by Amy Chua
4. Elliott, “The Chinese Century,” pp. 33-34, 37-38, 42; Stephen M. Walt, “Taming American Power,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 5 (Sept./Oct. 2005), p. 25.
5. There is a large and fascinating literature on the factors contributing to China's remarkable history of unity. For some contrasting views, see, for example, Michael Ng-Quinn, “National Identity in Premodern China: Formation and Role Enactment,” James Watson, “Rites or Beliefs? The Construction of a Unified Culture in Late Imperial China,” and the other excellent essays in Lowell Dittmer and Samuel S. Kim, eds., China's Quest for National Identity (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 32-61, 80-103.
6. Lynn White and Li Cheng, “China Coast Identities: Regional, National, and Global,” in China's Quest for National Identity, pp. 154, 163-70; Edward Friedman, “Reconstructing China's National Identity: A Southern Alternative to Mao-Era Anti-Imperialist Nationalism,” Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 53 (Feb. 1994), pp. 67, 68, 80-85.
7. See David Yen-ho Wu, “The Construction of Chinese and Non-Chinese Identities,” in Tu Wei-Ming, ed., The Living Tree: The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 148, 155-60; Dru C. Gladney, ed., Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 115-18; Friedman, “Reconstructing China's National Identity,” pp. 85-87.
8. My own book on Chinese and other “market-dominant minorities” is Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (New York: Doubleday, 2003). The Chinese in Southeast Asia are discussed in chapter 1.
9. Asia Society, “Education in China: Lessons for U.S. Educators” (Sept. 2005), p. 6, available at www.internationaled.org; Bruce Einhorn, “No Peasant Left Behind,” Business Week, Aug. 22, 2005, p. 102. Andrew Yeh, “China's Regional Schools Struggle to Make the Grade,” Financial Times (Asia edition), Apr. 26, 2006, p. 2; “The Great Divide,” The Economist, Mar. 5, 2005, p. 6.
10. Shenkar, The Chinese Century, pp. 72-73.
11. Ibid., p. 75; Rebecca Pollard Pierik, “Learning in China—Free Market Style,” Harvard Graduate School of Education News, Oct. 1, 2003.
12. See, e.g., Jun Wang, “The Return of the ‘Sea Turtles': Reverse Brain Drain to China,” New America Media (Sept. 26, 2005), available at www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-09/27/content_481163.htm.
13. “Expats See Salaries Increase by 4%,” China Daily, Dec. 8, 2005; “Westerners in Shanghai Who Are a Little Wistful for the Old Days in China When Investment and Growth Were Just Starting to Explode in the Country,” Minnesota Public Radio broadcast, Jan. 19, 2006.
14. See “Expats See Salaries Increase by 4%.”
15. Yen Ching Hwang, The Overseas Chinese and the 1911 Revolution, with Special Reference to Singapore and Malaya (New York and Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 149; Prasenjit Duara, “Nationalists Among Transnationals: Overseas Chinese and the Idea of China, 1900-1911,” in Aihwa Ong and Donald Nonini, eds., Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism (New York: Rout-ledge, 1997), pp. 53-54.
16. Lucian W Pye, “Erratic State, Frustrated Society,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 69, no. 4 (Fall 1990), p. 58; Lucian W Pye, “China: Ethnic Minorities and National Security,” in Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan, eds., Ethnicity: Theory and Experience (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975), p. 500.
17. Wu, “The Construction of Chinese and Non-Chinese Identities,” pp. 148-60; Frank Vogl and James Sinclair, Boom: Visions and Insights for Creating Wealth in the 21st Century (Chicago: Irwin Professional Publishing, 1996), p. 28.
18. Paul J. Bolt, “Looking to the Diaspora: The Overseas Chinese and China's Economic Development, 1978-1994,” Diaspora, vol. 5, no. 3 (1996), pp. 467-80; Murray Weidenbaum, “The Chinese Family Business Enterprise,” California Management Review, vol. 38, no. 4 (Summer 1996), p. 141.
