by Ari Kelman
34. “Tainted” from Alexa Roberts, interview by author, March 25, 2004, telephone, notes in author’s possession. “The casino …” from Norma Gorneau, member, Northern Cheyenne Tribe Sand Creek Massacre Descendants Committee, interview by author, July 1, 2004, Lame Deer, MT, tape recording, in author’s possession. See also Otto Braided Hair, director, Northern Cheyenne Sand Creek Office, interview by author, May 11, 2007, telephone, notes in author’s possession; “Notes, Consultation Meeting, Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, March 17–18, 2004,” in FSCMNHS, now at NPS-WACC; Mildred Red Cherries, member, Northern Cheyenne Sand Creek Massacre Descendants Committee, interview by author, August 13, 2003, Lame Deer, MT, tape recording, in author’s possession.
35. “That’s why …” from Deborah Frazier, “Tribes Hope to Take a Gamble,” Rocky Mountain News, May 8, 2004, A-28. “There’s no question …” from Spencer, “Land Claim Has Feel of Extortion,” C-1. See also Julia Martinez, “Campbell Weighs Hearings on Plan for Tribal Casino,” Denver Post, April 23, 2004, A-25; Jason Blevins, “Casino Numbers Debated,” Denver Post, May 21, 2004, C-1; Andy Vuong, “Owens Rejects Pact with Tribes for Casino,” Denver Post, June 18, 2004, C-1; “Tribes Stalk Casino Bid,” Pueblo Chieftain, June 16, 2004, B-4.
36. “Briefing” and “hearing” from Mike Soraghan, “Tribal Casino’s Backers to Speak at D.C. Briefing,” Denver Post, August 13, 2004, A-4. All other quotes from Mike Soraghan, “Indian Casino Quashed,” Denver Post, September 9, 2004, A-1. See also Peter Blake, “Delegation on the Lookout for Midnight Casino Riders,” Rocky Mountain News, June 19, 2004, C-12; Soraghan, “Tribal Casino’s Backers to Speak at D.C. Briefing,” A-4; Mike Soraghan, “Owens to Denounce Casino,” Denver Post, August 29, 2004, C-1; Al Lewis, “Bet on Casino Backer’s Doggedness,” Denver Post, September 12, 2004, K-1.
37. “Reservation shopping” from Soraghan, “Indians’ Leveraged Efforts for Casinos Reach beyond Colorado,” A-1. See also Electa Draper, “Indian Gaming’s Future Eyed,” Denver Post, March 30, 2005, F-1; “Tribal Proposals to Acquire Land-in-Trust for Gaming across State Lines and How Such Proposals Are Affected by the Off-Reservation Discussion Draft Bill,” oversight hearing before Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, 109th Cong., 1st Sess., April 27, 2005, http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/house; Justin Neel Baucom, “Bringing Down the House: As States Attempt to Curtail Indian Gaming, Have We Forgotten the Foundational Principles of Tribal Sovereignty,” American Indian Law Review 30 (2005–2006): 423–442.
38. Quotes from Alexa Roberts interview, September 27, 2004.
39. “A unique …” from “Bowen Tours,” in FSCMNHS, now at NPS-WACC. All other quotes from Sand Creek Tours, http://www.sandcreektours.com/.
40. “Promote and …” and “personal slurs” from Sharon Pearson, July 6, 2004, Sand Creek Massacre Discussion Forum. “NOT back down” from Chuck and Sheri Bowen, July 6, 2004, Sand Creek Massacre Discussion Forum. See also Cindy Buxton, “Bowens Offer Tour of Historic Sand Creek Area,” Lamar Daily News, June 16, 2004, A-1; “Controversy on Sand Creek Now Raging on Internet Site,” Watonga Republican, October 27, 2004, B-4; Sand Creek Tours, http://www.sandcreektours.com/.
41. “Why the Indian …” and “the almighty …” from Parker Holden, November 14, 2004, Sand Creek Massacre Discussion Forum. All other quotes from Chuck Bowen, November 14, 2004, Sand Creek Massacre Discussion Forum.
