The Lusitania Murders
( Disaster - 4 )
Max Allan Collins
Max Allan Collins
The Lusitania Murders
“There’s been some cover-up about the Lusitania. .
it was really murder.”
— Edith William Wachtel, Lusitania survivor
“There are few punishments too severe for a popular novel writer.”
— S.S. Van Dine
“So long as governments set the example of killing their enemies,
private citizens will occasionally kill theirs.”
— Elbert Hubbard
“NOTICE!
Travellers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies to do so at their own risk.
Imperial German Embassy
Washington, D.C., 22 April 1915”
Announcement appearing in New York newspapers the morning the Lusitania sailed
ONE
Dinner at Luchow’s
My friend H.L. Mencken-at least, from time to time we were friends-once characterized me as the “biggest liar in Christendom.” So I would take no offense if the gentle reader (as Elbert Hubbard would say) discounted the tale I’m about to tell, as typical S.S. Van Dine self-aggrandizement.
On the other hand, over the years, the question I’ve most often been asked is how I came up with my distinctive pseudonym. The “Van Dine,” I have explained, is simple: It is an elegant representation of my occasional desire to eat, a luxury that requires earning the more than occasional dollar. Some have speculated that the “S.S.” represented the traditional abbreviation of “steamship,” which is in part true, and relates to this tale, taking place as it does on one of the most famous-and infamous-ocean liners of the twentieth century.
Like most artists, however, I have an irresistible inclination toward resonance-double meanings and second levels. And while it is true that I regard my mystery novels as voyages of entertainment, “vacation reading” that encourages my patrons to board the S.S. Van Dine for a good trip, that “S.S.” did indeed have a secondary shade of significance, which at the time seemed clever and now merely strikes me as (I shudder to admit) cute.
At the time of my ill-fated voyage on the Lusitania, I was in no position to travel first class; frankly, managing the fare for second class would have been a trial, and even steerage a stretch. In March of 1914, a year and two months prior, I had suffered through the indignities of second class; the food, accommodations and company were of a different order than my trip to Europe the previous spring, as editor of The Smart Set.
My brother Stanton-the eminent Modernist painter who pioneered the Synchromist movement-was living in London in early 1915. I had spent almost a year with Stanton in Europe-first in Paris, then London-before returning on the Olympia in March, leaving him to stubbornly serve his muse.
Our sojourn in Europe had been well-intentioned-Stanton sought a suitably sympathetic climate in which to paint, I to pursue writing (both criticism and fiction)-but in retrospect our timing could have been better. A continent withered by war and gripped by nationalist hysteria was hardly conducive to creativity.
In April of 1915 I began to cast about for a way to return to Europe, and convince Stanton to return stateside. But the condition of my finances-and, frankly, of my health-was less than ideal.
In some respects, though, my life was on the upswing. I had received a modest advance for my book-in-progress, Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning, and fees for essays and reviews for various publications, Forum and International Studio among them, allowed me to move from my dismal flat in the Bronx to a two-room apartment over a store on Lexington Avenue in Manhattan. Disagreeably dilapidated though the building might be, the thirty-five dollars a month rent was friendly enough.
In addition, after a debilitating illness,* my health had recently improved. For months I had been weak and on edge, filled with hallucinations and phobias, and would surely have checked myself into a hospital if my monetary status had allowed. Instead, I ministered to myself in a singularly unromantic garret-a boardinghouse room in the Bronx-until I looked healthier and less drawn, and could come out among the civilized once again.
Perhaps a certain illness-induced gauntness emphasized my already Mephistophelian features-the receding nature of a reddish-brown hairline emphasized my intellectual stance, even if the former aspect was underscored by the devilish glint in my blue eyes and the spade-shaped if well-trimmed full beard, the upturned corners of my mustache perhaps hinting at my pro-German leanings.
Well over a decade later, my Germanophile’s view might seem harmless enough; on the eve of what would be the Great War, I suffered numerous negative repercussions, due to what I admit was an intellectual’s naivete. It seemed to me that reasonable men could tell the difference between Wagner and Kaiser Bill; that a mind fond of Mahler, Strauss, Goethe and Mann did not signify an insurgent heart.
This pro-German stance-added to my reputation as a prolific if outspoken columnist, with the boost of an H.L. Mencken recommendation-had brought me to this table. Of course it could also be said that Gavrillo Princzip made inevitable this appointment, when-on June 28, 1914, on a Sarajevo, Serbia, street-he shot and killed the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
As a bonus, Princzip had also killed the archduke’s wife, and this rash act (the archduke’s assassination, that is, not Mrs. Archduke’s) served to spark a war involving Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, France and Great Britain. Ten million lives would be lost, twenty million souls would be wounded and twenty-five million tons of shipping would be sunk.
But the war was three thousand miles away, on this warm Friday evening in Manhattan in late April of 1915; the three of us were in a bustling Bavarian restaurant near Union Square, on Fourteenth Street. Perhaps the city’s best-known German restaurant, Luchow’s-with its dark woodwork and baroque dining rooms with their elaborate gilt-framed landscape oils and solemn looming stags’ heads-found its popularity unswayed by a growing anti-German sentiment, and remained a favorite haunt of writers, musicians and theater folk. Tonight I was dining at the invitation of publishing legend Samuel Sidney McClure and one of his associates, Edward Rumely.
