18. t-7, 284.
19. t-7, 286. The behavior of the informers should not, in most cases, be harshly judged. Those who refused invitations to inform were likely to incur the ill will of the KGB towards themselves and their families.
20. frag. 5, 3.
21. Kalugin, Spymaster, pp. 287-98.
22. See above, chapter 20.
23. Kissinger subsequently acknowledged that Senator Pat Moynihan had been an exception. “Your crystal ball,” he told him, “was better than mine.” Moynihan, Secrecy, p. 6.
24. For example, the Russian sections of Eric Hobsbawm’s brilliant history of the twentieth century, Age of Extremes, include no mention of any of the heads of the Cheka and its successors, save for a passing reference to Andropov’s career before becoming General Secretary as “chief of the security apparatus” (p. 476).
25. There is, however, a one-line reference to Andropov’s subsequent emergence as Soviet leader in Vance’s reflections on the period after his resignation (Vance, Hard Choices, p. 421).
26. Gorbachev, however, acknowledged that, eighteen months or two years earlier, the coup might have succeeded.
27. Remnick, Resurrection. The American edition of this generally admirable study appeared in 1997.
28. k-13, 268.
29. Kennedy-Pipe, Russia and the World, 1917-1991, is the most recent of the many studies of Soviet foreign policy which make no mention of these aspects of it.
30. Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, pp. 149-52.
31. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 346.
32. VENONA, BBC Radio 4 documentary written and presented by Christopher Andrew (producers: Mark Burman and Helen Weinstein), first broadcast March 18, 1998. Andrew, “The VENONA Secret.” The Centre received progress reports on VENONA from Weisband until 1950 and from Philby from 1949 to 1951.
33. See above, chapter 9.
34. DARIO had already served in the Italian foreign ministry before the Second World War, and was reemployed there afterwards.
35. See above, chapter 21.
36. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, pp. 29-40.
37. Fursenko and Naftali, “Soviet Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis,” pp. 65-6.
38. See above, chapters 6, 7, and 15.
39. See above, chapter 26.
40. Izvestia (September 24, 1991).
41. The foreign intelligence reports submitted to Stalin and Khrushchev and the more elaborate assessments supplied to their successors will one day be a major source for the study of Soviet foreign policy. Thus far, however, very few are available for research.
42. k-9, 122; vol. 2, app. 3.
43. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, pp. 145-7.
44. See above, chapters 11, 13, and 21.
45. Pentagon estimate cited by Tuck, High-Tech Espionage, pp. 108-9.
46. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, p. 33.
47. Gorbachev’s speech was reported in Pravda on March 26, 1986.
48. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 134-5, 139.
49. See above, chapter 25.
50. Report of the House Committee, chaired by Representative Christopher Cox, of which a declassified version was published as this volume was going to press in May 1999.
51. k-3b, 137. Though this residency circular was sent out in 1977, it merely reiterated priorities formulated in previous instructions from the Centre.
52. k-25, 186.
53. See above, chapter 20.
54. See above, chapter 18.
55. See above, chapter 22.
56. vol. 6, ch. 1, part 1; k-25, 56; k-21, 74, 96, 99.
57. vol. 6, ch. 10. Mitrokhin’s notes do not give the names of the operational officers assigned to the Karpov-Korchnoi match. Korchnoi’s official “second,” the British grandmaster Raymond Keene, believed that the head of the Soviet delegation at the championship, V. D. Baturinsky, was a KGB colonel (Keene, Karpov-Korchnoi 1978, p. 32). Korchnoi gives an account of his defection and career up to the 1978 world championship in his autobiography, Chess is My Life.
