by Andrew Blum
as physical process, 71, 81
social, 80, 102
as state of mind, 71
and Tata’s connections to unconnected places, 197–98
See also type of connection
content delivery networks, 240
Cooper, Simon, 195–99, 201–2, 203–4, 217, 218, 223
Cornwall, England. See Porthcurno
corporations/companies
DE-CIX and, 137–38
expansion of Internet to, 60–67
history of Internet and, 55–56
See also specific corporation
Corps of Engineers, US Army, 228, 249
Cowie, Jim, 124, 130
Cox, 79
Crocker, Steve, 45
Crouch, Bonnie, 28–29, 32–33, 34
Dallas, Texas, 128
The Dalles, Oregon
Blum visit to, 229, 235–50
Google data center in, 229, 231, 234–35, 237–50, 257
historical development of, 227–29
Danni’s Hard Drive, 83
data centers/storage
as centers of Internet, 9
competition and, 232, 239, 240
content delivery networks and, 240
at The Dalles, Oregon, 229, 231, 234–35, 237–50, 257
Dutch, 148–49, 150–54
electricity usage at, 230
for Facebook, 126, 230, 231, 250–62
future of, 261–62
for Google, 231, 237–38, 241–49, 257, 261
on Google Maps, 117, 248
locating/siting of, 96, 232–33
in New York City, 230
peering and, 126
photographs of, 18
security/secrecy at, 93, 141, 237–40, 242–43, 254, 257
size of, 231–32
in Virginia, 230
visitors to, 150
data flow: TeleGeography maps of, 14, 27–29
data storage. See data centers/storage; specific center
Davies, Donald, 42
Defense Department, US, 40, 42
Denmark: Traceroute example for, 31–32
dense wavelength division multiplexing, 213
“Denver problem,” 111
Design LLC. See Google
Deutsche Telecom, 138
Deutscher Commercial Internet Exchange (DE-CIX)
AMS-IX and, 133–35, 145
Blum’s visit to, 135–46
characteristics of, 112, 155
core of, 113, 130–31, 143–45
“fail-over” at, 141
founding of, 138
and Frankfurt as geographic center of Europe, 147
importance of, 144, 145
location of Internet exchanges and, 113
momentos from, 145
peering and, 128, 130
routers at, 157, 161
security at, 140–41
structure of Internet and, 27
as symbol of infinity, 144
traffic at, 133–34
undersea cables and, 197
Diaz, Eddie, 166–71, 267
Digg, 72, 93
“digital divide,” 236
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 52, 74–76, 86, 87, 88
Digital Realty Trust, 232
DMARC (demarcation point), 98–99
Docklands. See London Internet Exchange
Doerr, John, 70
dot-com boom, 57, 73
DuPont Fabros, 90, 96
earthquakes, 197, 200, 201, 233
eBay, 82, 96
The Education of Henry Adams (Adams), 143–44
Einstein, Albert, 142
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 162–63
Empire City Subway (New York City), 165–66
Energy Department, US, 52
Equinix
in Amsterdam, 154
characteristics of large Internet exchanges and, 111–12
definition of Internet exchange and, 109
expansion of, 95
founding of, 72
function of, 152
funding for, 87–88
as “Internet Business Exchange,” 87
MAE-East and, 73
as NANOG party sponsor, 131, 135
in New York City, 164
PAIX and, 76–77, 87
and rerouting traffic, 200–201
security at, 141
Telx as competitor of, 174
trademark architecture of, 95
UK data center of, 214
US locations of, 266
in Virginia, 90–100
See also Adelson, Jay; Ashburn, Virginia, Equinix in;
Troyer, Eric
EUnet, 53, 138
euNetworks, 152
Europe
history of Internet and, 52–53
MAE-East and, 88
US telephone connection to, 175
See also specific Internet exchange
European Academic Research Network (EARN), 53
Facebook
as content provider, 79
data center/storage for, 126, 230, 231, 250–62, 267
at Equinix, 96
ethos of, 257–58
and important Internet places, 127
