20 The Green Guide to Scotland (Watford, Herts, UK: Michelin Travel Publications, 2000), 72.
21 Ayrshire Roots Towns, “Ayr: The Burgh of Newton, The Parish of St Quivox, & Monktown with Prestwick,” Ayrshire Directory, 1837, by Pigot & Co., http://www.ayrshireroots.com/Towns/Ayr/Ayr%201837.htm.
22 Rob Close, Ayrshire and Arran: An Illustrated Architectural Guide (Edinburgh: Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, 1992), 22.
23 South Ayrshire Council, “County Buildings,” http://www.south-ayrshire.gov.uk/maps/countybuildings/.
24 Scottish Record Office, Reference JC26/671.
25 Donald A. Low, The Regency Underworld (Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2005), 68.
26 Corder, Life of Elizabeth Fry, 301.
27 Scottish Record Office, Reference JC26/671.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Lennox, Lord William Pitt, Coaching, with Anecdotes of the Road (London: Hurst & Blackett, Publishers, 1876), 94.
32 Tony Rayner, Female Factory, Female Convicts (Dover, Australia: Esperance Press, 2004), 34.
33 Michael Paterson, Voices from Dickens’ London (Cincinnati, OH: David & Charles, 2007), 255.
Chapter 3: The Angel of Newgate
1 John Kent, Elizabeth Fry (London: B. T. Batsford, 1962), 99-100.
2 Janet Whitney, Elizabeth Fry (London: Guild Books, 1947), 135.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Susanna Corder, Life of Elizabeth Fry: Compiled from Her Journal, as Edited by Her Daughters, and from Various Other Sources (Philadelphia: Henry Longstreth, 1853), 244.
7 Whitney, Elizabeth Fry, 110.
8 Stephen Halliday, Newgate: London’s Prototype of Hell (Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2007), v.
9 Georgina King Lewis, Elizabeth Fry (London: Headley Brothers, 1912), 102.
10 Corder, Life of Elizabeth Fry, 289.
11 Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry, with Extracts from her Journal and Letters, Edited by Two of her Daughters, Vol. I (Philadelphia: J. W. Moore, 1847), 225.
12 Corder, Life of Elizabeth Fry, 238.
13 Whitney, Elizabeth Fry, 178.
14 J. C. Long, George III: The Story of a Complex Man (New York: Little, Brown, 1960), 96.
15 Whitney, Elizabeth Fry, 179.
16 Clive Emsley, Crime and Society in England, 1750-1900 (Harlow, UK: Pearson Education, 2005), 74-75.
17 Nicolas Bentley, The Victorian Scene (London: G. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968), 105.
18 Whitney, Elizabeth Fry, 178.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry, 327.
23 Corder, Life of Elizabeth Fry, 262.
24 Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry, 327.
25 Abraham Harvey, 2nd Officer, “Reminiscences of the Voyage of the Garland Grove 2,” Archives of Tasmania, NS816.
Chapter 4: Sweet Sixteen
1 Stephen Halliday, Newgate: London’s Prototype of Hell (Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2007), 238.
2 Kay Daniels, Convict Women (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1998), 81.
3 Jean Hatton, Betsy: The Dramatic Biography of Prison Reformer Elizabeth Fry (Oxford, UK: Monarch Books, 2005), 272.
4 Bernard O’Donnell, The Old Bailey and Its Trials (London: Clerke & Cockeran Publishers Limited, 1950), 136.
5 Ibid.
6 Halliday, Newgate, 239.
7 John Kent, Elizabeth Fry (London: B. T. Batsford, 1962), 125.
8 Halliday, Newgate, 59.
9 Arthur Griffiths, The Chronicles of Newgate (New York: Dorset Press, 1987), 412.
10 Ibid., 105.
11 Philip Priestley, Victorian Prison Lives (London: Methuen, 1985), 5.
12 Frank Lewis, “The Cost of Convict Transportation: Britain to Australia, 1796-1810,” Economic History Review, Series 2, Vol. 41, No. 4 (1988), 521.
13 Dennis Bardens, Elizabeth Fry: Britain’s Second Lady on the Five-Pound Note (London: Chanadon Publications, 2004), 55.
14 Description List: Agnes McMillan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/14, 438.
15 Charles Bateson, The Convict Ships, 1787-1868 (North Sydney: Library of Australian History, 1985), 65.
16 Abraham Harvey, 2nd Officer, “Reminiscences of the Voyage of the Garland Grove 2,” Archives of Tasmania, NS816.
17 Bateson, The Convict Ships, 1787-1868, 66.
18 Ibid., 66.
19 James Ellis, Surgeon Superintendent, “Surgeon’s Report Westmoreland,” AJCP ADM 101/74, Archives of Tasmania, Reel 3212.