58. Keene, Karpov-Korchnoi 1978, pp. 56, 147-9, 153-4. During the rematch between Korchnoi and Karpov at Merano, Italy, in 1981, the KGB established a dedicated cipher communication circuit to report on the progress of matches and arranged a shuttle service between the Rome residency and the KGB operational group covering the World Chess Championship. No fewer than fourteen active measures were implemented in an attempt once again to ensure Korchnoi’s defeat (k-5, 921). The undercover KGB advance party at Merano claimed to be monitoring the drinking water, the climate, noise levels, even levels of radioactivity (Kasparov, Child of Change, p. 76). Korchnoi, then past his best and, at fifty, a relatively elderly challenger for the world title, lost by eleven points to seven.
59. Karpov’s eventual conqueror in the 1985 world championship, Gary Kasparov, has made much of the obstacles placed in his path by the Soviet establishment. He himself, however, owed much to the support of the head of the Azerbaijan KGB, Geidar Alyev. Lawson, The Inner Game, p. 17; Kasparov, Child of Change, p. 79.
60. See above, chapter 28.
61. See above, chapter 29.
62. The text of the appeal of the “State Committee for the State of Emergency,” dated August 18, 1991, was published in The Times (August 19, 1991).
63. Gorbachev, The August Coup, p. 31.
64. Knight, Spies Without Cloaks, pp. 130-1. Trubnikov is a former senior FCD officer who made his reputation during operations in India, which will be covered in volume 2.
65. Unattributable information from Russian sources.
66. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, p. 17.
67. Unattributable information from Russian sources.
68. Remnick, Resurrection, p. 370.
69. Unattributable information from Russian sources.
70. Knight, Spies Without Cloaks, pp. 89-91, 106-8. Remnick, Resurrection, pp. 276-7. Anna Blundy, “Return to Grace of the Baby-faced Hawk,” The Times (May 13, 1999). Stepashin is the only one of the original supporters of the war to admit his mistake.
71. Davies, Europe, pp. 328-32, 464-5.
72. The classic, though possibly overstated, analysis of the faultlines between cultures is Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.
73. Pulled westward by a Western-educated élite often out of tune with its own population, Greece remains something of an anomaly as an Orthodox member of NATO and the EU. Stefan Wagstyl, Kerin Hope and John Thornhill, “Christendom’s Ancient Split,” Financial Times (May 4, 1999).
74. Haslam, “Russia’s Seat at the Table,” p. 129.
75. Vujacic, “Gennadiy Zyuganov and the ‘Third Road.’”
76. Unusual but not unique. As a result of the divisive legacy of the Spanish Civil War, Spain also has no words to its national anthem. The Soviet Union found itself in a similar situation in 1956 after Krushchev suppressed the existing words to the Soviet national anthem as too Stalinist. New words were not devised until 1977.
77. Samolis (ed.), Veterany Vneshnei Razvedki Rossii, pp. 3-4.
78. Primakov et al., Ocherki Istorii Rossiyskoi Vneshnei Razvedki, vol. 3, conclusion.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Mitrokhin’s Archive
Mitrokhin’s notes and transcripts are arranged in four sections:
(i) k-series: handwritten notes on individual KGB files, stored in large envelopes;
(ii) t-series: handwritten notebooks containing notes on individual KGB files;
(iii) vol.-series: typed volumes containing material drawn from numerous KGB files, mostly arranged by country, sometimes with commentary by Mitrokhin;
(iv) frag-series: miscellaneous handwritten notes.