19. Bolt, “Looking to the Diaspora,” pp. 475-76; Nicholas R. Lardy, “The Role of Foreign Trade and Investment in China's Economic Transformation,” China Quarterly, no. 144 (Dec. 1995), pp. 1,065, 1,067. On Shing-Tung Yau, see Sylvia Nasar and David Gruber, “Annals of Mathematics: Manifold Destiny,” The New Yorker, Aug. 28, 2006, pp. 44-57.
20. Kathryn Kranhold, “China's Price for Market Entry: Give Us Your Technology, Too,” Wall Street Journal Online, Feb. 26, 2004.
21. Ibid.
22. Timothy Garton Ash, Free World: America, Europe, and the Surprising Future of the West (New York: Random House), p. 52; Denis Staunton, “The Lights Go Up All Over a New Europe,” Irish Times, May 1, 2004, p. 10; “EU Celebrates Historic Moment,” BBC News, May 1, 2004, available at news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/world/europe/3672813.stm.
23. Desmond Dinan, Europe Recast: A History of the European Onion (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004), p. 1; John McCormick, Understanding the European Union: A Concise Introduction, 3rd ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), pp. 35-38.
24. Michael J. Baun, An Imperfect Union: The Maastricht Treaty and the New Politics of European Integration (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996), pp. 11-15.
25. Mark Leonard, Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century, pp. 13-15; Julian Brookes, Interview with Mark Leonard, Oct. 18, 2005, available at www.motherjones.com/news/qa/2005/10/mark_leonard.html.
26. T. R. Reid, The United States of Europe: The New Superpower and the End of American Supremacy (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), pp. 20, 145-51.
27. Ash, Free World: America, Europe, and the Surprising Future of the West, p. 47 (quoting and paraphrasing Jürgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida).
28. Adrian Favell and Randall Hansen, “Markets Against Politics: Migration, EU Englargement and the Idea of Europe,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 28, no. 4 (Oct. 2002), pp. 582, 591-92.
29. “Immigration to the United States: Brains and Borders,” The Economist, May 6, 2006, p. 53; Brian Knowlton, “EU and U.S. Face Reality of Immigration; Tides of People Spark a Trading of Ideas,” International Herald Tribune, June 30, 2006, p. 2.
30. Carter Dougherty, “Labor Shortage Becoming Acute in Technology,” New York Times, Mar. 10, 2007, pp. CI, C7; Fareed Zakaria, “To Become an American,” Washington Post, Apr. 4, 2006, p. A23.
31. Jane Kramer, “Taking the Veil: How France's Public Schools Became the Battleground in a Culture War,” The New Yorker, Nov. 22,2004, p. 60; Robert S. Leiken, “Europe's Angry Muslims,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 4 (July/Aug. 2005); Lorenzo Vidino, “Dutch Get Tougher on Terror,” Washington Times, Mar. 15, 2006, p. Al7.
32. Ash, Free World: America, Europe, and the Surprising Future of the West, p. 53; Jens Rydgren, “Explaining the Emergence of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties: The Case of Denmark,” West European Politics, vol. 27, no. 3 (May 2004), pp. 474, 485; Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, “Atheist Premier Attacks Lack of Christianity in EU Constitution,” Telegraph.co.uk, June 4, 2003; John Rossant, “Turkey's EU Bid: Resistance Is on the Line,” Business Week, Feb. 9, 2004, p. 57.
33. Lindsey Rubin, “Love's Refugees: The Effects of Stringent Danish Immigration Policies on Danes and Their Non-Danish Spouses,” Connecticut Journal of International Law, vol. 20 (Summer 2005), pp. 320, 324, 327-28; “Denmark Shifts to Right in Election Centering on Immigration,” New York Times, Nov. 21, 2001, p. A6; “The Danish Peoples Party: History,” at www.danskfolkeparti.dk/sw/frontend/show.asp?parent=3293.