20 Phillip Tardif, Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls (North Ryde, Australia: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990), 12.
21 William H. Render, Through Prison Bars: The Lives and Labours of John Howard & Elizabeth Fry (London: S. W. Partridge, 1894), 110.
22 Conduct Record, Agnes McMillan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/8, 9; Conduct Record, Janet Houston, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/6, 9.
23 Elizabeth Fry, Observations on the Visiting, Superintendence, and Government of Female Prisoners (London: John & Arthur Arch, 1827), 37-38; Tony Rayner, Female Factory, Female Convicts (Dover, Australia: Esperance Press, 2004), 47.
24 J. R. Roberts, Surgeon Superintendent, “Journal of His Majesty’s Convict Ship Royal Admiral , between the 23rd day of February, 1842 and 14th day of October, 1842,” transcription courtesy of Port Arthur Historic Site for Female Factory Research Group.
25 Allan M. Grocott, Convicts, Clergymen and Churches: Attitudes of Convicts and Ex-Convicts towards the Churches and Clergy in New South Wales from 1788 to 1851 (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1980), 56.
26 “Convict Maid,” Australian Folk Songs, from Butterss & Webby, Penguin Book of Australian Ballads, http://folkstream.com/026.html.
27 Ellis, “Surgeon’s Report Westmoreland.”
28 Frank Murcot Bladen, ed., “Letter from a Female Convict, 29th March 1791,” Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. 2 (Sydney: Charles Potter, Government Printer, 1893), 779.
29 Bateson, The Convict Ships, 1787-1868, 250.
30 Ellis, “Surgeon’s Report Westmoreland.”
31 Conduct Record, Agnes McMillan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/8, 9.
32 Ibid.
33 Conduct Record, Janet Houston, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/6, 9.
34 Bateson, The Convict Ships, 1787-1868, 76.
35 Ibid.
36 Ellis, “Surgeon’s Report Westmoreland.”
37 Harvey, “Reminiscences.”
38 Ellis, “Surgeon’s Report Westmoreland.”
39 Ibid.
40 Hyland, Jeanette E., Maids, Masters and Magistrates (Blackmans Bay, Australia: Clan Hogarth Publishing, 2007), 15.
Chapter 5: More Sinned Against Than Sinning
1 Hobart Town Courier, “Trade and Shipping,” Friday, 9 December 1836, 3.
2 James Ellis, Surgeon Superintendent, “Surgeon’s Report Westmoreland,” AJCP ADM 101/74, Archives of Tasmania, Reel 3212.
3 Linus W. Miller, Notes of an Exile to Van Diemen’s Land (New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1968; first published in 1846), 260.
4 Margaret C. Dillon, “Convict Labour and Colonial Society in the Campbell Town Police District: 1820-1839,” unpublished doctoral thesis (University of Tasmania, 2008), 179.
5 Description List: Janet Houston, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/14, 415.
6 Hobart Town Courier, Friday, 23 December 1836, 2.
7 Charles Wooley and Michael Tatlow, A Walk in Old Hobart (Walk Guides Australia, 2007), 4.
8 John West, The History of Tasmania (London: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1971; first published in 1852), 342.
9 Alan Villiers, Vanished Fleets (Oxford, UK: Scribner’s, 1974), 145-146.
10 Phillip Tardif, Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls (North Ryde, Australia: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990), 18.
11 West, The History of Tasmania, 47.
12 Pet
er Bolger, Hobart Town (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1973), 17.
13 Ibid., 60.
14 Ibid., 36.
15 Sir William Molesworth, Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Transportation; Together with a Letter from the Archbishop of Dublin on the Same Subject, and Notes by Sir William Molesworth, Bart., Chairman of the Committee 1838 (Adelaide: Libraries Board of South Australia, 1967), 36.
16 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Friday, 23 March 1827, 4.
17 Kay Daniels, Convict Women (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1998), 86.
18 Henry Melville, The History of Van Diemen’s Land (Sydney: Horwitz-Grahame, 1965), 161.
19 Bolger, Hobart Town, 59.
20 Hyland, Jeanette E., Maids, Masters and Magistrates (Blackmans Bay, Australia: Clan Hogarth Publishing, 2007), 24.
21 Wooley and Tatlow, A Walk in Old Hobart, 82.
22 Hyland, Maids, Masters and Magistrates, 24.
23 Joy Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly: Female Convicts, Sexuality and Gender in Colonial Australia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 51.