2. Published Collections of Soviet Documents Containing KGB Material
Andrew, Christopher, and Gordievsky, Oleg (eds.), Instructions from the Centre: Top Secret Files on KGB Foreign Operations, 1975-1985 (London: H
odder Stoughton, 1990); slightly revised US edition published as Comrade Kryuchkov’s Instructions: Top Secret Files on KGB Foreign Operations, 1975-1985 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993)
Andrew, Christopher, and Gordievsky, Oleg (eds.), More Instructions from the Centre: Top Secret Files on KGB Global Operations, 1975-1985 (London: Frank Cass, 1991)
Cold War International History Project Bulletin: regularly publishes declassified Soviet official documents, including some KGB reports to the Politburo (see articles cited in section 3 of the bibliography)
Fond 89: documents assembled in late 1991 for the prosecution of the CPSU (including some KGB reports), available on Chadwyck-Healey microfilm
Hanson, Philip, Soviet Industrial Espionage: Some New Information (London: RIIA, 1987)
Koenker, Diane P., and Bachman, Ronald D. (eds.), Revelations from the Russian Archives (Washington, DC.: Library of Congress, 1997)
Russian Foreign Intelligence (VChk-KGB-SVR): 1996 CD-Rom produced by the SVR, containing brief extracts from declassified KGB documents
Scammell, Michael (ed.), The Solzhenitsyn Files (Chicago: Edition q, 1995): includes some KGB reports
Stepashin, Sergei, et al (eds.), Organy Gosudarstvennoi Bezopastnosti SSSR v Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voine: Sbornik Dokumentov: vol. 1 (November 1938-December 1940); vol. 2 (January-June 1941) (Moscow: Kniga i Biznes, 1995)
Tsvigun, S. K. et al (eds.), V. I. Lenin i VChk: Sbornik Documentov (1917-1922gg) (Moscow: Izdatelstvo Politicheskoi Literaturi, 1975)
VENONA: decrypted Soviet telegrams (many concerning intelligence operations), mostly for the period 1940-8, accessible on the NSA website: http://www.nsa.gov:8080/
3. Other Publications Cited in the Notes
Acheson, Dean, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W. W. Norton Co., 1969)
Adereth, M., The French Communist Party: A Critical History (1920-84), From Comintern to “The Colors of France” (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984)
Agabekov, Georgi, OGPU (New York: Brentano’s, 1931)
Agee, Philip, Inside the Company: CIA Diary (London: Allen Lane, 1975; US paperback edition, New York: Bantam Books, 1976)
Agee, Philip, On The Run (London: Bloomsbury, 1987)
Agee, Philip, “What Uncle Sam Wants to Know about You: The KIQs,” first published as a pamphlet in 1977; reprinted in Agee, Philip, and Wolf, Louis, Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe (London: Zed Press, 1978)
Agee, Philip, and Wolf, Louis, Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe (London: Zed Press, 1978)
Agranovsky, Valeri, “Profession: Foreigner,” Znamya (September 1988)
Albats, Yevgenia, The State within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia-Past, Present, and Future (New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1994)
Albright, Joseph, and Kunstel, Marcia, Bombshell: The Secret Story of America’s Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy (New York: Times Books, 1997)
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Anders, Karl, Murder to Order (London: Ampersand, 1965)
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Andrew, Christopher, Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community, 3rd paperback edition (London: Scepter, 1991)
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Andrew, Christopher, “Intelligence and International Relations in the Early Cold War,” Review of International Studies, vol. 24 (1998)
Andrew, Christopher, “The VENONA Secret,” in Robertson, K. G. (ed.), War, Resistance and Intelligence: Essays in Honor of M. R. D. Foot (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 1999)
Andrew, Christopher, and Dilks, David, The Missing Dimension: Governments and Intelligence Communities in the Twentieth Century (London: Macmillan, 1984)
Andrew, Christopher, and Gordievsky, Oleg, Le KGB dans le monde, 1917-1990 (Paris: Fayard, 1990)
Andrew, Christopher, and Gordievsky, Oleg, KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, paperback edition (London: Sceptre, 1991)
