322 George Eliot saw memory and feeling—George Eliot, Scenes of Clerical Life, ed. David Lodge (Harmondsworth, 1985), p. 358; Adam Bede, ed. Stephen Gill (Harmondsworth, 1980), pp. 203, 531; The Mill on the Floss, ed. A. S. Byatt (Harmondsworth, 1985), p. 571.
323 “If . . . men were reared”—Descent, 1.151-2.
323 “The same high mental faculties”—Descent, 1.146.
324 Marian Marsden—Mary Hartman, “Child-abuse and self-abuse: Two Victorian cases,” History of Childhood Quarterly, Journal of Psychohistory, vol. 2, no. 2 (1974), pp. 221-48.
324 Mademoiselle Doudet was tried in Paris—Armand Fouquier, Les Causes célèbres de tous les peuples (Paris, 1858-74), 3.1-56.
325 “Ultimately our moral sense or conscience”—Descent, 1.203.
326 “With savages, the weak in body and mind”—Descent, 1.205-6.
327 Charles noted his suggestion—Marginalia, pp. 571-2.
328 “an echo from a far-distant past”—Henry Maudsley, Body and Mind: An Inquiry into their Connection and Mutual Influence (London, 1873), pp. 59-60.
328 “Most persons who have suffered from the malady of thought”—Henry Maudsley, Responsibility in Mental Disease (London, 1874), p. 268.
328 The Expression of the Emotions—Janet Browne, “Darwin and The Expression of the Emotions ” in The Darwinian Heritage, ed. David Kohn, pp. 307-26. Robert Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (Chicago, 1987), pp. 230-4, emphasises how Charles “did not invoke natural selection” to explain the features of emotional expression in which he was interested.
329 “With mankind some expressions”—Expression, p. 19.
329 “A strong desire to touch the beloved person”—Expression, p. 212.
329 “I used to like to hear him admire the beauty of a flower”—Life and Letters, 1.117.
330 “No emotion is stronger than maternal love”—Expression, p. 82.
330 Charles’s comments on infants and young children—Expression, pp. 209, 221, 329, 80, 210.
331 “The feelings which are called tender”—Expression, p. 214.
332 The prospectus declared—Letter from George Croom Robertson of 17 February 1875 with the prospectus, CUL DAR 176; Charles’s reply of 19 February 1875, Croom Robertson papers, University College London.
332 “We are not content with saying”—Frederick Pollock, “Evolution and ethics,” Mind: A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy, vol. 1, no. 3 (July 1876), pp. 335-7.
333 “I hope that you will read it”—Charles’s letter to George Croom Robertson of 27 April 1877 in Croom Robertson papers, University College London.
333 Thirty-five years after Annie’s first smile—“Biographical Sketch,” pp. 288, 290.
334 “At what age does the new-born infant”—Descent, 1.194.
Chapter Sixteen: Touching Humble Things
335 Charles wrote a memoir—Autobiography, pp. 21, 97-8.
335 “And so it is with many other facts”—Charles Darwin, The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom (London, 1876), p. 457.
336 “more of misery or of happiness”—Autobiography, pp. 88-90.
337 “Epicurus’s old questions”—David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, ed. Martin Bell (Harmondsworth, 1990), pp. 108-9, 121.
338 an “infinite spider”—Hume, Dialogues, p. 91.
338 “Can the mind of man”—Autobiography, p. 93.
339 “The building was crammed”—CUL Add MS 7831(2).
341 The tremor in his signature—CUL University Archives, Subscriptions, vol. 11, p. 222.
341 “Science has nothing to do with Christ”—Letter to N. A. von Mengden of 5 June 1879, CUL DAR 139.12.
341 “My judgement often fluctuates.”—Letter to John Fordyce of 9 May 1879, Life and Letters, 1.304.
342 “I dare say I should find my soul”—Life and Letters, 3.92.
342 his “curious and lamentable loss”—Autobiography, p. 139.
342 “His life had reduced itself”—George Eliot, Silas Marner, ed. David Carroll (Harmondsworth, 1996), p. 20.
