by Morton Hunt
22. Ibid.:6.
23. Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959.
24. Aron and Aron, 1989:127.
25. Cohen, 1977:138.
26. Aron and Aron, 1989:117.
27. The examples are from Aronson, 1988a:153; Aronson, in Festinger, 1980:21; and Aronson, 1988a:122–124, 159. The Santa Cruz episode: Pratkanis and Aronson, 1992:35–36.
28. Lewicki, 1982.
28. Baumrind, 1977; M. Hunt, 1982a; Edward Jones, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985:97.
30. Details are from Zimbardo, Haney, et al., 1974.
31. Schloendorff v. The Society of the New York Hospital, 1914. (The decision was written by Justice Benjamin Cardozo.)
32. Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, et al., 1950.
33. The details that follow are from Milgram, 1963, 1965, and 1974.
34. Milgram, 1963.
35. Brown, 1985:6.
36. The following account of their teaming up is from M. Hunt, 1985:132–134.
37. Personal communication, in M. Hunt, 1985:133.
38. Darley and Latané, 1968.
39. Latané, in Grunberg, Nisbett, et al., 1987:79.
40. Latané and Nida, 1981.
41. Aronson, 1988a:383.
42. “Code of Federal Regulations,” Federal Register 46:16 (January 26, 1981):8389–8390.
43. Ortmann and Hertwig, 1998.
44. “The Laboratory Experiment,” in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:443.
45. Quoted in Aron and Aron, 1989:93.
46. Aronson and Linder, 1965.
47. Biographical details: personal communication.
48. The work is summarized in Morton Deutsch, 1973.
49. M. Deutsch, 1973:183–185, 196.
50. Ibid.:214.
51. M. Deutsch, 1985:125.
52. Ibid.:128.
53. Heidi Burgess, personal communication.
54. Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:693.
55. Thibaut and Riecken, 1955.
56. Doosje and Branscombe, 2003.
57. Heider interview in R. Evans, 1980:20–21.
58. Harvey and Weary, 1984:429.
59. Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:90.
60. The examples are from, or cited in, Ross, Amabile, and Steinmetz, 1977; Kelley and Michela, 1980; Valins, 1966; Harvey and Weary, 1984:439–440; and Lepper, Greene, and Nisbett, 1973.
61. Kelley and Michela, 1980; Harvey and Weary, 1984:450–452.
62. Aron and Aron, 1989:57–58; Aronson, 1988a:328–330; Baumeister et al., 1994; Buss, 2000.
63. Aronson, 1988a:99, 103–111, 88–90; Petty et al., 2003.
64. Ellen Berscheid, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. II, chap. 21; Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:695–696.
65. Petty, Ostrom, and Brock, 1981:178; Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:76, 236; and Festinger, 1957.
66. Stephan and Stephan, 1985:354–356; Tajfel, as reported in Brown, 1985:545–547; Sherif, Harvey, et al., 1961; Carter and Rice, 1997.
67. Stephan and Stephan, 1985:331–333; Aron and Aron, 1989:55; Stephan and Stephan, 1985:324–326; Zajonc, 2001.
68. M. Hunt, 1990:207–208, 180–181; 217–218.
69. Ito and Urland, 2003.
70. Hilgard, 1987:610.
71. Gergen, 1973.
72. Edward Jones, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:99.
73. Schlencker, 1974.
74. Edward Jones, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:100.
75. Judith Rodin, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol: II, passim.
76. Aronson, 1988a:xi.
77. Baron, Byrne, and Branscombe, 2006:5–6.
CHAPTER 14
1. Haber, 1978.
2. Boring, 1950:677.
3. Ibid.:675.
4. Pasternak et al., 2003; Rao et al., 1997; Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:106; Ramachandran, 2004:25.