and Internet as series of tubes, 5
location of, 70–71
NANOGers at, 120
Open Compute Project of, 258
openness of, 257–58
peering and, 125–28, 129
privacy issues at, 258
private stock offering for, 260–61
Falmouth, Gibraltar, and Malta Telegraph Company, 204
Feldman, Steve, 58–59, 60–61, 64, 65–66, 121, 152
fiber-optic cables/networks
basic principle of, 193
damage to, 117
fifty-odd mile segments of, 236
as heart of Internet, 158
in Netherlands, 147–48
in New York City, 163–71, 172
New York City–Washington, 26
See also routes/routers; specific exchange or topic
fiber vaults (Ashburn, Virginia), 101–3
FiberMux Magnum machine, 65
financial industry, 198–99
Financial Times Print Works, 183
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 3
FLAG system, 208
Force10, 158
Forest City, North Carolina: Facebook data center at, 255
Formosa Strait, 199–200
Foster, Kris, 130
Frankfurt, Germany. See Deutscher Commercial Internet Exchange
Gates, Bill, 57
Gilbert, John, 174–75, 176, 177–78, 179–80
Global Crossing, 125, 153, 183, 202–3, 208, 209–10, 253
Global Internet Geography “GIG” (TeleGeography), 14, 27
Global Switch, 183
globalization
of “peering,” 125–26
undersea cables and, 197
Goldman Sachs, 261
Google
Cerf at, 45
in China, 257
as content provider, 79
data centers/storage for, 229, 231, 234–35, 237–50, 254, 255, 257, 258, 261
and Internet as series of tubes, 5
invisibility of political borders and, 147
IPO for, 69–70
Menlo Park location of, 69
mission statement of, 248
as most-visited website, 127
NANOGers at, 120
New York City location of, 163–64, 172
number of daily searches on, 231
peering and, 122–23, 125–26
privacy issues at, 258
secrecy/security at, 242–50, 254, 257
Gore, Al, 63
government, Dutch, AMS–IX and, 147
government, US, role at MAE-East of, 62–63.
See also military, US; specific department or agency
Great Eastern (cable ship), 203, 253
Great Western Railway, 203
Greenpe
ace, 230, 261
Hafner, Katie, 51
Halifax, Canada: cable station near, 211
Hankins, Greg, 157, 159
HEPnet, 52
Hewlett-Packard, 74
Hibernia-Atlantic, 199
High Performance Computing and Communications Act (“Gore Bill”), 63
High Rise (Ballard), 181–82
Homeland Security, US Department of, 238
Honeywell DDP–516 minicomputer, 39, 44
Hong Kong, 128, 194, 198, 200
How to Lie with Maps (Monmonier), 15
hubs, 64, 109–10. See also specific hub
Hubs + Spokes: A TeleGeography Internet Reader (TeleGeography), 26
Hugh O’Kane Electric Company, 165, 166, 167
Hurricane Electric, 121, 266
IBM, 52
IMP (interface message processor)
beginning of Internet and, 36, 39–49
expansion of Internet and, 50
first successful transmission of, 48
India, 204
“information highway”: Internet as, 19–20, 63–64
ING Canada, 124
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 166
Internet
backbone of, 14, 18
cables as “inter” part of, 97
capitalization of, 106–7
centers of, 9, 108–9, 112–13, 268
decentralization of, 54
earth’s connection to, 101–3
efficiency of, 231
essence of, 47, 135
expansion of, 6, 49–57, 109, 118, 138
fail-safe for, 100 286
as fantasy, 8
fickleness of, 261
founding ideology of, 54, 133
geography of, 28
globalization of, 70–71, 87, 193
Gore as inventor of, 63
“ground truth” of, 29
as handmade, 118
history of, 35–57, 107, 147
as hub-and-spoke system, 109–10
as human construction, 158
images of, 5, 6–8, 9, 18, 34, 107–8, 229–30, 266–68
as “information highway,” 19–20, 63–64
Kleinrock as a father of, 41–42
light of, 162, 163
limits of, 3