24 Hobart Town Courier, “Rules and Regulations,” Saturday, 10 October 1829, 4.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Hyland, Maids, Masters and Magistrates, 126.
29 Hobart Town Courier, Friday, 30 December 1836, 2.
30 Hobart Town Courier, Friday, 13 January 1837, 2.
31 Miller, Notes of an Exile to Van Diemen’s Land, 266-267.
32 Frances J. Woodward, Portrait of Jane: A Life of Lady Franklin (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1951), 143.
33 Thomas Timpson, Memoirs of Mrs. Elizabeth Fry (Elibron Classics; first published in 1847), 150.
34 Ibid., 158.
35 Conduct Record, Agnes McMillan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/8, 9.
36 Ibid.
37 West, The History of Tasmania, 254.
38 Conduct Record, Ellen Scott, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/9.
39 Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly, 59.
40 Miller, Notes of an Exile to Van Diemen’s Land, 262.
41 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Tuesday, 10 March 1840, 4.
42 Daniels, Convict Women, 140.
43 Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly, 61.
44 Conduct Record, Agnes McMillan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/8, 9.
Chapter 6: Ludlow’s Choice
1 Daniel Pool, What Jane Austen Ate and Charles Dickens Knew (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 30.
2 Eliza Lynn Linton, “On the Side of the Maids,” Cornhill Magazine, Vol. 29, No. 171 (1874), 304.
3 Pool, What Jane Austen Ate, 30.
4 Ibid., 252.
5 Judith Flanders, Inside the Victorian Home (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 371.
6 Charles Dickens, Sketches by Boz (London: Everyone’s Library, 1968), 164.
7 Ellen W. Darwin, “Domestic Service,” Nineteenth Century, Vol. 39, No. 162 (August 1890), 290.
8 Sally Mitchell, ed., Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland Publishing, 1988), 706.
9 Linton, “On the Side of the Maids,” 304.
10 Bobbie Kalman, Victorian Christmas (New York: Crabtree Publishing, 1997), 6.
11 Sian Rees, The Floating Brothel (New York: Hyperion Press, 2002), 37.
12 Ibid., 24.
13 The Old Bailey Online: The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674-1913, “History of the Old Bailey Courthouse,” http://www.oldbaileyonline.org//static/The-old-bailey.jsp.
14 Rees, The Floating Brothel, 25.
15 Proceedings of the Old Bailey Central Criminal Court, Sessions Paper, held on Monday, 17 December 1838, Reference Number: t18381217-301, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org//Ibrowse.jsp?id=def1-301-18381217&div=t18381217-301.
16 Ibid.
17 The Old Bailey Online: The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674-1913, “Trial Procedures: How Trials Were Conducted at the Old Bailey,” http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/ITrial-procedures.jsp.
18 Proceedings of the Old Bailey Central Criminal Court, Sessions Paper, held on Monday, 17 December 1838, Reference Number: t18381217-301, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org//Ibrowse.jsp?id=def1-301-18381217&div=t18381217-301.
19 Henry Mayhew with William S. Gilbert, London Characters: Illustrations of the Humour, Pathos, and Peculiarities (London: Chatto & Windus, 1881), 216.
20 Ibid., 213.
21 Clive Emsley, Crime and Society in England, 1750-1900 (Harlow, UK: Pearson Education, 2005), 201.
22 Proceedings of the Old Bailey Central Criminal Court, Sessions Paper, held on Monday, 17 December 1838, Reference Number: t18381217-350, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org//Ibrowse.jsp?id=def1-350-18381217&div=t18381217-350.
23 Proceedings of the Old Bailey Central Criminal Court, Sessions Paper, held on Monday, 17 December 1838, Reference Number: t18381217-330, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=def1-330-18381217&div=t18381217-330.
24 The Old Bailey Online: The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674-1913, “Punishments at the Old Bailey,” http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Punishment.jsp.
25 Mayhew, London Characters, 204.
26 Heather Shore, Artful Dodgers: Youth and Crime in Early 19th-Century London (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 1999), 134.
27 Proceedings of the Old Bailey Central Criminal Court, Sessions Paper, held on Monday, 17 December 1838, Reference Number: t18381217-417, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=def1-417-18381217&div=t18381217-417.
28 Proceedings of the Old Bailey Central Criminal Court, Sessions Paper, held on Monday, 17 December 1838, Reference Number: t18381217-269, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org//Ibrowse.jsp?id=def1-269-18381217&div=t18381217-269.