5. Standing, 1973.
6. Farah, 1988; Kosslyn et al., 1993; Gazzaniga et al., 2002:238–239; Ramachandran, 2004:25.
7. Gibson, 1985:227.
8. Kosslyn and Pomerantz, 1977.
9. Gregory, 1970:194–200, citing R. L. Gregory and J. G. Wallace, 1963.
10. Livingstone, 1988.
11. Glickstein, 1988.
12. Hubel and Wiesel, 1979.
13. Boring 1950:675–676; Ralph N. Haber, in Koch and Leary, 1985:261–262; Schneider and Tarshis, 1980:153–155.
14. Attneave, 1962.
15. Forgus and Melamed, 1976:32–38.
16. Ibid.:38–45; Hilgard, 1987:113–114; Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:101–102. (The negative appraisal is mine. —M.H.)
17. Stratton, 1897.
18. Kohler, 1962.
19. Stuart Anstis, in Gazzaniga and Blakemore, 1975:316.
20. The experiments are cited in Forgus and Melamed, 1976:340, and Bruner and Krech, 1968 [1949]:3, 20.
21. Else Frenkel-Brunswik, in Bruner and Krech, 1968 [1949]:128–129.
22. Forgus and Melamed, 1976:342; David C. McClelland and Alvin M. Lieberman, in Bruner and Krech, 1968 [1949]:236–251.
23. Bruner and Postman, 1949.
24. Coren, 1972.
25. Idea borrowed from Coren, Porac, and Ward, 1984:436.
26. Goldstein, 1989:213–214, citing Neisser, 1967, and Treisman, 1986.
27. Attneave, 1954.
28. Gibson, Shurcliff, and Yonas, 1970.
29. Coren and Girgus, 1978:182–184.
30. Rock and Helmer, 1957; Rock and McDermott, 1964; and personal communication.
31. Landau, 1994.
32. Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2006:188.
33. Goldstein, 1989:38.
34. Kanigel, 1984.
35. Hubel and Wiesel, 1959, 1962, 1968.
36. Hubel, 1988:69–70. Omissions not indicated.
37. Connor, 2005.
38. Blakemore and Cooper, 1970.
39. Annis and Frost, 1973.
40. Bloom, Lazerson, and Hofstadter, 1985:68–69.
41. Goldstein, 1989:281.
42. Zihl, von Cramon, and Mai, 1983.
43. Schiff, 1965.
44. Lee and Aronson, 1974.
45. Neisser, 1967, cited in Neisser, 1976:46–47.
46. Haber, 1978.
47. Ralph Haber, in Koch and Leary, 1985:276.
48. Marler and Hamilton, 1966:237.
49. Hubel and Wiesel, 1979.
50. Sekuler and Ganz, 1963.
51. Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:197.
52. Coren, Porac, and Ward, 1984:323–330; Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:197.
53. Ibid.:329.
54. Ibid.:198.
55. Ralph Haber, in Koch and Leary, 1985:265–266.
56. De Valois and De Valois; 1988:vii.
57. Mill, 1889 [1843]:420; Helmholtz, quoted in Cutting, 1986:232; Rock, 1984:1, 17.
58. Coren, Porac, and Ward, 1984:283–294.
59. Ittelson, 1951.
60. Coren, Porac, and Ward, 1984:293–300; Forgus and Melamed, 1976:288.
61. Eleanor Gibson, 1989:258–259.
62. Gibson and Walk, 1960; Walk and Gibson, 1961.
63. Bennet Bertenthal and Joseph Campos, in Rovee-Collier and Lipsitt, 1990:39–45.
64. Bernstein, 1984, and Julesz, personal communication.
65. Julesz, 1986:1602.
66. Julesz, 1991a:25.
67. Julesz, 1986:1602.
68. Admirers: Reed, 1987:90; Lombardo, 1987:xiii. Detractors: quoted in Reed, 1988:6.
69. Biographical details: J. Gibson, 1967, and Reed, 1988.
70. Reed, 1987:91.
71. Reed, 1988:160–162.
72. Gibson, 1950; Gibson, 1966; Gibson, 1968.
73. Julesz, 1991b:332.
74. Gazanniga et al., 2002:150–167.
75. Bloom, Lazerson, and Hofstadter, 1985:76.
76. Marr, 1982:27.
77. Shepard and Metzler, 1971; Cooper and Shepard, 1984.
78. Marr, 1982; Banks. and Krajicek, 1991.
79. Banks and Krajicek, 1991.
&nbs
p; 80. Unpublished autobiographical sketch.
