28. Elkins and McKittrick, The Age of Federalism, 356-7. Ketcham, James Madison, 337-39.
CHAPTER 13
1. AH to GW, Apr 5, 1793, PGW Digital. Hamilton received the news from “a respectable merchant” in Lisbon, Portugal. GW to TJ, Apr. 12, 1793, PGW Digital. In a later letter, GW told Gouverneur Morris that his “primary objects” were “to preserve the country in peace if I can, and to be prepared for war if I cannot.” GW to GM, June 25, 1794, PGW Digital.
2. Schama, Citizens, 686-7. Knee breeches were worn by the upper class. The poor wore long, loose trousers.
3. Ibid, 687.
4. Malone, Vol. 3, 64.
5. Jefferson, Anas, Apr 18, 1793, 118-19.
6. Freeman, Vol. 7, First in Peace, 44-48.
7. Malone, Vol. 3, 69-70.
8. TJ to JM, Apr. 28, 1793, ROL, 769-70.
9. TJ to James Monroe, May 5, 1793, ROL, 771.
10. JM to TJ, May 8, 1793, ROL, 772-3.
11. TJ to Monroe, op. cit., 771
12. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 330-31.
13. GM to GW, Jan. 6, 1793, PGW Digital.
14. O’Brien, The Long Affair, op. cit., 155-6.
15. Flexner, George Washington, Vol. 4, Anguish and Farewell (1793-99), 41.
16. TJ to James Monroe, May 5, 1793, PTJ Digital. The letter is enclosed in a letter to Madison, TJ to JM, May 5, 1793, ROL, Vol. 2, 770-2.
17. Freeman, Vol. 7, 71-2.
18. TJ to JM, May 19, 1793, ROL, 774–6.
19. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 344.
20. Freeman, Vol. 7, 76-77.
21. Flexner, Vol. 4, 45.
22. Jefferson, Anas, 124-5.
23. TJ to JM, June 9, 1793, June 19, 1793, ROL, Vol. 2, 781, 786.
24. Schama, Citizens, 787.
CHAPTER 14
1. Correspondence between the Hon. John Adams, President of the United States, and the late Wm. Cunningham, Esq., Boston, 1823, 34.
2. TJ to James Monroe, May 5, 1793, ROL, 771.
3. Meade Minnigerode, Jefferson Friend of France 1793. The Career of Edmond Charles Genet (hereafter, Genet) (New York: 1928), 223.
4. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 162.
5. Minnigerode, Genet, 224-5.
6. O’Brien, The Long Affair, op. cit., 171-5. The author cites two other scholars who have studied Genet, and concluded that Jefferson “knowingly” assisted the envoy in his projects to seize Louisiana and Canada for France.
7. Flexner, Vol. 4, 52–3.
8. TJ to JM, June 9, 1793, ROL, 780-2.
9. Freeman, Vol. 7, op. cit. 90.
10. Minnigerode, Genet, 265.
11. Jefferson, Anas, July 15, 1793, Malone, Vol. 3, 114-15.
12. Freeman, Vol 7, 102.
13. Flexner, Vol IV, 58-9.
14. Ibid, 59.
15. Notes on Neutrality Questions, July 13, 1793, PTJ, Digital edition.
16. TJ to JM, July 7, 1793, ROL, 753.
17. Ketcham, James Madison, 344-45. Also see Freeman, Vol. 7, 105-6.
18. Minnigerode, Genet, 270-71.
19. Ibid, 209-10.
20. Notes on Cinet [Cabinet] Meeting on Edmond-Charles Genet, July 23, 1793, PTJ Digital.
21. TJ to JM, Aug. 18, 1793, ROL, 808-9.
22. Minnigerode, Genet, 236.
23. Ibid, 232-35.
24. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 180-1.
25. TJ to JM, Sept. 1, 1793, ROL, 813.
CHAPTER 15
1. Jefferson, Anas, 161–66.
2. TJ to JM, Aug. 11, 1793, ROL, Vol. 2, 802-5.
3. TJ to Gouverneur Morris, Aug. 16, 1793, PTJ Digital. This letter includes a copy of the official letter requesting Genet’s recall.