343 “The place will be propitious”—Letter to E. R. Lankester of 9 July 1879, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
343 He still had his old Wordsworth—Etty’s notes for Life and Letters, CUL DAR 262.23. She wrote: “He reread most of The Excursion during this visit after an interval of I suppose thirty or more years. I think it was a disappointment. He found parts of it preachy and it did not give him much pleasure. Parts of it he had admired extremely and his old Wordsworth—a funny series edition in one volume—is marked with his notes as to what to skip and what he cared for.” I have found no other information about Charles’s copy of the one-volume edition.
343 “Surprised by joy”—William Wordsworth, The Poems, ed. John Hayden (Harmondsworth, 1990), 1.863. The poem was one of the “Miscellaneous Sonnets” in the third volume of the six-volume edition of 1840 (see p. 304 above). Charles marked it in his copy and wrote on the first page of contents: “All the sonnets except for five which I have marked appear to me wretchedly poor.” See Stephen Gill, Wordsworth and the Victorians (Oxford, 1998), pp. 269-70.
344 Souvenirs entomologiques—Jean-Henri Fabre, Souvenirs entomologiques: Etudes sur l’instinct et les moeurs des insectes (Paris, 1879), p. 323.
344 “Permit me to add”—Life and Letters, 3.220-21.
344 “wormograph”—CUL DAR 262 DH/MS* 10.
345 “taming earthworms”—CUL DAR 239 LD/23/2/9.
345 “I am rather despondent about myself”—MLCD, 2.433.
345 “He looked at me very hard”—Life and Letters, 1.316.
346 “the horrid doubt”—Letter to W. S. Graham, Life and Letters, 3.316.
346 he came up to her in the dining room—Letter from Snow Wedgwood to Francis, CUL DAR 139(12):17. In Snow’s account, Charles spoke of a link between human and animal “feelings” rather than mind. She went on to say that she found later that she had misunderstood his precise meaning, but believed it was linked with what he had written to Graham. Her comments suggest that Charles’s point was the one he explained in his letter to Graham.
347 “a voice like a euphonium”—Michael Holroyd, Bernard Shaw: The Search for Love (London, 1988), p. 154.
347 Charles asked Büchner and Aveling—Edward Aveling, The Religious Views of Charles Darwin (London, 1883), p. 5.
348 Anne Thackeray Ritchie—Winifred Gérin, Anne Thackeray Ritchie, A Biography (Oxford, 1981).
348 “We drove to the door”—Anne Thackeray Ritchie’s diary for 1882, published in Hester Ritchie, Letters of Anne Thackeray Ritchie (London, 1924), pp. 183-4.
350 “I can remember the tortoise”—Anne Thackeray Ritchie, Chapters from Some Memoirs (London, 1894), p. 73.
350 “I used to dream a great deal”—Ritchie, Chapters from Some Memoirs, p. 34.
351 “I am in love with Madame de Sévigné”—CCD, 4.146.
351 “If we deny the derivation of life”—Letter of 22 February from Daniel MacKintosh, 1882, CUL DAR 171.
351 “I hardly know what to say”—Letter of 28 February 1882 to Daniel MacKintosh, CUL DAR 146.
352 Etty wrote that “He was utterly ill”—Account of her father’s last weeks and death, CUL DAR 262 DH/MS* 23:1-13.
352 Laura Forster—CUL DAR 112 A38-44.
352 “You will perhaps remember”—Letter to Joseph Fayrer of 30 March 1882, CUL DAR 144.
353 “The facts which you relate”—Letter to Henry Groves of 3 April 1882, BL Add MS 46917:66.
354 “No one can have any words”—Family papers.
355 “I know that this was Life”—In Memoriam, XXV, CFL (1915), 2.49.
356 “Is it, then, regret for buried time”—In Memoriam, CXVI, CFL (1915), 2.307.
357 “As soon as the door was opened”—Gwen Raverat, Period Piece (London, 1952), pp. 142, 144.
358 Margaret was called into the garden—Note by M
argaret Keynes in Annie’s writing case.
