by Ari Kelman
Sand Creek, Jeff Campbell’s theory of location of, 273–278, 275
Sand Creek Descendants Association, 157–158
Sand Creek forum, on Kiowa County website, 221–228, 241–242, 250–251
Sand Creek massacre: Bent’s story of, 8–9, 33–43, 48, 119, 155, 266–267; in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 209–213; Chivington’s story of, 8–18, 40, 41, 42–43, 52, 67, 89, 191–195; enduring controversy over responsibility for, 205–206; Jackson’s story of, 215–218; nineteenth-century investigations of, 192–195; pain of commemorating, 5–6, 19–20, 43; Soule’s story of, 8–9, 22–29, 31, 37, 40, 42–43, 175. See also Sand Creek massacre site
Sand Creek Massacre, The (Eugene Ridgely Sr.), 113
Sand Creek Massacre Descendants Committee, 32
Sand Creek Massacre Descendants Trust, 70
Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, 2; formal establishment of, 261–262; National Park Service’s outreach about and responses to, 162–164; opening ceremony, 1, 2, 4–8, 18–19, 20–22, 29–33, 262; public support for, 163; repatriation of remains and, 263–267
Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Establishment Act (2000), 177–179, 180–181, 184–185, 246
Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Trust Act (2004), 246–248
Sand Creek massacre site, 19, 106, 152, 261; archeological research, 50, 80, 102–106, 112, 121–129, 128; congressional hearings into, 173–174, 176–179; Ellis and Halaas’s research, 46, 47, 48–50, 57, 60, 63, 64, 69, 71; historical misconceptions about, 60–62; historical research into, 87–107; markers and memorials, 51–55, 52, 54, 56, 62, 72–79, 75, 77, 105; massacre descendants’ beliefs about, 65, 80, 126; National Park Service preparation for search, 71–72, 80–86; oral history, descendant’s reliance on, 139–141; oral history research, 107–121, 134, 141–142, 160; September 11 and renewed concerns about memorial, 189–190; written records’ importance to descendants, 141–151. See also Dawson, William, property of
Sand Creek Massacre Spiritual Healing Run, 115, 259
“Sand Creek: Tragedy and Symbol” (Gary Roberts), 83
Sandlin, Carolyn, 114
Sankey, Alonzo, 248, 258
Schurz, Carl, 214–215
Scott, Doug, 83, 150; archeological research and, 50, 80, 112, 122–123, 125–128, 132–134, 136–137; background, 64; Black Kettle’s village location and, 153, 154; Bowens and, 186–187, 240; conclusions about site location, 138–139; Dawson property and, 64–65, 181–183; Jeff Campbell’s theory of Sand Creek location and, 274; National Park Service map of site and, 166, 168
September 11, 2001: concerns about Sand Creek memorial and, 189–191; Lee Pedro’s remarks about, 248, 249–250
Shafroth, John, 74
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 99–100, 103, 144, 150
Shore, Roy, 92–93
Sickles, Daniel, 176
Sipes, John, 243
Site Location Study (National Park Service), 151–152, 152, 164–170, 168, 169, 173, 182, 273
Slough, John P., 175
Smith, Duane, 78–79
Snyder, Mike, 108, 248
Sonntag, Steven, 259
Soule, Annie, 25–26
Soule, Hersa, 175
Soule, Silas, 12, 22, 191, 193, 205; letters of, 174–175, 177–178, 265, 269; murder of, 175–176; story of massacre, 8–9, 22–29, 31, 37, 40, 42–43, 175
Southwest Entertainment. See Druck, Jim
Spencer, Jim, 238
Spotted Tail, 37
Spude, Cathy, 62, 71–72, 76, 77–78, 80–82, 107
Squires, Charles, 175–176
Standing Bear, 214–215
Stanton, Edwin, 22, 67, 146, 172
Star, 147
State Historical Fund (SHF), of Colorado, 45–47, 153
Steele, Robert, 74
Stevens, Ted, 235, 239
Stevenson, Kate, 65
Steward, Paul, 52, 53
Sumner, Charles, 22
Sutteer, Barbara, 84–85, 120–121, 129, 133, 135
Tabor, Robert, 198, 200, 201, 203, 232
Tammeus, Steve, 202
Tappan, Samuel, 172–173, 175, 176, 193
Thomas, Craig, 176–177
Thomas, Tom, 268, 269–272, 275
Tibbles, Thomas, 214
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 34, 90
Turner, Ted, 58–59
United States, creation narratives of, 278–279
U.S. Geological Survey maps, used in National Park Service historical research, 98–99
Utley, Robert, 5, 92
Van Loan, C. E., 60–61
Vickers, W. B., 215
Walksalong, William, 32–33
War Bonnet, 24
Warner, John, 177
Washington Chronicle, 195
Wegman-French, Lysa, 83–84, 87–90, 98
“What’s in a Name?” (Limerick), 91, 92
Whitacre, Christine, 83–84, 88; Black Kettle’s village location controversy, 136–137, 139; Dawson property acquisition and, 184; Site Location Study and, 151–152, 154, 164–170, 173
White, Richard, 212
White Antelope: blanket of, 157; death song of, 39, 138, 203, 210, 265, 278; Soule’s story of massacre and, 24; treaties and, 118, 131, 132
White Leaf, 37
Williams, P. M., 60–61
Wilson, Luther, 227
Wisconsin, University of, 248
Wood, Dorothy, 71
Works Progress Administration, massacre site location and, 61–62
Wounded Knee massacre, 84, 209–213. See also Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
Wynkoop, Edward, 67, 174, 175, 265; Bent’s story of massacre and, 36; Chivington’s story of massacre and, 14, 192; Soule’s story of massacre and, 22, 23–24, 26–29
Yellowman, Gordon, 2
Zakhem, Charles, 229–231
Zimmerman, Karl, 265