34. See, for example, Ian Buruma, “Letter from Amsterdam: Final Cut,” The New Yorker, Jan. 3, 2005, p. 26; Jane Kramer, “Comment: Difference,” The New Yorker, Nov. 21, 2005, pp. 41-42.
35. American Council on Education, “Issue Brief: Students on the Move: The Future of International Students in the United States,” Oct. 2006, pp. 4-5, 9, available at www.acenet.edu/programs/international. See also the comprehensive reports and data tables available on the Web site of the Institute of International Education, www.opendoors.iienetwor
k.org.
36. Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists, p. 144.
37. Paul McDougall and Aaron Ricadela, “India Calls Its Talent Home,” Information Week, Mar. 13, 2006, p. 24; Fareed Zakaria, “India Rising,” News-week, Mar. 6, 2006, p. 32; “The Great Indian Hope Trick,” The Economist, Feb. 23, 2006, pp. 29-31.
38. Judith E. Walsh, A Brief History of India (New York: Facts on File, 2006), pp. 267-68.
39. Rachel Aspden, “The Bangalore Effect,” New Statesman, Jan. 30, 2006, p. 26; Pankaj Mishra, “The Myth of the New India,” New York Times, July 6, 2006, p. 21; “The Great Indian Hope Trick,” pp. 29-31.
40. Stephen Philip Cohen, India: Emerging Power (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2001), p. 29; Mishra, “The Myth of the New India,” p. 21.
41. The World Bank, World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2005), p. 278, table Al; The World Bank, India and the Knowledge Economy: Leveraging Strengths and Opportunities, report no. 31267-IN, Apr. 2005, p. 4; “The Great India Hope Trick,” pp. 29-31.
42. Pankaj Mishra, “A New Sort of Superpower,” New Statesman, Jan. 30, 2006, pp. 20, 22; Ziauddin Sardar, “Haunted by the Politics of Hate,” New Statesman, Jan. 30, 2006, p. 31.
43. Amartya Sen, The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2005), pp. 18, 32, 47, 274, 303-4.
44. Cohen, India: Emerging Power, p. 120; Walsh, A Brief History of India, pp. 276-77, 281; Human Rights Watch, World Report 2003, available at hrw.org/wr2k3/asia6.html.
45. Karol Zemek, “India by Numbers,” New Statesman, Jan. 30, 2006, p. 22.
46. Neha Bhayana, “Bright Young Lights,” New Statesman, Jan. 30, 2006, p. 36; Gurcharan Das, “The India Model,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 85, no. 4 (July/ Aug. 2006), p. 9; Edward Luce, “One Land, Two Planets,” New Statesman, Jan. 30, 2006, pp. 23-25.
47. See, e.g., Yasheng Huang and Tarun Khanna, “Can India Overtake China?,” Foreign Policy, July/Aug. 2003, p. 74.
48. “Great Indian Hope Trick,” p. 290.
TWELVE: THE DAY OF EMPIRE: LESSONS OF HISTORY
Epigraph: The quoted passage is from “Four Quartets: Little Gidding,” in T. S. Eliot, The Complete Poems and Plays, 1909-1950 (New York: Har-court, Brace & World, Inc., 1971), p. 145.
1. See Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Avon Books, 1992); Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Anchor Books, 2000), pp. ix, xvi, 12.
2. See Josef Joffe, Überpower: The Imperial Temptation of America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), pp. 38-39, 43-44.
3. Office of the President, “The National Security Strategy of the United States of America,” Sept. 2002, available at www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf.
4. See Thomas L. Friedman, “Axis of Appeasement,” New York Times, Mar. 18, 2004, p. 33; Christopher Hitchens, “Against Rationalization,” The Nation, vol. 273, no. 10 (Oct. 8, 2001), p. 8; Bill Van Auken, “Friedman on Iraq: The ‘Thinking’ Behind the New York Times Debate,” Oct. 25, 2005, available at www.wsws.org/articles/2005/oct2005/frie-o25.shtml.