29 Proceedings of the Old Bailey Central Criminal Court, Sessions Paper, held on Monday, 17 December 1838, Reference Number: t18381217-333, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=def1-333-18381217&div=t18381217-333.
30 Proceedings of the Old Bailey Central Criminal Court, Sessions Paper, held on Monday, 17 December 1838, Reference Number: t18381217-333, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=def1-300-18381217&div=t18381217-300.
31 Gay Hendriksen, Dr. Carol Liston, and Dr. Trudy Cowley, Women Transported: Life in Australia’s Convict Female Factories (Parramatta, Australia: Parramatta Heritage Centre), 18.
32 Ibid.
Chapter 7: Liverpool Street
1 Michele Field and Timothy Millett, eds., Convict Love Tokens (Kent Town, Australia: Wakefield Press, 1998), 13-14.
2 Ibid., 4.
3 Description List: Ann Price, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/13, 296.
4 Ibid., 141.
5 Description List: Mary Grady, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/13, 261.
6 Description List: Mary Sullivan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/13, 306.
7 Description List: Hannah Herbert, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/13, 265.
8 Description List: Amy Wilson, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/13, 321.
9 John Love, Surgeon Superintendent, “Surgeon’s Report Mellish,” ADM 101/53, Archives of Tasmania, Reel 3204.
10 Patrick Howard, To Hell or to Hobart (Kenthurst, Australia: Kangaroo Press, 1993), 124.
11 Malcolm Ronan, Up and Down the River: The Butlers from Benenden (Melbourne, Australia: Macron Publishing, 1998), 14.
12 Ibid.
13 Conduct Record, Amy Wilson, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/10, 175; Conduct Record, Mary Grady, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/4, 177; Conduct Record, Ann Price, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/8, 141.
14 Conduct Record, Ludlow Tedder, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/10, 113.
15 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Tuesday, 10 March 1840, 4.
16 Joan C. Brown, Poverty Is Not a Crime: Social Services in Tasmania, 1803-1900 (Hobart, Australia: Tasmanian Historical Research Association, 1972), 63.
17 Kay Daniels, Convict Women (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1998), 124.
18 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “F
atality of the Factory Nursery Repeated!” Tuesday, 29 May 1838, 4.
19 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “Coroners Inquest: Inspection of the Female Factory,” Tuesday, 3 April 1838, 6.
20 Colonial Times, “Fatality of the Factory Nursery Repeated!”
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 George Mackaness, Some Private Correspondence of Sir John and Lady Jane Franklin (Tasmania, 1837-1845), Part I (Sydney: D. S. Ford Printers, 1947), 37-38.
24 Rebecca Kippen, “‘And the Mortality Frightful’: Infant and Child Mortality in the Convict Nurseries of Van Diemen’s Land,” paper for Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, 5.
25 Hobart Town Courier, “Fashions for March,” Friday, 23 July 1841, 4.
26 Brown, Poverty Is Not a Crime, 27.
27 Joyce Purtscher, Children in Queen’s Orphanage Hobart Town, 1828-1863 (New Town, Australia: Irene Schaffer, 1993).
28 Joyce Purtscher, “Queen’s Orphanage Hobart Town, 1828-1879,” paper presented to Female Factory Research Group, November 2007, 2, 8.
29 Ibid., 9.
30 Ibid., 12.
31 Ibid., 1.
32 Brown, Poverty Is Not a Crime, 67.
33 Purtscher, “Queen’s Orphanage Hobart Town, 1828-1879,” 7.
34 Ibid., 4.
35 Ibid., 6.
36 John Price, Letter to Josiah Spode, Principal Superintendent of Convicts, March 19, 1841, Archives of Tasmania, Colonial Secretary’s Office 5/1/282/7406.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Margaret Rolfe, Australian Quilt Heritage (Rushcutters Bay, Australia: J. B. Fairfax Press, 1998), 19.
41 Mackaness, Some Private Correspondence of Sir John and Lady Jane Franklin, 22.
42 Hobart Town Courier, Friday, 30 July 1841, 3.
43 Supplementary Conduct Record, Ellen Scott, Archives of Tasmania, CON 32/1/1, 309.
44 Female Factory Research Group, Convict Lives: Women at Cascades Female Factory (Hobart, Australia: Research Tasmania, 2009), 68.
45 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Tuesday, 10 March 1840, 4.
46 Female Factory Research Group, Convict Lives, 52, 55.
47 Female Factory Research Group, “Infant Deaths at Hobart Nurseries” (name misspelled as William Hoaston), http://www.femalefactory.com.au/FFRG/nurseries.htm.
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