42. Quotes from Bill Dawson, November 28, 2004, Sand Creek Massacre Discussion Forum.
43. Quotes from Sheri Bowen, December 1, 2004, Sand Creek Massacre Discussion Forum.
44. “If Eads …” from Sipes, “Tribal Historian Enters Internet Site Fray,” n.p. “If we can …” from Alexa Roberts, interview by author, December 3, 2004, telephone, notes in author’s possession. See also Cindy Buxton, “Bowens Giving Sand Creek Tours,” Watonga Republican, July 7, 2004, n.p.
45. “Survivance” from Amanda Cobb, “The National Museum of the American Indian: Sharing the Gift,” American Indian Quarterly 29 (Summer–Fall 2005): 362; Amanda Cobb, “Interview with W. Richard West, Director, National Museum of the American Indian,” American Indian Quarterly 29 (Summer–Fall 2005): 521, 536. “Unmistakable air …” from Jerry Reynolds, “National Museum of the American Indian Review: Ceremonies Were Nice but Critics Pan Content,” Indian Country Today, October 8, 2004. “An important opportunity …” from Elizabeth Olson, “A Museum of Indians That Is Also for Them,” New York Times, August 19, 2004, E-1. See also James Dao, “Drums and Bells Open Indian Museum,” New York Times, September 22, 2004, A-14; Steven Conn, “Heritage vs. History at the National Museum of the American Indian,” Public Historian 28 (Spring 2006): 69–74; Ann McMullen, “Reinventing George Heye: Nationalizing the Museum of the American Indian and Its Collections,” in Susan Sleeper-Smith, ed., Contesting Knowledge: Museums and Indigenous Perspectives (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009), 65–105.
46. Olson, “A Museum of Indians That Is Also for Them,” E-1; McMullen, “Reinventing George Heye”; Ira Jacknis, “A New Thing? The NMAI in Historical and Institutional Perspective,” American Indian Quarterly 29 (Summer–Fall 2005): 511–542; William Grimes, “The Indian Museum’s Last Stand,” New York Times Sunday Magazine, November 27, 1988, 46–52.
47. Francis X. Clines, “Smithsonian Making Room for Indian Museum,” New York Times, September 29, 1999, A-14; Irvin Molotsky, “Federal Panel Approves Indian Museum on Mall,” New York Times, June 18, 1999, E-35; Ashley Dunn, “A Heritage Reclaimed: From Old Artifacts, American Indians Shape a New Museum,” New York Times, October 9, 1994, A-45; Barbara Gamarekian, “Senate Passes Indian Museum Bill,” New York Times, November 15, 1989, B-4; Irvin Molotsky, “Smithsonian Votes Plan for an American Indian Museum,” New York Times, January 31, 1989, B-3; Irvin Molotsky, “Indian Museum Plan Favors Smithsonian over New York Site,” New York Times, January 25, 1989, A-1; Grimes, “The Indian Museum’s Last Stand”; Irvin Molotsky, “Compromise Is Reached to Keep Indian Museum in New York City,” New York Times, April 13, 1988, A-1; Irvin Molotsky, “New York Officials Reach Indian Museum Agreement,” New York Times, November 10, 1987, B-2; Robert D. McFadden, “Koch Offers Inducement to Keep Museum in City,” New York Times, October 10, 1987, A-34; Irvin Molotsky, “Inouye Seeks to Move Indian Museum to Capital,” New York Times, September 30, 1987, B-3; Thomas Morgan, “Fast Action Urged for Indian Museum,” New York Times, July 17, 1987, B-1; Irvin Molotsky, “Smithsonian Pushes Its Plan to Move the Indian Museum,” New York Times, July 16, 1987, B-3; Douglas Martin, “Fight Builds over New Site for Museum,” New York Times, May 21, 1987, B-1; Irvin Molotsky, “Plan to Move Indian Museum Is Under Attack,” New York Times, May 13, 1987, B-36; Douglas McGill, “Perot Backs Museum’s Plan,” New York Times, January 28, 1987, C-23; David Dunlap, “A Museum Turns to Congress for Help,” New York Times, January 5, 1987, B-1.