5. See Niall Ferguson, Colossus: The Price of America's Empire (New York: Penguin, 2004), pp. 3, 301-2; Deepak Lai, In Praise of Empires: Globalization and Order (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 215; Irving Kristol, “The Neoconservative Persuasion,” Weekly Standard, Aug. 25, 2003, pp. 23-25; Max Boot, “The Case for American Empire,” Weekly Standard, Oct. 15, 2001, p. 27.
6. See, e.g., Kenneth M. Pollack, “Spies, Lies, and Weapons: What Went Wrong,” The Atlantic Monthly, Jan./Feb. 2004, pp. 78-92.
7. Jeffrey M. Jones, “Bush Approval Rating Remains Low,” Gallup News Service, Mar. 6, 2007; “Poll: Iraq Going Badly and Getting Worse,” CBS News, Dec. 11, 2006, available at www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/ll/opinion/polls/printable2247797.shtml.
8. Pierre Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Peter T. Daniels, trans. (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2002), p. 193.
9. Craige B. Champion, Roman Imperialism: Readings and Sources (Maiden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2004), pp. 30-33, 50-51, 164-70; Michael Grant, The History of Rome (London: Faber and Faber, 1979), p. 237.
10. See C. R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire: 1600-1800 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), pp. xxv, 188, 190, 194, 198, 220.
11. Immanuel Wallerstein, Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750, vol. 2 of The Modern World-System (San Diego: Academic Press, 1980), pp. 45, 63-64.
12. Max Boot, The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 2002), p. 55.
13. Niall Ferguson, Colossus: The Price of America's Empire, p. 33.
14. John Steele Gordon, An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power (New York: HarperPerennial, 2004), pp. xiv-xv.
15. Niall Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World (London: Allen Lane, 2003), pp. 164, 302, 325, 341; Lawrence James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (London: Little, Brown and Company, 1997), pp. 352, 439, 456.
16. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, p. 868.
17. See Joffe, Oberpower: The Imperial Temptation of America, pp. 77-78; Thomas Olmstead, Bay Fang, Eduardo Cue, and Masha Gessen, “A World of Resentment,” U.S. News & World Report, Mar. 5, 2001, p. 32.
18. Stephen M. Walt, “Taming American Power,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 5 (Sept./Oct. 2005), p. 105; Survey Results: “America's Image Further Erodes, Europeans Want Weaker Ties,” Mar. 18, 2003, available on the Pew Foundation Web site.
19. “U.S. Draws Negative Ratings in Poll,” Associated Press, Mar. 5, 2007, available on Yahoo. news.
20. Olmstead, Fang, Cue, and Gessen, “A World of Resentment,” p. 32.
21. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), pp. 20, 69, 75; Transcript of “Lou Dobbs Tonight,” aired Mar. 31,2006, available at transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0603/3l/ldt.01.html.
22. Anita Kumar and Vanessa de la Torre, “Work Here, Send Money Home,” Si. Petersburg Times, May 10, 2006, p. 1A
23. Kevin Allison, “Visa Curbs Are Damaging Economy, Warns Gates,” Financial Times, Mar. 8, 2007, p. 7; Testimony of Laszlo Bock, Vice President, People Operations, Google, Inc., before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law, June 6, 2007, available at 64.233.179.110/blog_resources/Laszlo_Bock _immigration_testimony.pdf.
Copyright © 2007 by Amy Chua
Anchor Books and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
Chua, Amy.
Day of empire: how hyperpowers rise to global dominance—
and why they fall /
Amy Chua. — 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Imperialism—History. 2. Hegemony—History. I. Title.
JC539.C58 2008
327.112—dc22
2007015116
eISBN: 978-0-307-47245-8
www.anchorbooks.com
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