oral 121–2
philosophy 228–9
scholarly 330
scientific 125–6
Egeria 41, 42
Egypt 6, 25, 35, 41, 86, 160, 250, 255
funerary portraits 99
Eleanor of Aquitane 249
Elias, Norbert 203
Elias of Cortona 278
emperors
authority of 29–30
coronations 30–31
dynasties 146–7, 186, 188–91, 225
estates of 154–5
laws 75
marriages 172–4, 188, 207–10
names of 10–11
porphyrogennetos 185–91, 207
succession crises 96–7, 187–8, 190–91, 221–2
trappings of 28–9, 142–3
See also court
encaustic technique, 53–4, 99–100, plate 21
Enlightenment 331
entertainments 17, 25, 26–9, 171–2, 178–9, 180
Ephesos 148, 151, 153, map 2
St John’s basilica 148
Epiros, imperial centre 269, 275–6, 283, map 6
Erik, Kingof Denmark 246
Euchaita 224, map 4
Euclid 125
Eudokia Baiane 187
Eugenikos, John 274
Eugenikos, Mark, Metropolitan of
Ephesos 306, 308
Eugenios, St 273
Eugenius IV, Pope 306
eunuchs 19, 41, 160–69, 181, 191, 203, 207, 211, 322, plate 10
court positions 165–8
military leaders 161–2
monks 162, 168–9
self-castration 162
sexual activity 164
trade in 163–4
Euphemia 98
Euphrosyne the Younger, St 162
Europe 68, 87, 203, 267, 268, 311, 323, 327, 334
Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea 8, 10, 174
Eustathios, monk 194–5
Eustathios Romaios, and his Peira 76, 227
Eustathios of Thrace, bishop 98
Euthymios the Younger 84, 194
Eutropios 24
exarchs 67
fairs 148–9, 151, 249–50
Fatimid dynasty 259, 324
Ficino, Marsilio 296
Filelfo, Francesco 332
foreign policy 176–7
foreigners 157–8, 242–51
forks, for eating 203, 211
Franciscan friars xxi, 271, 278–9, 282
Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor 262
frontier regions 145–6
Fulcher of Chartres 256
Gabras, Theodore 273
Galla Placidia 62
Gallipoli 310, map 6
Gargano 209, map 3
Gaza 85, map 2
Gemistos, George see Plethon
General Council of the Church
Lyons (1274) 301–3
Ferrara-Florence (1439) 201, 332–3
Gennadios (George Scholarios), Patriarch 296, 308–9, 319, 333
Genoa 209, 240, 248, 332
Geometres, John 266
George the Synkellos 123–4
Georgia 182, 246, 313, map 2
Georgians 198, 218, 246–7
Germanos III, Patriarch 302
Germanos, Patriarch 108, 115
Gibbon, Edward 321
Giustiniani Longo, Giovanni 318–19
Godfrey of Bouillon 259
Goths 13, 58, 64, 133
battle of Adrianople 12
Christianity 37, 63–4
defeat of 65–6
in Ravenna 63–5
in Roman army 24
Gratian, Emperor 12
Great Lavra monastery 18, 196, 198, 200
Greek
demotic 176, 227, 248–9
hostility to 331–2
language of education 120
legal language 74
Greek fire 92, 107, 141–2, 147, plate 25
Greek millet 319, 333
Greek Orthodoxy 43–9, 271–2, 328–9
Greens and Blues see Blues and Greens
Gregoras, Nikephoros 286
Gregory I, Pope 106
Gregory II, Patriarch 303
Gregory II, Pope 108
Gregory III, Pope 108, 109
Gregory IX, Pope 279
Gregory X, Pope 301, 302
Guibert of Nogent 255
Guiscard, Robert 210, 221
Gunter of Pairis 264
Hadrian II, Pope 134
Haldon, John 142, 147
Harald Hadrada 245
al-Harawi 20
Harmenopoulos, Constantine 78
Harun ibn Yahya 170, 180
Helena, mother of Constantine I 10, 11, 331
Helena, wife of Constantine VII 138, 179
Helena, wife of Manuel II 317, plate 40
Helena Kantakouzene, wife of John V Palaiologos 288
Hellas, theme 93, 132, 143, 153, map 3
Hellenic culture 293–4
Henry IV, Kingof England 313