48. Quotes from Jim Adams, “Museum Opening on National Mall Signals End to Years of Horror,” Indian Country Today, September 18, 2004.
49. Ibid. See also Thomas W. Killion, Scott Brown, and J. Stuart Speaker, “Naevahoo’ohtseme: Cheyenne Repatriation,” Repatriation Office, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, May 10, 1992; Thomas W. Killion, “A View from the Trenches: Memories of Repatriation at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,” in Thomas W. Killion, ed., Opening Archaeology: Repatriation’s Impact on Contemporary Research and Practice (Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press, 2007), 134–138; The Long Journey Home, Human Studies Film Archive, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 93.10.1.
50. “For the common …” and “must manage …” from James Doyle, Colorado communications director for Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell, to Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Stakeholders, December 13, 2002, in FSCMNHS, now at NPS-WACC. All other quotes from Senate 2173, “Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Trust Act of 2004,” 108th Cong., 2nd Sess., March 8, 2004.
51. “Hysteria” a
nd “playing it low-key” from Otto Braided Hair, director, Northern Cheyenne Sand Creek Office, to Ari Kelman, e-mail, September 16, 2004, in author’s possession. “Serving the American people …” from Ben Nighthorse Campbell, U.S. senator, interview by author, September 10, 2003, telephone, tape recording, in author’s possession. See also John Aloysius Farrell and Mike Soraghan, “Senate Slot Up for Grabs: Recent Weeks Brought Health, Ethics Issues,” Denver Post, March 4, 2004, A-1; Anne C. Mulkern, “Health Issue, Stress Faded Campaign Enthusiasm,” Denver Post, March 4, 2004, A-21; Electa Draper, “It’s Time to Walk Away … Get a Life Again,” Denver Post, March 4, 2004, A-1.
52. “House leaders …” and “it sets us back …” from Mike Soraghan, “Massacre Site Plans Stymied,” Denver Post, December 14, 2004, A-1. “It sailed …” and “I just don’t know …” from Alexa Roberts interview, December 3, 2004. “We got overconfident …” from Otto Braided Hair, interview by author, December 13, 2004, telephone, tape recording, in author’s possession. See also “House Silent on Sand Creek,” Denver Post, December 15, 2004, B-6.
53. “The NPS believe …” from “Statement of Michael D. Snyder, Acting Deputy Director, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Before the House Subcommittee on National Parks of the Committee on Resources, Concerning H.R. 481, the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Trust Act of 2005, April 14, 2005,” in FSCMNHS, now at NPS-WACC. See also Joe Hanel, “Sand Creek Massacre Bill Moves Forward,” Longmont Times-Call, April 15, 2005, A-1; Mike Soraghan, “Sand Creek Bill to Be Reintroduced,” Denver Post, January 23, 2005, C-4; “Allard Seeks Historic Status for Sand Creek,” Rocky Mountain News, January 22, 2005, A-22; “Statement of Steve Brady, Sr., Co Chair of the Northern Cheyenne Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Project Committee and President of the Northern Band of Cheyenne Sand Creek Massacre Descendants, Before the House Subcommittee on National Park of the Committee on Resources, Concerning H.R. 481, the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Trust Act of 2005, April 14, 2005,” in FSCMNHS, now at NPS-WACC; Alexa Roberts, interview by author, April 29, 2005, telephone, tape recording, in author’s possession.
