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29. A. P. Morrison (2001) ‘The interpretation of intrusions in psychosis: an integrative cognitive approach to hallucinations and delusions’, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29: 257–76. See also A. P. Morrison, A. Wells and S. Nothard (2000) ‘Cognitive factors in predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations’, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39: 67–78.
30. A. P. Morrison and A. Wells (in press) ‘A comparison of metacognitions in patients with hallucinations, delusions, panic disorder, and non-patient controls’, Behaviour Research and Therapy.
31. Al-Issa, ‘The illusion of reality or the reality of an illusion?’, op. cit.
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35. T. X. Barber and D. S. Calverley (1964) ‘An experimental study of “hypnotic” (auditory and visual) hallucinations’, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63: 13–20.
36. S. Mintz and M. Alpert (1972) ‘Imagery vividness, reality testing and schizophrenic hallucinations’, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 19: 310–16.
37. H. F. Young, R. P. Bentall, P. D. Slade and M. E. Dewey (1987) ‘The role of brief instructions and suggestibility in the elicitation of hallucinations in normal and psychiatric subjects’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175: 41–8. For a more complex experiment demonstrating that hallucinating patients are excessively suggestible in the auditory modality, see G. Haddock, P. D. Slade and R. P. Bentall (1995) ‘Auditory hallucinations and the verbal transformation effect: the role of suggestions’, Personality and Individual Differences, 19: 301–6.
38. A. Margo, D. R. Hemsley and P. D. Slade (1981) ‘The effects of varying auditory input on schizophrenic hallucinations’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 139: 122–7.
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56. D. A. Silbersweig, E. Stern, C. Frith, C. Cahill, A. Holmes, S. Grootoonk, J. Seaward, P. McKenna, S. E. Chua, L. Schnorr, T. Jones and R. S. J. Frackowiak (1995) ‘A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia’, Nature, 378: 176–9.
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59. G. L. Stephens and G. Graham (2000) When Self-Consciousness Breaks: Alien Voices and Inserted Thoughts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
60. M. K. Johnson, S. Hashtroudi and D. S. Lindsay (1993) ‘Source monitoring’, Psychological Bulletin, 114 (1): 3–28; M. K. Johnson and C. L. Raye (1981) ‘Reality monitoring’, Psychological Review, 88: 67–85.
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65. Bentall et al., ‘Reality monitoring’, op. cit.
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68. R. P. Bentall and P.D. Slade (1985) ‘Reality testing and auditory hallucinations: a signal-detection analysis’, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24: 159–69.
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72. I. Ensum and A. P. Morrison (in press) ‘The effects of focus of attention on attributional bias in patients experiencing auditory hallucinations’, Behaviour Research and Therapy.
73. L. C. Johns and P. K. McGuire (1999) ‘Verbal self-monitoring and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia’, Lancet, 353: 469–70; L. C. Johns, S. Rossell, C. Frith, F. Ahmad, D. Hemsley, E. Kuipers and P. K. McGuire (2001) ‘Verbal self-monitoring and auditory hallucinations in people with schizophrenia’, Psychological Medicine, 31: 705–15.
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76. G.L. Stephens and G. Graham (2000) When Self-Consciousness Breaks, op. cit.
77. A. P. Morrison and C. A. Baker (2000) ‘Intrusive thoughts and auditory hallucinations: a comparative study of intrusions in psychosis’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38: 1097–106.
78. A. P. Morrison (2001) ‘The interpretation of intrusions in psychosis: an integrative cognitive approach to hallucinations and delusions’, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29: 257–76.
79. D. M. Wegner (1994) White Bears and Other Unwanted Thoughts: Suppression, Obsession and the Psychology of Mental Control. New York: Guilford.
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Chapter 15 The Language of Madness
1. Source unknown.
2. E. Kraepelin (1905) Lectures in Clinical Psychiatry (revised 2nd edn). London: Baillière, Tindall and Cox.
3. ibid. The quotation is as given in R. D. Laing’s The Divided Self (London: Tavistock Press, 1960) with Laing’s italics.
4. E. Bleuler (1911/1950) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (trans. E. Zinkin). New York: International Universities Press.
5. E. von Domarus (1944) ‘The specific laws of logic in schizophrenia’, in J. S. Kasanin (ed.), Language and Thought in Schizophrenia. New York: Norton.
6. L. S. Vygotsky (1934) ‘Thought in schizophrenia’, Archives of Neurological Psychiatry, 31: 1063–77.
7. K. Goldstein (1944) ‘Methodological approach to the study of schizophrenic thought disorder’, in Kasanin (ed.), Language and Thought, op. cit.
8. N. Cameron (1944) ‘Experimental analysis of schizophrenic thinking’, in Kasanin (ed.), Language and Thought, op. cit.
9. N. Cameron (1947) The Psychology of Behavior Disorders. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. For a detailed account of Cameron’s work, see L. J. Chapman and J. P. Chapman (1973). Disordered Thought in Schizophrenia. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
10. Chapman and Chapman, Disordered Thought, op. cit.
11. S. Rochester and J. R. Martin (1979) Crazy Talk: A Study of the Discourse of Psychotic Speakers. New York: Plenum.
12. N. C. Andreasen (1982) ‘Should the term “thought disorder” be revised?’ Comprehensive Psychiatry, 23: 291–9.
13. N. C. Andreasen (1979) ‘The clinical assessment of thought, language and communication disorders’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 36: 1315–21.
14. N. C. Andreasen (1979) ‘Thought, language and communication disorders: diagnostic significance’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 36: 1325–30.
15. For replications of this finding, see: P. D. Harvey, E. A. Earle-Boyer and M. S. Wielgus (1984). ‘The consistency of thought disorder in mania and schizophrenia: an assessment of acute psychotics’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172:
458–63; and L. S. Grossman and M. Harrow (1991) ‘Thought disorder and cognitive processes in mania’, in P.A.Magaro (ed.), Annual Review of Psychopathology, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
16. R. D. Laing (1960) The Divided Self. London: Tavistock Press.
17. M. Harrow and M. Prosen (1978) ‘Intermingling and the disordered logic as influences on schizophrenic thought’, Archives of General Psychiatry,35:1213–18; M. Harrow and M. Prosen (1979) ‘Schizophrenic thought disorders: bizarre associations and intermingling’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 136: 293–6.
18. For a review, see Chapter 11 of Chapman and Chapman, Disordered Thought in Schizophrenia, op cit.
19. L. J. Chapman and J. P. Chapman (1974) ‘Schizophrenic response to affectivity in word definition’, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83: 616–22.
Madness Explained Page 72