Herakleios, Emperor 10–11, 15, 84–5, 96
hesychasm 200–201, 286, 305, 334
Hierissos 194, 196, map 6
Himerios 123
Homer xvi, 120, 251, 329
Honorius, Emperor 13, 23, 61–2
Hosios Loukas monastery 49, plate 31
Humbert of Silva Candida, Cardinal 47, 210, 226–7, 248
Hunyadi of Translvania 307–8, 319
hydraulic power 17, 28–9, 171, 178
Hypatius 54
Iberia 133, 222, map 4
Ibn Khaldun 20
iconoclasm 45, 105–6, 108–18, 153, 194, 323, 331–2
icons plates 21, 27
artistic techniques 53–4, 102, 104
Christian 99–104, 105–6
controversy 96
destruction of 113–14
pagan 99–100, 103–4
power of 101–2, 103
‘Triumph of Orthodoxy’ 112–13, plate 27
worship of 98–9, 111–12
Idrisi 250
Ignatios, Patriarch 127, 135–6
Ikonion/Konya 224, 236, maps 4, 6
Innocent III, Pope 262, 267, 271
Innocent IV, Pope 302
Irene of Chrysobalanton, St 162
Irene, Empress 55, 110–11, 117–18, 132, 173, 179, 186, 191, 247, 331, plate 11c
Irene, Empress, wife of Constantine V 185–6
Isaac II Angelos, Emperor 218, 262
Isidore of Kiev 293, 308–9, 318
Isidore of Miletos 56
Islam
Byzantium’s relationship with xviii, 323–9
five pillars 88
and iconoclasm 114–15
marriage laws 316
scholarship 125–6
spread of 85–90, 94–5, 97
See also Arabs; crusades; Ottoman Turks; Turks
Istanbul
modern 3–4, 15, 60, 335
See also Constantinople
Italos, John 49, 229
Italy, relations with Byzantium 206–7, 216
Iviron, Georgian monastery 198, 199, 247
ivory 52, 102, 103, 180, 203, 208
icons 102
Jerusalem 10, 38, 58, 144, maps 2, 4, 5
capture by Turks 236, 255
crusades 259–60, 324–5
Islamic conquest of 85–6, 89–90
Kingdom of 259, 272
monuments: Church of the Holy
Sepulchre 256, 259; Dome of the
Rock xvii, 89, 114; New Church 58
sacked by Persians 84
Jews 242–4
John I Tzimiskes, Emperor 144, 155, 168, 175, 207, 213
John II Komnenos, Emperor 191, 233, 234
John III Vatatzes, Emperor in Nicaea 278, 293, 300
John IV Laskaris, Emperor 280, 282
John V Palaiologos, Emperor 284, 288, 305–6, 311
John VI Kantakouzenos, Emperor 126, 201, 284–5, 288–9, 291–2, 316, plate 39
John VII Palaiologos, Emperor 312, 314
John VIII Palaiologos, Emperor 306–8, 316
John XIII, Patriarch 44
John Chrysostom, St 44, 133, 198
John of Damascus, St 105, 115, 123
John the Grammarian, Patriarch 112, 115, 125, plate 15
John the Orphanotrophos 166, 191
John of Parma 278
John ‘the Spaniard’ 248
Joseph II, Patriarch 306
jousting 240, 260
Julian, Emperor 23
Julian, Ravenna silver merchant 66
Justin, Emperor 54
Justinian I, Emperor 27, 54, 56–60, 65–8, 72, 73–4, plate 20
Justinian II, Emperor 29, 92, 95–6, 104, 171, plates 11a, 11b
Kairouan 86, map 2
Kalekas, John 284, 288
Kallinikos 142
Kallipolis 310
Kamateros, John 277
Kamytzes, Eustathios 239
Kananos, John 317
Kantakouzenos family 284–8
Kantakouzenos, Manuel 291–2
Karytaina 272, map 6
Kassia 122
Kastoria 217, 244, map 4
Kekaumenos 119, 120–21, 172, 222, 246–7
Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk) 320, 334
Kephalonia 132, map 3
Keroularios, Michael, Patriarch 47, 93, 210, 226–7, 248
Khazars 15, 133, 180, 185, 188, map 3
Khludov Psalter 113, plate 15
al-Khwarizmi 126
Kibyrraioton, theme 91, 107, map 3
Kiev 137, 181, 189, 214, 222, map 3
Kilij Arslan, Sultan 262
Kleidon, battle 217–18, map 4
Kokalas, George 285
kommerkiarioi 149, plate 8