as math made manifest, 163
meshed connectivity of, 27, 64–65
most important places on, 127
myths about, 40
openness/publicness of, 30–31, 73–75, 116, 117–18, 124, 133
as overlap of geographical and physical elements, 19
photographs of, 21
prevalence of, 3, 34
questions about what is the, 2–10, 264–68
quintessence of, 163
reality of, 9
as self-healing, 200
as series of tubes, 5–6
shutdown of Blum’s, 1–4, 18, 144, 264
smell of, 44, 49
structure of, 27, 54, 64–65, 87
threats to, 116–17
uneven distribution of, 262
as unfinished, 67
uniqueness of, 106
usage of, 3, 34, 55, 66–67
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, 29, 30, 31, 45
Internet exchanges “IX”
as center of Internet, 108–9, 112–13
characteristics of largest, 111–13
competition among, 133–35
definition of, 109
gap between average-size and large, 130
as hub-and-spoke system, 109–10
location of, 113
peering and, 121–22, 126, 127, 129, 130
problems of, 109–11
rationale for, 109
security at, 113–16
See also specific exchange
Internet Explorer (Microsoft), 57
Internet Heritage Site and Archive, Kleinrock, 44–45
“Internet Mapping Project” (Kelly), 7–8
Interxion, 140
Inventing the Internet (Abbate), 35–36
IP addresses, 29, 30, 31–32
The IT Crowd (TV show), 108, 143
Jagiellonian University (Poland): Traceroute example for, 31–32
Japan, 27, 33, 111, 113, 196, 198, 199, 201, 208
Jobs, Steve, 267
JPNAP (Tokyo), 111, 113
Juniper routers, 99–100
Justice Department, US, 123
Karlson, Dave, 244–45
Kelly, Kevin, 7, 8–9
Kenya, 198
Kingdom Brunel, Isambard, 203, 253
Kirn, Walter, 38
Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site and Archive (UCLA), 44–45
Kleinrock, Leonard, 36, 41–49, 51, 52, 69, 158
Kozlowski, Dennis, 195
KPN, 148, 155, 266
Krisetya, Markus, 13–17, 21, 23, 25, 26–27, 28, 45
Kubin-Nicholson Corporation, 13–14, 16–17, 21
landing stations, cable, 193, 202, 203.
See also specific station
Land’s End (England), 202, 215
LaPerrière, Sylvie, 122–23
latency, 198–99
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 31
Lawton, Will, 129
Lenoir, North Carolina: Google data center at, 255
Les Schwab Tire Centers, 254
Level 3, 98, 110, 121, 125, 153, 251, 252–53, 266
Levy, Martin, 121, 266
light, Internet as composed of pulses of, 9–10, 162, 163
Lightower, 166
line cards, 160
London, England
deregulation of telecommunications system in, 184
and Europe-US telephone connection, 175
and Internet as series of tubes, 5
New York City traffic with, 180, 202, 208
structure of Internet and, 27
terrorist bombings in, 183–84
See also London Internet Exchange; Telehouse
London Internet Exchange (LINX), 27, 112, 128, 130, 131, 139, 181–89, 192, 197, 199, 215
Long Island, 174, 199, 212, 215, 216–17, 265–66
Los Angeles, California, 50, 128, 198, 200–201, 266
Luis (construction manager), 220, 221
Luzon Strait, 199, 200, 201
Lyon, Matthew, 51
MadIX (Madison, Wisconsin), 111
MAE-East (Metropolitan Area Exchange)
Adelson and, 73, 88–89
DEC and, 75–76
expansion of, 61, 65–66
founding of, 60–61, 84
funding for, 63–64
government role at, 62–63
importance of, 63
location of, 61–62, 66
London traffic with, 184
problems at, 65–66, 75–76
routers at, 75–76, 80
transformation from crossroads to depot of, 65–66
“Tysons Corner problem” at, 111
MAE-West (Metropolitan Area Exchange), 64, 83
Main One (undersea cable), 218
man-trap, Adelson’s, 93–94, 103
Manos, Michael, 232–35, 238, 239
maps
of ARPANET, 49–50, 52
of backbone architecture of Internet, 14
