 40–41, 93–94, 96–97; creation legend of, 10; death and burial customs of, 65–66, 335n10, 336n11, 336n12, 336n13; factions in, 51–53, 53, 60–61; fighting under Isaac I. Stevens, 333n1; history of, 3–4; “home” concept, 52–53, 63; horses confiscated from, 296; as horse traders, 25–26; injustices toward, 44–46, 49, 54, 126, 356n3; lifestyle of, 7–11; marriage customs of, 57–58; in military, 38, 42; missionaries and, 12–16; names of, 4; perceived attitude of, 44–45, 51; raids by, 126; realistic attitude of, 31; religion of, 5–6, 12–16, 17–18, 50, 97; reservations and, 34–36; restraint of, 56; rituals of, 19–21, 21–22; scalping not done by, 145–46; self-government of, xxiv, 13–14, 56–57, 218; as seminomadic, 50, 53–54, 69–70; trading by, 4–5; treaties and, 34–36, 333n14(chap.4); U.S. government and, 18–19, 42–43; war dances, 160, 166–67, 320; White Bird Canyon battle and, 134–40; whites on, 9
Nez Perce War of 1877, xx–xxi, xxiii, 14, 63, 111–12
Nimípu. See Nez Perces, nontreaty; Nez Perce Tribe
North American Review, 298
Norton, B. B., 126–27
Norwood, Randolph, 219, 222–23, 224, 246–47
Nowlan, Captain, 247, 253
Numípu. See Nez Perces, nontreaty; Nez Perce Tribe
Odeneal, T. B., 67–69
Old Blackfoot, 131–32
Old George, 274, 279–80
Oldham, Albert, 227, 229, 231–32
O’Neill, Agent, 54–55
Oregon, 14, 18–19, 44, 71, 81, 83
Oregon Historical Quarterly, xviii, 329n12
Oregon Trail, 25
Otis, H. G., 147, 224, 252
Ott, Larry, 109, 110
Overland, Helen Addison Howard. See Howard, Helen Addison
Pacific Historical Review, 329n12
&
nbsp; Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 329n12
packtrains. See supply trains
Pahkatos Owyeen. See Five Wounds (Pahkatos Owyeen)
Paige, Captain, 146
Palmer, Joel, 16, 28, 29–31
Parker, Samuel, 12
Parnell, Mrs. William R., 125
Parnell, William R., 125, 133, 135–40, 171–72, 178–79, 343n5
Pasapukitse (ceremony), 66
Pearce, Mrs. Al, 194
penitentiary, as hiding place, 194
Pen-pen-hi-hi. See White Bird, Chief (Pen-pen-hi-hi)
Peopeo Tholekt, 149, 150, 220, 222, 320
Perry, David: accompanying H. Clay Wood, 79–80; accompanying John B. Monteith, 73; in Clearwater battle, 160–61, 166, 167, 171; communicating with Oliver O. Howard, 141; in Cottonwood skirmish, 151, 152–55; in councils, 99; delaying helping private citizens, 155–56; guarding Tuhulhutsut, 99; on land-inspection ride, 102; missing trumpet, 135–36; in war preparations, 122, 124–25, 128–29; in White Bird Canyon battle, 133–40; William R. Parnell and, 138–40
Perry, Mrs. David, 125
Peu-peu-mox-mox, Chief, 30, 38, 318–19
Pfister, Fred, 239, 240, 241
Pile of Clouds, 132, 177, 192, 196–97, 270, 349n1
Poker Joe (Lean Elk), xx, xxiv; background of, 195; in Big Hole battle, 349n1; in Canyon Creek battle, 249; Cowan Party attack and, 230–31, 233, 234, 237, 244, 352n9; in Cow Island skirmish, 262; death of, 270; role of, 218, 285
polygamy, 18, 58–59, 311
Ponca Tribe, 297
ponies. See horses
Post-Intelligencer (Seattle), 318
Potts, Governor, 193, 346n9
Presbyterian Church, 12–13, 65, 67, 302
press, 143, 145, 180, 182, 291
prophecies, 141–42, 196–97, 349n1
prospectors, 230, 237, 244, 248, 309, 352n9. See also miners
Protestant faith, 63
Quapaw Tribe, 297
Rainbow (Wahchumyus), 74, 152, 157, 162, 179, 211–12, 345n16
Rains, Sevier M., 38, 151–52
Randall, D. B., 122, 154, 155
Rawn, Charles C., 184, 188–92, 200, 348n4
“Recall” (bugle call), 223
Red Eagles of the Northwest (Haines), xvii
Redfield, Mr., 150