Komnene, Anna 55, 129, 191, 232–41, 257, 259, 330
Komnenos dynasty 191, 230–31
Komnenos, David and Alexios 273
Komnenos, Isaac 247
Kosmas, eunuch monk 168
Kosovo Polje, battle of 311, 312, map 6
Kydones, Demetrios 286, 293, 304–5, 306, 315
Kydones, Prochoros 304–5
Kyzikos 92, 315, map 6
Lakedaimonia 243, 290, 291, map 4
languages 22–3, 74
duringcrusades 260
Latin 304
Slavonic 131, 133–4
vernacular 227, 248–9
Larissa 216–17, 275, maps 4, 6
Latin
legal language 74
scholarship 304–5
Lazaros, icon painter 53
lead seals 174–5, plate 8
Lecky, William 322
legal system
canon law 43–4, 73
records of 121, 276
reforms 227–8
Roman 70–79
Lekapenos, Basil 166–7, 191
Leo (the Mathematician/the Philosopher) 125
Leo, chief eunuch plate 10
Leo I, Emperor 30–31, 100
Leo I, Pope 39
Leo III, Emperor 15–16, 18, 75, 106–9, 112, 165, 207
Leo III, Pope 31, 46, 117
Leo IV, Emperor 110, 185
Leo V, Emperor 111–12
Leo VI (The Wise), Emperor 19, 30, 75, 127, 151, 207
coins of 104
on eunuchs 168
excommunication 44, 45, 187
Taktika 144–5
wives of 187
Leo IX, Pope 46, 47, 210
Leonard of Chios 318
letters 124, 127, 169, 177, 224, 238, 287, 312, 326
Licinius, Emperor 4–5
Lips, Constantine 156
literacy 119
literature
classical 329–30
language of 249
reviews of 128–9
See also writing
liturgical languages 77, 95, 133, 135, 138
liturgy 33, 59, 112, 195
See also Plethon, George Gemistos
Liutprand, Bishop of Cremona 29, 141, 157, 163–4, 171, 177–9
Lombards 68–9, 203–4, 216
Lopadion 315, map 6
Louis III of Provence 207
Louis VII, Kingof France 261
Louis XIV, Kingof France 321
Loukites, John 273
Luke of Steiris 48–9, 197
Lupicina Euphemia, Empress 54
Macedonia 132, 143, 250, 270, 283
Macedonian dynasty 147, 183, 189–91, 215
Magistros, Thomas 70, 78, 287
Makrembolites, Alexios 281, 287–8
Malatesta, Sigismondo 297
Mamluk dynasty 262
Maniakes, George 222
Mankaphas, Theodore 270
Mantzikert, Battle of 220, 223, 255
Manuel I Komnenos 161, 177, 229, 239–40, 262
Manuel II Palaiologos, Emperor 282, 290, 312–14, 325–8, plate 40
Mar Saba monastery 115, 123, map 2
Marcian, Emperor 11
Maria, widow of John Vladislav 217
Maria, St, the Younger 198
Maria (Mar’ta) of Alania 129, 173, 232–3, 249
Maria of Amnia, Empress 173
Martin I, Pope 95
Mary, St, of Egypt 41
Marica, battle of 310
Marina 41
marriages, strategic 172–4, 188–90, 205, 207–10, 213–14
Martel, Charles 89
al-Marwazi 19, 170
mathematics 125–6
Mathews, Thomas 99
Maurice, Emperor 83
Mauropous, John 228
Maxentius, Emperor 4
Maximian, Bishop of Ravenna plate 20
Maximos the Confessor 95
medicine 122, 228
Mehmed I, Sultan 314
Mehmed II (the Conqueror) 20, 59–60, 317–20, 333, 334
Melania, Sts 43
Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem 259
Melitene 146, map 4
Menas, St 39–40, 103, plate 9
Menologion 215
mercenaries 223, 242, 244, 246, 248, 285
Methodios, Patriarch 112, plate 27
Methodios, St 131–8
Metochites, Alexios 285–6, 289
Metochites, George 303
Metochites, Theodore 20, 184, 277–8, 289, plate 26
Michael I Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epiros 275
Michael II, Emperor 112
Michael II Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epiros 275, 276
Michael III, Emperor 17, 112, 133 136, 143–4, 183, plate 27
Michael IV, Emperor 190