81. Personal communication.
82. Rock, 1983:1.
83. Ibid.:1–2.
84. Ibid.:251.
85. Ibid., chap.3.
86. Ibid.:108–110, 176–191.
87. Ibid.:339–341. Omissions not indicated.
88. Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:200.
CHAPTER 15
1. The Passions of the Soul.
2. Ethic, part III, prop. XIII, Scholium.
3. Darwin, 1872, cited in Plutchik, 1991b:37–38.
4. Hilgard, 1987:343.
5. Buck, 1988:vii; Evans, 2004:xi, in Evans and Cruse, 2004.
6. Shaver, Wu, and Schwartz, 1992.
7. Fehr and Russell, 1984; Evans, in Evans and Cruse, 2004:188.
8. Plutchik, 1984.
9. Joseph de Rivera, in Koch and Leary, 1985:364.
10. Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:393.
11. Buck, 1988:23–25; Frijda, 1986:475.
12. Warden, 1931.
13. Hull, 1943.
14. Angier, 1991.
15. Dalbir Bindra, in Koch and Leary, 1985:355.
16. The toy trains: Butler, 1953. The latches: Harlow, Harlow, and Meyer, 1950.
17. Heron, 1957.
18. Apter, 1989; Apter, 2001.
19. Blatz, 1925.
20. Landis, 1926.
21. Cannon, 1927.
22. Ibid.
23. Pitts, 1969.
24. Hohmann, 1966.
25. Ekman and Friesen, 1975; Ekman and Oster, 1979; Izard, Huebner, et al., 1980; Trotter, 1983.
26. Ekman and Oster, 1979; Ekman, Levenson, and Friesen, 1983; Laird, 1984; Leventhal and Tomarken, 1986.
27. Fensterheim and Baer, 1975.
28. Gazanniga et al., 2002:545.
29. Cannon, 1932.
30. Cannon, 1927; Bard, 1934.
31. Delgado, 1969.
32. Delgado, 1966; Schneider and Tarshis, 1980:378, 383.
33. Buck, 1988:97–99.
34. Evans, 1989:90.
35. Berlyne, 1978:155.
36. Evans, 1989:90.
37. Buck, 1988:101–102.
38. Evans, 1989:91.
39. Damasio, 1994:45.
40. Buck, 1988:356; Baron, Byrne, and Kantowitz, 1980:320.
41. Sheffield, 1966.
42. White, 1959.
43. Pittman and Heller, 1987.
44. Buck, 1988:76–77.
45. Ford, Wright, and Haythornthwaite, 1985.
46. Piaget, 1952b:269.
47. Robert White, 1959.
48. Buck, 1988:9–10.
49. Berlyne, 1954.
50. Ibid.
51. Thompson, 1988:127–130.
52. Becker, 1953.
53. Brady, Porter, et al., 1958.
54. Jay Weiss, 1971a, 1971b.
55. Hess and Polt, 1960; Hess, 1965.
56. Schachter and Singer, 1962.
57. Schachter and Gross, 1968.
58. Dutton and Aron, 1974.
59. Rozin and Schiller, 1980.
60. Ford and Beach, 1951; M. Hunt, 1959; M. Hunt, 1974.
61. Kinsey, Pomeroy, et al., 1949, 1953; M. Hunt, 1974.
62. Geer and Fuhr, 1976:
63. Summarized in Buck, 1988:382–385.
64. Mischel, 1958, 1976.
65. Hilgard, 1987:373–374, citing French, Mowrer, Lazarus, and others.
66. Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2006.