We were seated at a table beneath the Wagner murals in the Niebelungen Room; I had my back to the eight-piece orchestra, which had been brought to this country by Victor Herbert, whose mediocre music they performed with all the lack of panache it deserved. Fortunately the din of dinner conversation all but drowned out the orchestra’s brainlessly lilting aural wallpaper. We were drinking beer from steins, having completed our prime beef and red cabbage.
McClure was a stern-looking character, with a short blunt nose and a carelessly trimmed white mustache, his blue eyes piercing in an almond-oval face topped with a shock of gray hair; a thought-gouged crease between his eyes suggested eternal skepticism. His brown vested suit with darker brown bow tie might have been the attire of a chief clerk, not the man who invented newspaper syndication, and whose McClure’s Magazine had taken on corruption in corporations and city government.
After all, the term “muckraker” had been coined to describe McClure’s efforts, which included publishing Lincoln Steffan’s “Shame of Our Cities” series and blistering exposes on Standard Oil and the United Mine Workers.
The third and final member
of our little all-male dinner party was a thickset fellow in his mid-thirties who looked rather like a bulldog in a three-piece suit, a navy suit as rumpled as its wearer’s homely face. This was Edward Rumely, the owner and publisher of The New York Evening Mail, a recent acquisition of this scion of the Rumely farm implement manufacturing clan. The family wealth may have derived from diesel farm equipment, but Edward Rumely had other ideas about making his own fortune. . in publishing.
“I understand congratulations are in order,” I said to McClure, and then lifted my stein in an informal toast toward the vested bulldog. “To both of you-for your new position, Mr. McClure, and for landing such a prestigious editor for the News, Mr. Rumely.”
“You may not be aware, sir,” McClure said to me, his voice a gruff baritone, “that I’ve lost control of my own magazine. . to my ‘loyal’ partners, and various investors.”
“I had not been so informed,” I said. But I did know that S.S. McClure’s reputation was that of a man of innovative, grandiose ideas. . who lacked in business sense.
“Part of the buyout of the magazine that still bears my name,” McClure said, “is a ten-year noncompetition clause.”
“That applies to magazines,” Rumely put in, in his knife-blade tenor, “not to newspapers. . Meaning I’ve bagged one of the biggest names in publishing to edit the News.”
The line between McClure’s eyes tensed-the bluntness of Rumely’s expression understandably offended him.
“If I’m not overstepping,” I said, “surely you don’t need to work, Mr. McClure. . ” He was approaching sixty and most certainly was comfortably wealthy.
“I want to work, sir,” McClure said. “I need to work. Money has never been my objective-communicating progressive ideas to the public, that, sir, is my calling.”
“I understand the impulse,” I said. “I’ve hoped to educate the unwashed masses myself. . not in political areas, where I admit a certain lack of knowledge and even interest. But in the arts-painting, literature.”
“That’s why we’re considering you,” McClure said, “for our literary editor.”
“Book reviews, short essays,” Rumely explained, “publishing announcements, gossip. . ”
In those days, “gossip” meant reporting the books writers were working on, or travels they might be taking for research purposes-not peccadilloes, sexual or otherwise.
“I’m the man for the job,” I said with no modesty. “I feel an affinity with you, Mr. McClure-in our shared desire to make a difference in the world. If I could persuade readers to turn from romance novels to Joseph Conrad, if I could move them to protest censorship, as pertains to Dreiser and others-”
“All well and good, sir,” McClure cut in. “But you have a reputation for a sharp tongue-for sardonic, even sarcastic condescension.”
“Guilty,” I said with a shrug.
“I would not censor you, but I would insist that you strive to abandon any mean-spiritedness in your psyche.”
“I was younger then,” I said, referring to my controversial tenure at a Smart Set, as well as my biting Los Angeles Times writings, which had put me on the map.
McClure’s eyes appraised me unblinkingly. “How old are you, sir?”
“Thirty-three,” I said.*
He nodded, obviously glad to hear I was no longer a young pup. “This Lusitania voyage will be a test of your new maturity, then.”
“I consider it a golden opportunity, Mr. McClure.”
“Your journalistic sense of fair play will be tested.”
“How well I know it. I wrote a fairly vicious piece on Hubbard in Smart Set.”
The homespun philosopher Elbert Hubbard was booked on the Lusitania; I was to ingratiate myself with him and do “the definitive interview” with the so-called “Sage of East Aurora” (New York). That I considered him a boob and a fraud apparently was not to get in the way of this non-mean-spirited effort.
“Though you’ve written of him,” McClure said, “you have never met Hubbard. .?”
“I’ve been spared that pleasure thus far.”