4. Flexner, Vol. 4, 85.
5. Jefferson, Anas, Nov. 28, 1793.
6. James C. Ballagh, ed., The Letters of Richard Henry Lee, Vol. 2, , (New York, 1911-14), 563.
7. GW to Edmund Randolph, Dec. 24, 1793, PGW Digital.
8. TJ to GW, Dec. 31, 1793, PTJ Digital, GW to TJ, Jan. 1, 1794, PGW, Digital, TJ to Wm Giles, Dec. 1, 1795, PTJ Digital.
9. TJ to Horatio Gates, Feb. 3, 1794, PTJ Digital. Vow to Langdon, Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. III (New York, 1901), 489. TJ to JM, April 27, 1795, ROL, Vol. 2, 877-8.
10. AH to Edw Carrington, May 26, 1792, PAH, Digital. Margaret A. Hogan, C. James Taylor, My Dearest Friend, Letters of Abigail and John Adams (New York, 2007), 349. Joseph J. Ellis, First Family, Abigail and John Adams (New York, 2010), 167. JA to AA, Dec. 26, 1793, Adams Papers Digital Edition, C.J. Taylor, ed. (Charlottesville 2008-14).
11. Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of George Washington, (Lawrence KS 1974), 137.
12. Ibid.
CHAPTER 16
1. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 382-3.
2. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875, House of Representatives, 3rd Congress, 1st Session, January 1794 (Annals of Congress), 406-09.
3. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, Tonnage and Shipping Chart, 382. By 1796, American tonnage would swell to 675,046 tons and British numbers would dwindle to 19,669.
4. A Century of Lawmaking, 3rd Congress, 1st Session, 390-91.
5. JM to TJ, Mar 2 1794, ROL, Vol. Two, 831-2. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 388.
6. Ketcham, James Madison, 351.
7. GW to Henry Lee, Oct 16, 1793, PGW Digital. Proclamation on Expeditions Against Spanish Territory, Mar. 24, 1794 (By the President). A Century of Lawmaking, 3rd Congress, 1st Session.
8. Freeman, Vol. 7, 156-7.
9. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 389.
10. JM to TJ, Mar 9, 1794. 834-5. JM to TJ, Mar 14, 1794, 837, ROL, Vol. 2. Also see Ketcham, James Madison, 351.
11. James Monroe to TJ, Mar 16, 1794, PTJ, Digital.
12. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 390.
13. Ibid, 393.
14. James Monroe to GW, Apr. 8, 1794, GW to Monroe, Apr. 9, 1794, PGW Digital.
15. JM to TJ, May 25, 1794, ROL, 844-5.
16. Gouverneur Morris to GW, June 25, 1794, PGW Digital.
17. TJ to James Monroe, Apr 24, 1794, PTJ Digital.
18. GW to TJ, Apr 24, 1794, PGW Digital.
19. GW to Henry Lee, Aug 26, 1794, PGW Digital.
CHAPTER 17
1. Freeman, Vol. 7, 183.
2. Alexander Hamilton to GW, Aug. 2, 1794, PGW, Digital. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 461-3.
3. Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion, New York, 1986, 209
4. Proclamation, Sept 25, 1794, PGW Digital.
5. GW to Henry Lee, Aug. 26, 1794, PGW Digital.
6. Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, 186.
7. Ibid, 190-91.
8. Ibid, 216.
9. Ibid, 215-16.
10. Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1826, 233-36.
11. JM to Monroe, Dec. 4, 1791, PJM Digital.
12. TJ to JM, Dec. 28, 1794, ROL, Vol. 2, 866-68.
13. TJ to James Monroe, May 26, 1795, PTJ Digital.
14. Not until a year after the Whiskey Rebellion did Jefferson admit to anyone that he was aware of the mass murders of the French revolution. “What a tremendous obstacle to the future attempts at Liberty will be the atrocities of Robespierre,” he exclaimed to his friend Tench Coxe. TJ to Coxe, June 1, 1795. PTJ Digital.