54. Quote from Alexa Roberts, interview by author, July 30, 2005, telephone, tape recording, in author’s possession.
55. Quotes from Alexa Roberts interview, July 30, 2005. See also Greg Michno interview, June 30, 2006.
56. “We can’t …” from Alexa Roberts interview, July 30, 2005. “Little Eichmanns” from Ward Churchill, “ ‘Some People Push Back’: On the Justice of Roosting Chickens,” (2005), http://www.kersplebedeb.com/mystuff/s11/churchill.html. See also Ward Churchill, On the Justice of Roosting Chickens (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2003), 1–38; Amy Herdy and Arthury Kane, “Churchill Claims Proof He’s Indian,” Denver Post, May 18, 2005, A-1; Amy Herdy, “Tribe Says Prof’s Membership Rescinded in ’94,” Denver Post, May 19, 2005, B-1; Amy Herdy, “Tribe Shifts Stand, Acknowledges Churchill’s Alleged Cherokee Ancestry,” Denver Post, May 20, 2005, B-1; Arthur Kane and Amy Herdy, “Churchill: Heritage Undisputed,” Denver Post, May 25, 2005, B-1; Jim Hughes and Amy Herdy, “Churchill Says He’s Ghostwriter,” Denver Post, May 26, 2005, B-1; Amy Herdy, “CU Students’ Vote Favors Churchill, but Award Withheld,” Denver Post, May 27, 2005, B-1; Kim McGuire, “Churchill Talks to Supportive Group in Salida,” Denver Post, June 6, 2005, B-1; Kevin Simpson and Alicia Caldwell, “The Battle over Tenure,” Part 1, Denver Post, June 12, 2005, A-1; Kevin Simpson and Alicia Caldwell, “The Battle over Tenure,” Part 2, Denver Post, June 13, 2005, A-1; Jim Kerksey and Amy Herdy, “Prof Defends Military Remarks,” Denver Post, June 30, 2005, A-1; “Escort Churchill to the Door,” Denver Post, July 1, 2005, B-1; Amy Herdy, “Opinions Split over CU Prof’s War Comments,” Denver Post, July 1, 2005, A-1; Jennifer Brown, “CU Panel Queries Churchill about Plagiarism Allegations,” Denver Post, August 11, 2005, B-8; Amy Herdy and Jennifer Brown, “Churchill Plans Spring Sabbatical,” Denver Post, August 17, 2005, A-1; Arthur Kane and Jennifer Brown, “Panel Gets Findings on Prof,” Denver Post, August 21, 2005, C-1; Jennifer Brown, “Tentative Victory for Prof,” Denver Post, August 23, 2005, A-1; Amy Herdy, “CU Panel Drops Three Allegations against Churchill,” Denver Post, September 7, 2005, B-1; Jennifer Brown and Amy Herdy, “Full-Blown Investigation for Churchill,” Denver Post, September 11, 2005, A-1; Arthur Kane, “Prof Decries CU Statement,” Denver Post, September 13, 2005, B-2; Aldo Svaldi, “CU, Accountants to Examine Tenure,” Denver Post, September 30, 2005, C-3.
57. Quotes from Alexa Roberts interview, July 30, 2005.
58. “Mr. Pedro reportedly …” from Curt Neeley, July 31, 2005, Sand Creek Massacre Discussion Forum. “I am very …,” “this latest …,” and “make sure …” from Butch Kelley to Alexa Roberts, superintendent, Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, e-mail, August 1, 2005, in FSCMNHS, now at NPS-WACC. “How is this …” from Chuck and Sheri Bowen, August 3, 2005, Sand Creek Massacre Discussion Forum. “7 white …” from Curt Neeley, August 4, 2005, Sand Creek Massacre Discussion Forum.
59. “The abundance …” from “Sand Creek Is Finally a Historic Site,” Rocky Mountain News, August 4, 2005, A-48. All other quotes from Diane Carman, “Even Today, Sand Creek’s Bloody Reality Is Hard to Face,” Denver Post, August 4, 2005, B-5. See also Mike Soraghan, “Sand Creek Massacre Legislation on to Bush,” Denver Post, July 27, 2005, A-8; M. E. Sprengelmeyer, “Sand Creek Nears Final Hurdle to Become Protected Historic Site,” Rocky Mountain News, August 2, 2005, A-23; “Sand Creek Massacre Area Now a National Historic Site,” Denver Post, August 3, 2005, B-2; “President Signs Bill Clearing Way for Sand Creek Site,” Rocky Mountain News, August 3, 2005, A-13.