359 She played the “galloping tune”—CFL (1904), 2.463.
359 Emma died early in the morning—CFL (1915), 2.313; Bromley Record, November 1896.
359 “strange vividness”—CFL (1904), 2.149-50.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to the late George Darwin for permission to quote from Charles Darwin’s letters and manuscripts, and to the Syndics of Cambridge University Library for permission to quote from the material owned by the Library. Passages from the documents in English Heritage’s Darwin Collection at Down House are reproduced with the kind permission of English Heritage. Material from the Wedgwood/Mosley Collection at Keele University Library is quoted by courtesy of the Trustees of the Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire. The passage from Queen Victoria’s Journal of 1842 is quoted with the permission of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. I am grateful to Mrs. Belinda Norman-Butler for showing me Anne Thackeray Ritchie’s diary, and for her permission to quote from it. Likewise to Gordon Hoppé, Church Secretary of Downe Baptist Church, for the Declaration of the congregation of Downe Chapel in 1851, and to Lyulph Lubbock for the diary of Harriet, Lady Lubbock.
I am grateful to the Syndics of Cambridge University Press for permission to quote from The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, and to Sophie Gurney for permission to quote from Gwen Raverat’s Period Piece.
My thanks to the staff of the London Library, the British Library, English Heritage, Cambridge University Library, the Darwin Correspondence Project and Keele University Library for all their kind help. Also to the archivists and library staff at Aberdeen City Archives, the Bethnal Green Museum of Childhood (London), the Bodleian Library (Oxford), the British Museum (London), Bromley Public Library, Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, Canterbury Cathedral Archives, Cheshire Record Office (Chester), Christ’s College Library (Cambridge), Dr. Williams’s Library (London), Eton College Library, the Evangelical Library (London), the Family Records Centre (London), the Geological Society of London, Guildhall Library (London), Han ley Library, Holborn Library (London), Islington Central Library (London), Kent Record Office (Maidstone), Lambeth Palace Library (London), the London Metropolitan Archives, Malvern Library, Malvern Registration District Office, the Metropolitan Police Museum (London), the National Meteorological Archive (Bracknell), the Natural History Museum (London), the Pierpont Morgan Library (New York), the Public Record Office (Kew), the Royal College of Surgeons (London), the Royal Horticultural Society (London), the Royal Photographic Society (Bath), the Royal Society (London), the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (London), St. Bride Printing Library (London), Staffordshire Record Office (Stafford), Stoke-on-Trent City Archives, University College London Library, University College London Medical School Library, University of Birmingham Library, University of Reading Library, the Wellcome Institute Library (London), Hereford and Worcester County Record Office (Worcester), the Wordsworth Trust (Grasmere), and the Zoological Society of London.
Darwin scholars and other experts have given me information and much-needed advice on many points. My first debt is to Jim Moore for his warm encouragement and guidance at every stage, and for his great generosity in providing details from his research and sharing his findings and ideas. Janet Browne, Ralph Colp, Adrian Desmond, Nick Gill, John Harcup and David Kohn were equally generous, each in their areas of special knowledge and authority. I owe special thanks also to Edna Healey for her wise advice in our many conversations about Emma Darwin. My thanks for help on particular points to Dave Annal, Gordon Baldwin, Jeremy Barlow, Paul Betz, Anne Bissell, Geoffrey Breed, Chris Brooks, John Brown, Helen Burton,Tessa Chester, Gordon Cook, Geoffrey Copus, Shirley and Emma Corke, Rosemary Dinnage, Ken neth Dix, John Ford, Adrian Friday, Martin Gardiner, Marilyn Gaull, Denis Gibbs, Stephen Gill, Gary Hatfield, Andrew Hill, Kathryn Hughes, Nick Humphrey, Michael Jaye, Peter Kay, Terry Kidner, Desmond King-Hele, Sally Kington, Eric Korn, Julien Litten, Noreen Marshall, Lyn Martin, Jonathan Miller, Solene and Noel Morris, Irene Palmer, Halina Pasierbska, Duncan Porter, Richard Preece, Chris Preston, Henry Quinn, Martin Rudwick, Robert Ryan, Jim Secord, Eoin Shalloo, Michael Twyman, Derek Wallis, Kathie Way and Cora Weaver.