15. Eugene P. Link, Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790-1800, (New York, 1942), 200-209.
CHAPTER 18
1. Conway, Omitted Chapters in The Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph, 231. Also see Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 215-16.
2. Richard N. Cote, Strength and Honor, The Life of Dolley Madison (Mt. Pleasant SC, 2005), 103.
3. Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, 219-20.
4. Flexner, Vol. 4, 203.
5. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 208-9.
6. Freeman, Vol. 7, 226.
7. Paul David Nelson, Anthony Wayne, Soldier of the
Early Republic (Bloomington Ind., 1985), 272.
8. Freeman, Vol. 7, 237, note.
9. Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay’s Treaty, a Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (New York, 1923), 153-4.
10. Aurora, June 1, 1795.
11. Donald Henderson Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federal Period (Albany NY 1968), 199-200.
12. Chernow, Hamilton, 486-7.
13. Malone, Vol. 3, op. cit., 246.
14. Ibid, 247, 249.
15. Hendrickson, Hamilton, Vol. 2, 339-41.
16. Flexner, Vol. 4, 212.
17. TJ to James Monroe, Sept 6, 1995, PTJ Digital.
18. Defence No. 1, July 1, 22, 1795 (published in the New York Argus or Greenleaf’s New Daily Advertiser), PAH Digital.
19. TJ to JM, Sept 11, 1795, ROL, Vol. 2, 885.
20. TJ to Edward Rutledge, Nov. 30, 1795, ROL, Vol. 2, 889.
21. Address on the Jay Treaty, Aug. 13, 1795, PAH Digital.
22. Washington’s Seventh Annual Message to Congress, Dec. 8, 1795, PGW Digital, Presidential Series, Proclamations and Addresses.
CHAPTER 19
1. JM to James Monroe, Dec. 20, 1795, PJM Digital. Address of the House of Rep to the President, Dec. 4, 1795, PJM Digital.
2. William Sullivan, Familiar Letters of Public Characters on Public Events from the Peace of 1783 to the Peace of 1815 (Boston, 1834), 59-60.
3. JM to TJ, Feb. 29, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 921-22.
4. JM to TJ, Mar 6, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 924-6.
5. JM to TJ, April 11, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 930-31.
6. TJ to James Monroe, Mar 21, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2 890-91.
7. TJ to JM, Mar. 27, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 927-8.
8. JM to TJ, April 4, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 923-30.
9. Ibid.
10. JM to TJ, Apr. 18, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 933-34.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. JM to TJ, May 1, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 936-7. In a Committee of the Whole, a legislative body is considered one large committee. Its purpose is the encouragement of discussion and debate on a difficult issue.
14. JM to TJ, May 22, 1796, 938-9, ROL, Vol. 2., 938-9.
15. Ketcham, James Madison, 365.
16. JM to TJ, May 22, 1796, op. cit. above.
17. Flexner, Vol 4, 277-8. Also see Freeman, Vol. 7, 384
18. Flexner, Vol. 4, 280-1.
19. Elkins and McKittrick, The Age of Federalism, 508.
20. Freeman, Vol. 7, 395-6.
21. Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch, 270.
22. Harlow Giles Unger, The Last Founding Father, James Monroe and A Nation’s Call to Greatness (New York, 2009), 124-5.
23. TJ to JM, Jan 3, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 1011-14.
CHAPTER 20
1. GW to AH, May 15, 1796, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Ms Sources, Electronic Text Center, U of Virginia.
2. Robert F. Dalzell Jr. and Lee Baldwin Dalzell, George Washington’s Mount Vernon, At Home in Revolutionary America, 1998, 213. A copy of the 1792 speech by Madison was enclosed in the letter to Hamilton. The Text of the Farewell Address is available in PGW, Digital, Presidential Series, Proclamations and Addresses.