McClure’s eyes tightened. “You should understand that I admire Elbert Hubbard-consider him a sort of roughhewn genius. . and I’m not alone. Clarence Darrow, Henry Ford, Booker T. Washington, even Teddy Roosevelt, have sat looking up at him.”
Which only meant that even the best among us have our foolish streaks.
“Impressive,” I said.
“Keep an open mind, sir. And do your best not to alienate your subject.”
To McClure, Rumely said, “That’s why we’ve arranged for our friend here to travel under a pseudonym. His true identity is known by Staff Captain Anderson, and he will of course carry a proper passport to present at journey’s end, in Liverpool.”
McClure was frowning, the line between his eyes like an exclamation point. “I dislike such deceptions.”
“Modern journalism requires bold methodology,” I opined. “If I were to travel under my own name, Hubbard would surely recognize it, and never grant me an interview.”
“Several of the other prominent passengers,” Rumely put in, “might react similarly, if they happen to know of our man’s acid reputation.”
McClure said to Rumely, as if I were not present, “Is he aware of the other potential interviewees?”
“I thought we would discuss that after you’ve taken your leave, Sam,” Rumely said.
McClure had already announced that his attendance at our little gathering would be abbreviated, as he was meeting with his wife and a group of theater-goers to attend D.W. Griffith’s new moving picture, Birth of a Nation, at the Liberty Cinema on Forty-second Street. It was said the show elevated that nickelodeon novelty to the level of art-which I sincerely doubted, though I did relish the thought of the theater’s new cooling system, as stifling summer months lay ahead.
“Just so we understand each other,” McClure said, his hard gaze travelling from Rumely to me. “I suppose you know that I consider myself a Progressive.”
“I do,” I said, and I did-from backing Teddy Roosevelt to extolling the virtues of health foods, McClure was if anything a freethinker.
“So is my friend Edward here,” McClure went on, and placed a hand on the bulldog’s shoulder. “We share many interests. . We met when my son was attending the Montessori school Edward ran for a time in LaPorte, Indiana. . Edward agrees with my current campaign, for example, to form an international organization that would guarantee peace among all nations, world round.”*
“How interesting,” I said, not really caring. Politics were anathema to me.
“You see, my sympathies in the current struggle are with Great Britain. . and Edward’s are with Germany. As reasonable men who can agree to disagree, we have struck a bargain-the News will air both points of view, but ban the propaganda of both.”
“I wish more newspapers would take a neutral position on the war,” I said. “I’m appalled by these crude British-slanted atrocity stories-Belgium children mutilated, women raped, shopkeepers murdered. . tasteless rabble-rousing trash.”
“I agree wholeheartedly,” McClure said. “But I will not tolerate a pro-German point of view, either. . is that understood, sir?”
So that was the real heart of tonight’s matter.
“I will take the same neutral stance as the News,” I assured him.
He took a final sip from his stein. Too casually, he said, “I have learned that a book of yours is about to be published.”
I shifted in my chair. “That is true.”
“The Teachings of Nietzsche? Huebsch is bringing it out, I take it.”
“Actually, sir, it’s entitled What Nietzsche Taught. . and much in your tradition, I seek only to guide the general reader to a better understanding of an important philosopher’s much-maligned, much-misunderstood writings.”
He dabbed a napkin at himself, cleansing his mouth and mustache of beer foam. “There are those who say Nietzsche is to blame, in some degree, for this war-that
he was the Prophet of the Iron Fist and the Teutonic Superman. . the enemy of common, decent people.”
“Which is why my book is so important, Mr. McClure. Nietzsche wasn’t interested in the acquisition of land for the state, or glory for the Kaiser. . but in each man’s ability to find within himself strength, confidence, exuberance and affirmation in life. . a life intensified to its highest degree, charged with beauty, power, enthusiasm. . ”
I didn’t realize it, but I was sitting forward now, my voice raised somewhat, and what seemed at first an awkward silence followed. . until McClure’s grim countenance broke into an unexpected grin.
“I like the sound of that,” he admitted. “And I like your spirit. . and your mastery of the English language.” He gathered his coat and hat, stood and offered me his hand, which I shook. He shook hands with his publisher, and then pressed through the bustle of waiters and patrons, on his way to see D.W. Griffith’s eighteen thousand actors and three thousand horses.
We didn’t even have time to rise, and Rumely smiled on one side of his rumpled face, rumpling it further, saying, “He’s a rather brusque fellow, our McClure.”
“Yes,” I said. “But I do admire his frankness.”
“Shall we have the Luchow’s fabled sliced pancakes?”
“Certainly.”
And we did. While we ate them, my squat companion pointed out a sort of celebrity to me-a stocky, square-jawed man in his sixties, wearing an unprepossessing black suit with string tie and a bowler hat which he left on while he ate at his solitary table.
“That’s the captain of the Lusitania,” Rumely said. “Bowler Bill himself.”
“That’s this Anderson I’m to check in with?”
“No. Turner’s the captain, the top man, but his second in command, Staff Captain Anderson, really runs the ship. Turner’s an old salt some say is past his prime. . bit of a martinet, a taciturn type who dislikes socializing with the passengers.”
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