67. Henry Gleitman, in Koch and Leary, 1985:429–434.
68. Hilgard, 1987:376–377; Damasio, 2003:275–276.
69. Geen, 1991.
70. Maslow, 1970, chap. 4 and passim.
71. Crown and Marlowe, 1964.
72. Zajonc, 1980.
73. Lazarus, Opton, et al., 1965.
74. The two quotations: Lazarus, 1984; Lazarus, 1991.
75. Lewis, Sullivan, et al., 1989.
76. Buck, 1988:11, 398–399.
77. Plutchik, 1985, 1990a, 1991b.
78. Plutchik, 1985.
79. Joseph de Rivera, in Koch and Leary, 1985:366–367; Frijda, 1986:475; Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:393.
80. Plutchik, 1990a.
81. Frijda, 1986:475–476.
82. Seligman, 1991, chap.4.
83. Woods and Stricker, 1999.
84. Nieuwenhuyse, Offenberg, and Frida, 1987.
85. Plutchik, 1990a; M. Hunt, 1990, chap.4.
86. Damasio, 1994; Evans and Cruse, 2004:164–165.
87. Gazzaniga et al., 2002:560–561.
88. Flashed words: Zeelenberg et al., 2006. Mood-dependent memory: Eich and Macaulay, 2000.
89. Goleman, 1995; Salovey and Grewall, 2005.
90. E.g., Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:394–395; Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:398–401. Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2006, prefer to sum up present theory by listing fourteen main points about emotions (pp. 426–427) and nine main points about motivations (pp. 378–379).
CHAPTER 16
1. Biographical data: George Miller, 1989.
2. Gardner, 1985:36–37; Hilgard, 1987:257; Earl Hunt, 1989.
3. Donald Norman, personal communication; Cosmides, 2006.
4. Newell and Simon, 1972, chap.2.
5. Biographical details from Simon, 1980, and Simon, 1991.
6. Newell, Shaw, and Simon, 1963.
7. Miller, quoted in Gazanniga et al., 2002:18.
8. General Problem Solver is described in Newell and Simon, 1972:455–502. The river-crossing problem: adapted from Newell and Simon, 1972:853–854.
9. Mandler, 1985a:10–13; Gardner, 1985:38–41.
10. Posner and Mitchell, 1967.
11. Posner, 1986.
12. The Passions of the Soul, article 62.
13. Churchland, 1984, quoted in Flanagan, 1991:222.
14. Grasshopper: cited in Gazzaniga and Blakemore, 1975:16. Roach and snail studies cited in, and interpreted as motivation by: Gallistel, 1980.
15. Hebb, 1949, cited in Lieberman, 1991:30–31.
16. Bliss and Limo, 1973.
17. The work is reviewed in Greenough, Black, and Wallace, 1987.
18. Alkon, 1989.
19. McGaugh, 1990; Introini-Collison and McGaugh, 1991.
20. Quoted in Nadel and Piatelli-Palmarini, 2003.
21. Sperry, 1980; Kagan, 1989:194; Earl Hunt, 1989; Mandler, 1985:28–29.
22. Farah, personal communication.
23. Gazzaniga et al., 2002:129–131.
24. Gazzaniga et al., 2002:20–21; Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:103.
25. Gazzaniga et al., 2002:114–115.
26. On fMRI characteristics: Farah and Wolfe, 2004; Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2006:58. On the annual output of reports: Mitchell, 2005:28, and Farah, personal communication.
27. Sternberg, 2006:57.
28. Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:102.