Red Heart, 44, 150, 176
Redington, J. W., 225, 236
Red Moccasin-top (Isapsis-ilpilp), 109–10, 134, 341n6
Red Owl’s son, 203
Red Thunder, 314, 315
Red Wolf, Josiah, 148, 175, 261, 341n6
removal policy, 70–71, 72, 78, 82, 296
Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 302
Report of the Secretary of War, 1877, 211
Report to the Secretary of War, 1848–59, 39–40
reservations: Colville Reservation, 302, 309; government policy and, 63, 88, 297; justifications for, 26–27, 82, 85; Lapwai Reservation, 100, 112, 282, 302; management of, 46–47; Nez Perce, 34–36; Ponca Reservation, 297–98; proposed, 29; resistance to, 60, 67–68, 95, 98–99; size of, 34, 50, 52; surveying, 55–56; treaties affecting, 34–35, 43, 52, 56, 70, 84
Reuben, Chief, 85–86
Reuben, James, 85–86, 94, 299–300, 343n3
revocation order, 70, 75
Roberts, Joe, 239, 241
Roboses, Joe, 100, 124
Rocky Canyon Council, 108–9
Rodney, Captain, 163, 169–70
“rolling up the enemy’s line,” 169–70
Romeyn, Henry, 267, 269–70, 272, 273
Ronan, Mrs. Peter, 347n17
Ronan, Peter, 189, 347n17
Roosevelt, Theodore, 313
sacred vigil, 19–21
Saga of Chief Joseph (Howard), xv, xvii, xix–xx, 329n6
Sa’ ghalee Tyee. See Great Spirit (Tah-Mah-Ne-Wes)
Sahaptian (Shahaptin) language group, 4
Salmon River, 89, 147
Sanford, George, 181, 222, 224, 252
Sanno, Captain, 200, 202
scalping, 32, 145–46, 211–13
schools, 13, 14, 15, 55, 68, 299, 310, 313–14
Scott, Hugh L., 242–44, 356n3
Second Cavalry, 266, 269, 270, 272
sentry overreacting, 208
settlers: encouraged to take up land, 25; encroaching on Nez Perce land, 37, 49, 60, 83; false accusations by, 76–78; influencing government, 70, 296; influx of, American, 14; at peace with Nez Perce, 216, 219; preparing for war, 121–22, 125–26, 128; tensions with Nez Perce, 73, 78–79, 81, 104, 108–9, 111, 148–49, 193; in Weikert party, 241–42
Seventh Cavalry, 246–47, 250, 260, 261, 263, 268–70, 272, 289, 292, 356n3(chap.25)
Seventh Infantry, 188–89, 197–98, 213, 217, 243, 348n4
shamans. See medicine men
Shanks, General, 142
Shearer, George, 129, 134, 160
Sheridan, Phil, 39, 279, 296
Sherman, W. T., 226, 295–96
Shields, G. O., xxiv, 206, 207, 308
Shively, Mr., 230, 237, 352n9
Shmoquala. See Smohalla
Shoshone Tribe, 217–18
Shot Five Times, 74–75
Simpson, Sergeant, 155
Sioux scouts, 268, 290
Sioux Tribe, 273
Sitting Bull, 273, 282, 355n10
Skolaskin, Chief, 304
Slate Creek massacre, 109–10, 124
Smohalla, 60–63, 82
soldiers. See Fifth Infantry; First Cavalry; First Oregon Cavalry; Second Cavalry; Seventh Cavalry; Seventh Infantry; Twenty-first Infantry; volunteer soldiers
Southern sympathizers, 49
Spalding, Henry H., 12–13, 14–16, 33–34, 331n14
Spalding, Mrs. Henry H., 12–13, 14–16
Spalding home looting, 15–16
Spinden, Herbert J., 4, 7–8
Spirit Chief (Tah-Mah-Ne-Wes). See Great Spirit (Tah-Mah-Ne-Wes)
Splawn, A. J., 31, 38, 39
Spokesman-Review Inland Empire Magazine, 148, 261
Spotted Eagle, 38, 39
stagecoach incident, 259
Standard (Anaconda MT), 212, 315
Steptoe, Lieutenant Colonel, 40–41, 43
Stevens, Hazard, 28, 31
Stevens, Isaac I.: in councils, 29–33, 36, 40–41; John Wool and, 41–42; preparing for war, 38–40, 333n1; treaties and, 27, 42, 43; as Washington Territory governor, 25
Stewart, Jack, 239, 241
Stickney, William, 81
Stone, Ben, 239, 240, 241–42
Stranahan, C. T., 341n6
Strong Eagle, 134
Strongheart, Nipo, xvi, 335n5
Sturgis, Samuel D.: before Canyon Creek battle, 246–52; during and after Canyon Creek battle, 253–57; after Chief Joseph’s surrender, 289; going to Nelson A. Miles’s aid, 274