Andrew, Christopher, and Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri (eds.), Eternal Vigilance? Fifty Years of the CIA (London: Frank Cass, 1997)
Antic, Oxana, “The Spread of Modern Cults in the USSR,” in Ramet, Sabrina Petra (ed.), Religious Policy in the Soviet Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993)
Arbatov, Georgi, The System (New York: Times Books, 1992)
Aron, Raymond, Mémoires: 50 ans de réflexions politiques (Paris: Julliard, 1983)
Ash, Timothy Garton, In Europe’s Name: Germany and the Divided Continent, paperback edition (London: Vintage, 1994)
Aucouturier, Alfreda, “Andrey Sinyavsky on the Eve of His Arrest,” in Labedz, Leopold and Hayward, Max (eds.), On Trial: The Case of Sinyavsky (Tertz) and Daniel (Arzhak) (London: Collins and Harvill Press, 1967)
August, Frantisek, and Rees, David, Red Star over Prague (London: Sherwood Press, 1984)
Babris, Peter J., Silent Churches: Persecution of Religion in the Soviet-dominated Areas (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Research Publishers, 1978)
Balatsky, V., Museum in the Catacombs: Guide (Odessa: Mayak, 1986)
Ball, Desmond, Soviet Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defense, no. 47 (Canberra: Australian National University, 1989)
Ball, Desmond, and Richelson, Jeffrey, The Ties That Bind (London: Allen Unwin, 1995)
Ball, Desmond, and Windren, Robert, “Soviet Signals Intelligence (Sigint): Organization and Management,” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 4 (1989), no. 4
Bamford, James, The Puzzle Palace (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982)
Barker, Elizabeth, Austria 1918-1972 (London: Macmillan, 1973)
Barron, John, KGB: The Secret Work of Soviet Secret Agents, paperback edition (New York: Bantam Books, 1974)
Barron, John, KGB Today: The Hidden Hand, paperback edition (London: Coronet Books, 1985)
Barron, John, Breaking the Ring (New York: Avon Books, 1988)
Barron, John, Operation Solo: The FBI’s Man in the Kremlin (Washington, DC: Regnery, 1996)
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Bell, D. S. and Criddle, Byron, The French Communist Party in the Fifth Republic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994)
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Benson, Robert Louis, VENONA Historical Monograph #3: The 1944-45 New-York and Washington-Moscow KGB Messages (Fort George G. Meade, Md.: National Security Agency, 1995)
Benson, Robert Louis, VENONA Historical Monograph #4: The KGB in San Francisco and Mexico City. The GRU in New York and Washington (Fort George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, 1996)
Benson, Robert Louis, VENONA Historical Monograph #5: The KGB and GRU in Europe, South America and Australia (Fort George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, 1996)
Benson, Robert Louis, and Warner, Michael (eds.), VENONA: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1957 (Washington, DC: National Security Agency/Central Intelligence Agency, 1996)
Bentley, Elizabeth, Out of Bondage, with afterword by Hayden Peake (New York: Ballantine Books, 1988)
Bereanu, Vladimir, and Todorov, Kalin, The Umbrella Murder (Bury St. Edmunds: TEL, 1994)
Bernikow, Louise, Abel, revised edition (New York: Ballantine, 1982)
Bernstein, Carl, and Politi, Marco, His Holiness: John Paul II and the Hidden History of Our Time (London: Doubleday, 1996)
Bessedovsky, Grigori, Revelations of a Soviet Diplomat (London: Williams Norgate, 1931); abridged English translation of Na Putiakh k Termidoru (Paris, 1930)
Bethell, Nicholas, The Last Secret (London: André Deutsch, 1974)
Bethell, Nicholas, Spies and Other Secrets (London: Viking, 1994)
Bird, Leonard, Costa Rica: The Unarmed Democracy (London: Sheppard Press, 1984)
Bishop, Patrick, and Mallie, Eamonn, The Provisional IRA (London: Heinemann, 1987)
Blake, George, No Other Choice: An Autobiography (London: Jonathan Cape, 1990)
Bloch, Sidney, and Reddaway, Peter, Russia’s Political Hospitals: The Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union (London: Victor Gonancz, 1977)
Blum, Howard, I Pledge Allegiance (New York: Simon Schuster, 1987)
Blunt, Anthony, “From Bloomsbury to Marxism,” Studio International (November 1973)
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