My thanks to Mrs. Connie May of Downe and Mrs. Nell Davis of Malvern for their recollections, Mrs. Doreen Speare for showing me Montreal House and Hill House in Malvern, the Reverend Tim Hatwell, vicar of Downe, for information about the Darwin tomb in the parish churchyard, and the Reverend David Smith for showing me Emma Darwin’s interleaved Bible.
Friends and family have helped greatly. My special thanks to Robin Holloway, Paul Martin and Michael Phillips for their advice; to Angelo Hornak for his photographs; to Jeremy Barlow, Andrew Cornford, George and Angela Darwin, Sophie Gurney, Philip and Nellie Trevelyan, and Barbara, John and Martin Wedgwood; and to Laura, Milo, Richard, Roger, Simon and Stephen Keynes.
Warmest thanks to Virginia Bonham-Carter and Julie Grau, my editors in London and New York, for their guidance and help through the planning and shaping of the book.
Edna Healey, Robin Holloway, Eric Korn and Jim Moore kindly read the book in draft and provided many helpful comments.
Anne, Cecil, Skandar, Soumaya and Zelfa helped in all the ways they know. My deepest thanks to them.
PICTURE CREDITS
The British Library, London, pl. 1; The British Museum, London, p. 6; The Syndics of Cambridge University Library, pl. 9, 14, pp. 36, 131, 341; English Heritage Photographic Library, London, pl. 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, 20, pp. iv, 106;The Provost of Fellows of Eton College,Windsor Berkshire, England, pl. 10; Guildhall Library, Corporation of London, p. 340; Dr. John Harcup, pl. 13; Professor Richard Keynes, pp. xviii, 183, pl. 20, 21, 22 (Angelo Hornak). pl. 17, 18, 19 (English Heritage Photographic Library, London). pl. 6, p. 14 (The Syndics of Cambridge University Library); The Linnean Society of London, p. 93; Philip and Nellie Trevelyan, pl. 12 (English Heritage Photographic Library, London); Mrs. Barbara Wedgwood, pl. 4; The Trustees of the Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston, Staffordshire, England, p. 116; Worcestershire County Council Cultural Services, Malvern, Worcestershire, England, pl. 11.
Published Sources
Darwin, Charles, The Descent of Man (London 1888),Vol. I, p. 14.
Darwin, Charles, On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants (London 1865), p. 79.
Darwin, Charles, Monograph on the Sub-Class Cirripedia (London 1851-54), Vol. I, pp. 384-5, pl. 5, fig. 9;Vol. II, pp. 659-60, pl. 23, fig. 5.
Darwin, Francis, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, John Murray, London 1887,Vol. I, facing p. 320.
Fitzroy, Robert, Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle,Vol. II, Henry Colburn, London 1839, Frontispiece; p. 324.
Fouquier, A, “Mademoiselle Doudet,” Causes célèbres de tous les peuples, Paris 1858-74, Cahier 13, 59e Livre, p. 9.
Illustrated London News, 20 August 1842, p. 232.
Leech, Joseph, Three Weeks in Wet Sheets (London 1851), p. 72.
Owen, Richard, “Contributions to the Natural History of the Anthropoid Apes. No. III. On the External Characters of the Gorilla,” Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. 5, part 4, pl. 45.
Punch’s Almanack for 1882, Punch, 6 December 1881.
Ritchie, Hester Thackeray, Thackeray and his Daughter, the Letters and Journals of Anne Thackeray Ritchie (London 1924), p. 62.
INDEX
Abercrombie, John, Inquiries Concerning the Intellectual Powers
Abstracts of Causes of Death in England and Wales (Farr)
Adam Bede (Eliot)
Addiction to opium
Adelaide, Queen of England
Adelaide Gallery
Afterlife
Aggression, conflict between restraint and
Agnosticism
Albert, Prince
death of
Alcippe
Allen, Fanny (Emma’s aunt)
death of Annie and
/>
Elizabeth’s letter to, on birth of Horace
on George
stay with Emma during pregnancy
American Unitarians
Anatomy, comparative
Andean Cordillera
Angels, Etty’s interest in
Anger
Anglican faith
Animal Kingdom (Cuvier)
Animals
Creation (Movie Tie-In) Page 42