29. Quoted in Gazzaniga et al., 2006:144.
30. Farah, personal communication.
31. John Anderson, 1980:3.
32. McGaugh, 1987.
33. Miller, 1956.
34. Mandler, 1985:66.
35. Sperling, 1960.
36. The three-consonant experiment: Peterson and Peterson, 1959. Later replications: Gardner, 1985:122.
37. Potter, 1982, cited in Osherson and Smith, 1990:22–23.
38. Cited in Horn and Hinde, 1970.
39. Loftus, 1972.
40. Collins and Loftus, 1975.
41. Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:259–261.
42. Kolata and Peterson, 2001; Steblay et al., 2001.
43. Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:276–272.
44. Marc Bornstein, 1979:51.
45. Berlin, 1978.
46. Gelman and Markman, 1986.
47. Henry Gleitman, in Koch and Leary, 1985:422.
48. Denis and Kosslyn, 1999.
49. Pylyshyn, 1978; Chase and Simon, 1973; Johnson-Laird, 1988:51–52.
50. Gardner, 1985:368–369; Sternberg, 2006, chap. 8, esp.:29
6–297, 307–308. On the two networks, letter from Stephen Kosslyn in Sci. Amer. MIND, June/July 2006:4.
51. Bartlett, 1932, cited in Gardner, 1985:114–116.
52. Rumelhart, 1978.
53. Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:263–264, 301–302.
54. On training: Yesavage, 1985; Yesavage and Sheik, 1988. On pharmacological treatment: Crook, 1989, and personal communication.
55. Loftus, 1980, passim, esp.:56–57.
56. Harsch and Neisser, 1989.
57. de Villiers and de Villiers, 1978:206; Desai et al., 2006.
58. Frederick J. Crosson, in Koch and Leary, 1985:438.
59. Biographical details: Cohen, 1977.
60. Lieberman, 1991:130–131.
61. Clark and Clark, 1977:102, 105–110.
62. Whorf, 1956.
63. Heider [Eleanor. Rosch], 1972; Heider and Olivier, 1972.
64. Lieberman, 1991:144.
65. Ibid.:148.
66. Gardner, 1978.
67. Damasio, 1989, 1990.
68. Gazzaniga et al., 2002:399n.
69. Rips, 1990.
70. Adapted from Neisser, 1967:8.
71. Turing, 1950.
72. Simon: quoted by Frederick J. Crosson, in Koch and Leary, 1985:440; “other enthusiasts”: Allen Newell, in Koch and Leary, 1985:444.
73. Simon, 1991:200–201.
74. Ibid., caption to photo opposite p.195.
75. Newell and Simon, 1972, passim.
76. Keith J. Holyoak, in Osherson and Smith, 1991:122.
77. Johnson-Laird, 1988:228–229.
78. Ibid.:231–233; Johnson-Laird, 2001.
79. Ibid., 1988:229–230; Johnson-Laird, 2001.
80. Experiments cited in Rips, 1990.
81. Russell and Jones, 1980.
82. Cosmides, 1989; Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004.
83. Parsons and Osherson, 2001.
84. Kahneman and Tversky, 1981.
85. Ibid.
86. Nisbett and Ross, 1980.
87. Dijksterhuis, 2004.
88. Gentner, 1988.
89. Falkenhainer, Forbus, and Gentner, 1989.
90. Gick and Holyoak, 1983.
91. Earl Hunt, 1989; Gardner, 1985:97.
92. Sternberg, 2006:424.
93. Richard Evans, 1976:98.
94. M. Hunt, 1982b:330–332.
95. Jastrow, 1981.
96. Neisser, 1976, introduction, and personal communication.
97. Linden, 1988.
98. Hayes-Roth, Waterman, et al., 1983:40–41, 54.
99. John Anderson, in Linda Murray and John Richardson, 1989:93.
100. Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:334–335.
101. Sternberg, 2006:524–526; Neisser, 1988, 1991; Pratt, 1987, chapter 14; Johnson-Laird, 1988:353–392; Alvin Goldman, in Osherson, Kosslyn, and Hollerbach, 1990; Steven Harnad, quoted in Raley, 2006:81.