supply trains, 143, 151, 152, 155, 159, 163–64, 169, 207, 225, 245, 257
surgeons neglecting duty, 238
surveying, 55–56, 83
Swan Necklace (Um-til-ilp-cown), 109–10, 231–32, 304, 349n12, 351n3
Tabador, Henry, 227–28
Tahkoopen, 150
Tah-Mah-Ne-Wes (Great Spirit), xx, 20, 22, 62, 330n6, 335n5
Tap-sis-il-pilp (Nez Perce), 231–32, 349n12
teamsters, 218, 238, 261
Teeweeyownah, 220
Teller (newspaper), 140, 148, 155, 175, 183
tewats. See medicine men
Theller, Edward R., 125, 133–35, 137–38, 141, 146
Theller, Mrs. Edward R., 125
Three Eagles, 20, 113, 131–33, 140
Three Feathers, 50
Three Red Coats, 134. See also Red Moccasin-top (Isapsis-ilpilp); Walaitits (Nez Perce)
Tilden, Samuel, 115, 197, 220, 335n18, 349n9, 355n10
Timothy, Chief, 14, 15, 55
Tolo, 341n5
treaty of 1818, 18
Treaty of 1855: amended, 70; as cause of war, 37; ignored by miners, 45; Nez Perce Tribe and,
34–36; not fulfilled, 83; ratification delayed, 42, 111; ratification of, 43–44; signing of, 333n14(chap.4)
Treaty of 1863, 14, 54, 70–71, 334n1
Treaty of 1868, supplement to 1863, 55
treaty of June 15, 1846, 18–19
trenches, 272–73
Tribune (Bismarck ND), 294
Tribune (Great Falls MT), 320
Trimble, Joel G.: in Clearwater battle, 160–61, 163–64, 166, 167; at councils, 96, 103; in Cottonwood skirmish, 145; on Kamai Valley, 173; on Marcus P. Miller, 169; preparing for war, 125; in White Bird Canyon battle, 133–38
Trimble, Mrs. Joel G., 125
troops. See Fifth Infantry; First Cavalry; First Oregon Cavalry; Second Cavalry; Seventh Cavalry; Seventh Infantry; Twenty-first Infantry; volunteer soldiers
Tu-eka-kas (Old Joseph): on buffalo hunt, 48; Chief Joseph on, 312; Christianity and, 14–16; in councils, 27, 40–41, 50; death and burial of, 65–66, 335n10, 335n8, 336n11, 336n12, 336n13; early life and values of, 6–7; family of, 18; as host to traders, 5; ignoring orders, 56–57; learning of revocation order, 75; marriage of, 14–15; in Nez Perce split, 51–54; as parent, 19; peaceful stance of, 39–40; pioneers and, 26; planting poles, 54, 334n7; as sub-chief, 14; treaties and, 33–34, 36, 44, 333n14(chap.4); turning duties over to Chief Joseph, 60; U.S. government and, 42–43, 44, 46–47
Tuhulhutsut: anger of, 106, 108, 112; in Camas Meadows raid, 220; in Clearwater battle, 162, 168; in councils, 74, 96, 98–99, 175, 339n12; death of, 270; as Dreamer medicine man, 89, 91; imprisoned during council, 99–100, 104; Mrs. John J. Manuel and, 341n6; in White Bird Canyon battle, 132–33
Tullacasena, 121
Twenty-first Infantry, 143, 164–65, 181, 219, 244–45, 280
Twisted Hair, Chief, 9, 14
Two Moons, 111, 112–13, 134, 135, 152, 179, 215, 220, 341n6, 345n16
Umatilla Tribe, 29, 34, 86
Um-til-ilp-cown. See Swan Necklace (Um-til-ilp-cown)
Van Orsdale, J. T., 212, 350n26
volunteer soldiers: in Big Hole battle, 197–98, 202–3, 210–11; in Camas Meadows raid, 219; in Clearwater battle, 159–60, 171; in Cottonwood skirmish, 153, 155; in Cow Island skirmish, 261; deserting from military, 190–91; joining John Gibbon’s force, 194; in Lolo Trail march, 177–78; of Missoula MT, 186; relationships with regular troops, 179–80; settlers as, 38, 121–22, 125, 188–89; in White Bird Canyon battle, 134, 135–36
wagon trains, 197, 199, 208, 210, 248, 251, 261, 263, 266, 274, 292
Wahchumyus. See Rainbow (Wahchumyus)
Wahlitits. See Walaitits (Nez Perce)
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