Michael V, Emperor 190
Michael VII Doukas, Emperor 225
Michael VIII Palaiologos, Emperor 183, 248, 280, 282–3, 290–91, 300–303
military campaigns
histories of 238–9
imperial 143–5
records of 176
under Constantine IX 222
See also Greek fire
Mistras, capital of Morea 272, 290–98, 310, map 6, plates 37, 38
monasteries
buildingof 155–6
centres of learning 123–4
in Constantinople 197–8
education 122
Mount Athos 192–202
spread of 40–43
See also nunneries
Monemvasia 93, map 6
Mongols 313–14
Monophysites 39, 94–5
Monotheletism 94–5
Montecassino, Benedictine monastery 209, 216, map 2
Montesquieu, Baron de 321
Morea 272, 283, 290, 311, 317
Despotate of 291, 310, map 6
Morosini, Thomas 263
Morrisson, Cécile 153
mosques 86, 283, 290, 311, 316, 317
Mosul 86, map 4
Mother of God, cult 15, 19, 101
Mount Athos, 192–202, 292, map 5, plate 1
Mount Sinai, St Catherine’s monastery 41–3, 53, 115, 195, 335, map 2, plates 2, 21
Mu’awiya, Caliph 92
Muhammad, Prophet 42, 85, 87–8, 89, 326–7
Murad I, Sultan 310–11, 312
Murad II, Sultan 308, 317
murex, purple dye 52, 151, 152, 185
music 28
choirs of castrati 164, 181
written 227
Myriokephalon, battle 262, map 5
names
of emperors 10–11
of families 93–4
Naples 207, 209, map 2
Narses, general 161
Nazianos 37, map 2
Nemanja, Stefan 270
Nestorios, Patriarch of Constantinople 39
Nicaea 30, 101, 213, 255, 283
First Crusade 236, 258
imperial centre 75, 77, 191, 269, 271, 277–9
See also Oecumenical Councils
Nicholas I, Pope 134, 135, 136
Nicholas V, Pope 308
Nika rebellion 54–5
Nikephoros, Patriarch 115, 123, 124, plate 15
Nikephoros I, Emperor 53, 132, 150, 154
Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas 276
Nikephoros II Phokas, Emperor 121, 144, 145, 178, 196, 213
Niketas, cousin of Herakleios 84
Niketas, Patriarch of Constantinople 93, 163
Niketas the Paphlagonian 163
Nikomedeia 8, 283, map 2
Nikopolis 312, maps 4, 6
Niš 4, maps 4, 5, 6
Nomokanon 73, 75
Notaras, Loukas 184, 299, 309
Notker 211, 332
nunneries 48, 187, 190, 197–8
Nymphaion 278, map 6
ochlokratia (mob rule) 282, 286
Odo of Deuil 161
Oecumenical Councils 35
First (Nicaea 325) 35–6, 162, 307
Second (Constantinople 381) 38
Fourth (Chalcedon 451) 11, 38, 39, 46, 94, 307
Sixth (Constantinople 680/81) 95, 121
Seventh (Nicaea 787) 111, 296
Eighth (Constantinople 869/70) 136
Ohrid 217, 275, maps 4, 6
Opsikion, theme 91, 107, map 3
organ 17, 28, 29, 171, 180, 181, 207
Oikonomides, Nicolas 156
Olga 138, 179, 214
Orhan 283–4
Osman 283
Otloh of St Emmeram 209–10
Otto I, Emperor of Germany 178
Otto II, Emperor of Germany xxii, 207–8, plate 14
Ottoman Turks
capture of Constantinople 20, 314, 317–20, 333
expansion of 310–14, 325
rise of 283–4, 314–20
rulers 316–17
Pachom 41
paganism
and Christianity 9, 37–8, 95
icons 99–100, 103–4
inheritance of 329–31
Pakourianos family 246–7
Pakourianos, Gregory 247
Palaiologina, Helena 331
Palaiologos dynasty 191, 282, 299, 311–12
Palaiologos, Andreas 285–6, 289
Palaiologos, Demetrios and Thomas 317
Palaiologos, George 237, 239
Palaiologos, Michael 285–6
Palaiologos, Theodore 310
Palamas, Gregory 200–201, 286, 289, plate 39
Pannonia 133–4, map 2
papyrus 5, 30, 53, 64, 68, 125
Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire Page 45