60. Quotes from Alexa Roberts, interview by author, August 17, 2005, telephone, tape recording, in author’s possession.
61. Ibid.
62. Quotes from Alexa Roberts, interview by author, September 5, 2005, telephone, tape recording, in author’s possession.
63. Ibid.
64. Quote from Alexa Roberts, interview by author, December 15, 2005, telephone, tape recording, in author’s possession. See also Alexa Roberts, interview by author, October 21, 2005, telephone, tape recording, in author’s possession.
65. “A low point” from Alexa Roberts interview, December 15, 2005. All other quotes from “Notes, National Park Service, Consultation Meeting, Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, Cheyenne Wyoming, June 28, 2006,” in FSCMNHS, now at NPS-WACC. See also Alexa Roberts interview, October 21, 2005.
66. “Assured” and “would convey …” from Alexa Roberts, interview by author, June 16, 2006, telephone, tape recording, in author’s possession. “I fully support …” from Alexa Roberts, interview by author, August 25, 2006, telephone, tape recording, in author’s possession. See also “C & A Reps Meet to Plan Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site,” Cheyenne-Arapaho News, April 1, 2006; “Constitution of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes,” http://www.c-a-tribes.org/cheyenne-arapaho-tribes-constitution; Kyme McGaw, partner, Morriset, Schlosser, Jozwiak and McGaw, interview by author, June 28, 2006, Cheyenne, WY, tape recording, in author’s possession.
67. “Watching legislative …” and “a word of …” from author’s notes, meeting of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Nation of Oklahoma’s Legislature, Clinton, OK, September 9, 2006, in author’s possession. “A bill to …” and “the Sand Creek …” from “Legislative Proceedings of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribe of Oklahoma, Bill No: 01-08-02, September 9, 2006,” in FSCMNHS, now at NPS-WACC.
68. Quotes from author’s notes, meeting of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Nation of Oklahoma’s Legislature, Clinton, OK, September 9, 2006.
69. Quotes from author’s notes, National Park Service, consultation meeting, Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, Kiowa County, CO, September 12–14, 2006, in author’s possession.
70. Ibid.
71. “You would …” from Rich Tosches, “Theories on Recent Cattle Mutilations Sort of Alien,” Denver Post, May 24, 2006, B-1. “This will �
�” from author’s notes, consultation meeting, September 12–14, 2006.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. Quote from Clark Johnson, “Judge Drops Charges in Assault Case,” Billings Gazette, October 10, 2006, L-1.
75. Quote from author’s notes, National Park Service, consultation meeting, Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, Lame Deer, MT, July 9, 2003, in author’s possession. See also Jerome A. Greene, Washita: The U.S. Army and the Southern Cheyennes, 1867–1869 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008), 3–41, 77–182; George Bird Grinnell, The Fighting Cheyennes (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983), 181–317; Stan Hoig, The Battle of the Washita: The Sheridan-Custer Indian Campaign of 1867–69 (Lincoln, NE: Bison Books, 1979), 1–38, 112–195; Robert M. Utley, Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891 (Lincoln, NE: Bison Books, 1984), 142–162.
76. Quotes from author’s notes, consultation meeting, July 9, 2003. See also Donald J. Berthrong, The Cheyenne and Arapaho Ordeal: Reservation and Agency Life in the Indian Territory, 1875–1907 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992), 3–117; Jerome A. Greene, Morning Star Dawn: The Powder River Expedition and the Northern Cheyennes, 1876 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003), 17–67, 90–206; Stan Hoig, Tribal Wars of the Southern Plains (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), 244–268, 286–304; John H. Monnett, Tell Them We Are Going Home: The Odyssey of the Northern Cheyennes (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001), 9–43, 78–137, 160–172, 191–208; Utley, Frontier Regulars, 267–295; Thomas Powers, The Killing of Crazy Horse (New York: Vintage Books, 2011), 6–13, 27–30; Jeffrey Ostler, The Lakotas and the Black Hills: The Struggle for Sacred Ground (New York: Penguin, 2011), 31–47, 50–75.