3. Felix Gilbert, To The Farewell Address, Princeton, 1961, 115-136.
4. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu, presidential series, 1788-179 7.
5. Joseph Ellis, His Excellency George Washington (New York 2004), 245.
6. Moncure D. Conway, Writings of Thomas Paine, Vol. 3 (New York, 1895, 243-252.
7. Harrison Clark, All Cloudless Glory, the Life of George Washington, Vol. 2 (Washington, DC 1996), 349-50. Clark recounts a conversation between Benjamin West, the American-born painter, and Rufus King, the American ambassador to London, in which West describes George III using these words.
CHAPTER 21
1. Hendrickson, Hamilton II, op. cit., 375-82.
2. Phocion IV, October 19, 1796, Gazette of the United States, Newsbank/Readex Data Base: America’s Historical Newspapers New York Public Library Microform. Phocion was an Athenian statesman, known for his leadership abilities and his modest lifestyle.
3. Phocion VIII, Oct. 24, 1796, Gazette of the United States, Newsbank/Readex op cit
4. Grant, Party of One, op. cit., 377-78.
5. O’Brien, The Long Affair, op. cit., 225-6.
6. Minnigerode, Genet, 396-97. In an appendix, Minnigerode reprints Genet’s entire letter, 413-25.
7. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, 570.
8. TJ to JM, Dec. 17, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 944.
9. John Adams to Abigail Adams, Jan 14, 1797, quoted in ROL, V2, 895. Also see Grant, Party of One, 379.
10. TJ to JM, Jan. 1, 1797, JM to TJ, Jan 8, 1797, TJ to JM, Jan. 30, 1797. ROL, V2, 945.
CHAPTER 22
1. Malone, Vol 3, 295.
2. TJ to JM Jan. 8, 1797, ROL, Vol 2, 955.
3. James Iredell to his wife, Hannah, Feb. 24, 1797, G.J. McCree, Life and Letters of James Iredell, 2 volumes (New York, 1857). Iredell was a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
4. Wm Loughton Smith to Rufus King, Apr 3, 1797, ROL, Vol. 2, 966, note.
5. Richard R. Rosenfeld, American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican Returns (New York, 1997), 243
6. Grant, Party of One, op. cit., 379.
7. Ibid, 385.
8. Ibid, 386.
9. Chernow, Hamilton, op. cit., 525.
10. TJ to JM, June 8, 1797, ROL, Vol. 2, 979-81.
11. TJ to Elbridge Gerry, June 21, 1797, ROL, 971.
12. JM to TJ, Aug. 5, 1797, ROL, Vol. 2, 973, 990-92.
13. James Thomson Callender, History of the United States for 1796, Philadelphia, 1797, 204, PTJ Digital. TJ to James Monroe, July 15, 1802. Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, An Intimate History (New York 1974), 304.
14. JM to TJ, Oct. 20, 1797, ROL, Vol. 2, 973, 993.
15. GW to AH, Aug 21, 1797, PAH Digital.
16. JM to TJ Aug 5, 1797, ROL, Vol 2, 973-4. 990-92
17. TJ to John Wise, Feb. 12, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 996.
18. TJ to Angelica Church, Jan. 11, 1798, ROL, Vol 2, 995.
19. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 242
20. Ibid
21. Jean Edward Smith, John Marshall, Definer of a Nation, New York, 1996, 126, 190.
22. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 244-45.
23. TJ to JM Feb. 15, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2 997-8, 1019-20.
24. Grant, Party of One, 389-90.
25. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 246.
26. Grant, Party of One, 398.
27. TJ to JM April 5, ROL, Vol. 2, 1035-6. Grant, Party of One, 391.
28. TJ to JM, April 28, 1798, JM to TJ Apr 15, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 1001-2
29. Grant, Party of One, 394.
30. Ibid, 397.
31. Nathan Miller, The U.S. Navy: An Illustrated History, Annapolis, 1977, 42-43.
32. John Adams to GW, June 22, 1798, PGW Digital.
33. Grant, Party of One, 405-7.
CHAPTER 23
1. Comments on Monroe’s A View of the Conduct of the Executive of the United States, circa March 1798, PGW Digital.
2. Freeman, Vol. 7, 476-77.
3. Malone, Vol. 3, 308-9.
4. John Nicholas to GW, Feb 22, 1798, PGW Digital.
5. TJ to JM, June 7, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 1057-8.
6. TJ to JM June 21, 1798, ROL Vol. 2, 1008-9, 1060-1062.
7. ROL, V2, 1010 (editorial comment).
8. TJ to JM, June 21, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 1061-2.
9. Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, Apr. 5, 1798. Edwin Morris Betts and James Adams Bear Jr., eds, The Family Letters of Thomas Jefferson (Columbia, Mo, 1966), 159-60.
10. Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, May 17, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 1063.
11. ROL, Vol 2, 1010, editorial comment.
12. James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties (Ithaca, NY, 1956), 14.
13. Jefferson to Samuel Smith, Aug. 22, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 1066.
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14. Jefferson’s Draft of the Kentucky Resolutions, ROL, Vol. 2, 1069-70.
15. ROL, Vol. 2, 1070-1.
16. JM to TJ, Dec. 29, 1798, ROL. Vol. 2, 1085. Editor James Morton Smith cites this letter when he writes: “In no case since their exchange of views on “the earth belongs to the living” did the Father of the Constitution differ so fundamentally with the Author of the Declaration of Independence.” ROL, Vol. 2, 1072.
17. TJ to S.T. Mason, Oct. 11, 1798, PTJ Digital.
18. Joseph E. Fields, ed., Worthy Partner, the Papers of Martha Washington (Westport Ct. 1994). Martha to Mary Stead Pinckney, April 20, 1799, 319-20.
19. Joan M. Jensen, The Price of Vigilance, New York, 1956, 24-45. Also see: Harold Holzer, Lincoln and the Power of the Press, New York, 2014. “Lincoln ‘pulled no punches in defending press suppression’ in wartime,” Holzer writes. But the President also made it clear that when the war ended, editorial freedom would be restored. For the internment of the Japanese, see Geoffrey R. Stowe, Perilous Times, Free Speech in Wartime (New York, 2004), 286-302.
20. GW to Patrick Henry, Jan. 15, 1799, PGW Digital.
21. Henry Mayer, A Son of Thunder, Patrick Henry and the American Republic (New York, 1986), 471-2. Henry was dying of stomach cancer.
22. GW letter to AH, Feb. 25, 1799, PGW Digital.
23. Theodore Sedgwick to AH, Feb. 19, 1799, PAH Digital.
24. TJ to JM, Feb. 19, 1799, ROL, Vol. 2, 1097-98.
25. Page Smith, John Adams, Vol. II (New York, 1962), 1102-11.
CHAPTER 24
1. Mayer, A Son of Thunder, 471-2 for Henry’s election and death.
2. Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. to GW, June 22 and Aug. 10, 1799 and GW replies, July 21 and Aug. 30, 1799, PGW Digital, Retirement Series.
3. GW to James McHenry, Nov 17, 1799, PGW Digital, Retirement Series
4. Smith, Patriarch, 351-2. Also see Freeman, Vol. 7, 619.
5. Malone, Vol. III, 413. Ketcham, Madison, 397.
6. AH to Theodore Sedgwick, Feb. 2, 1799, PAH Digital.
7. TJ to JM, Jan. 30, 1799, ROL, Vol, 2, 1090-91.
8. Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 345.
9. Ibid.
10. TJ to JM, Aug 23, 1799, ROL, Vol. 2, 1118-19. Jefferson mentions Madison’s “visit” in this letter. Also see ROL, 1108-9. Editor James Morton Smith writes that “Madison thought Jefferson had pushed his compact between the states theory too far” and blundered into his “fateful—perhaps fatal—theory of ‘scission’ or “secession.”
11. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 248-9.
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