by Anna Machin
onset of 22, 85
physical support during 86
lactation see breastfeeding
Lancaster, Sandra 34, 170
laughter 160
Lausanne Trilogue Play (LTP) 195–6
Le Stunff, Catherine 253
lesbian parents
adopted children 65–6
donor sperm 58–9, 61
LeVine, Robert 106, 107, 111
Li, Peipei 142
lifestyle changes 76, 87
limbic system 181–2, 183, 239
linguistic development 37, 232, 235, 236, 242, 253
non-human language skills 5
Lions Barber Collective 96
Locke, John 132
loneliness 90
see also social withdrawal
Mace, Ruth 110–11
Malmberg, L. E. 235
Mäntymaa, Mirjami 242
marginalization of fathers 78–81, 260
and risk of PND 90
marital conflict
conflict management 194, 198
impact on children 191–2
inevitability of 201
intervention programmes 199–200
maternal gatekeeping 185–7
spillover effect 190
vulnerability of fathers to 190
Mascaro, Jennifer 129
massage 94–5, 99, 158
maternal gatekeeping 185–7
maternity care model, outdated 262
maternity leave 115, 116
matrilineal societies 49–50, 57
medicalization of childbirth 75, 79, 124
Meldrum, Jaren 171
Mendel, Gregor 132
mental health, poor
coping strategies 91–2, 190
gap between expectations and reality as factor in 120–1
guilt issues 91
lack of targeted services 90–1
masculinity issues 91
professional help 100–1
risk reduction 187
and social withdrawal 90, 190
stigma of 90
see also postnatal depression
mentalizing 181, 207, 239, 240, 243
midnight bottle 99
midwives 259, 260
Miller, Tina 42
mothering privilege 30
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 260–1
nature–nurture 133, 134
see also genetics
Nāyar people 49–50, 57, 62
negative experiences of childhood 142, 143
neocortex 122, 128, 160, 182, 183, 207, 232, 238, 239
nesting 28–9
neurochemistry of fatherhood 22–5, 126, 130–1
see also brain; dopamine; oxytocin; testosterone
neurones 231
neuroticism 26, 146, 149
neurotransmitters 129, 135
non-human species, fatherhood in 5–6
non-nuclear family arrangements 58
see also social fathers
nuclear family 51, 59
obesity 251, 253
‘old-fashioned dad’ 33, 112–13, 118, 257
one-on-one time
with adolescents 249
with babies 91, 177
online support communities 97, 98
openness 26, 47, 146, 149
oxytocin 22–3, 24, 130, 135, 136, 154, 162, 163–4
baby–parent synchrony 140–1
baseline 23, 24, 130, 136, 140, 141, 142
bonding neurochemical 23, 38, 47, 130, 157, 161
oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) 135–6
parent-to-parent synchrony 24, 25, 131, 140, 180
pathways, development of 139
release during caring behaviour 95, 122, 154, 180, 238
release during play 164–5, 180
synthetic 140–1
Paquette, Daniel 174, 175–6
parental relationship 178–202
brain activity, differences in 181–3
constructive communication 189
emotional intimacy 197, 198
impact on child’s development 192–3
mutually supportive 185, 187, 189, 199
predictor for family functioning 196–7
relationship satisfaction 185, 187, 188
roles, renegotiation of 193–4
shared viewpoints 197, 198
see also marital conflict
parenting behaviours
alignment 194, 202
cross-generational influences 141–3
gendered 179, 180
genetic transmission 137–9, 144–5
impact on child brain development 139, 142, 230–1
impact of personality on 145–9
mirroring 137–8
see also poor parenting patterns
parent–baby synchronous behaviours 139–40, 141
Parfitt, Ylva 187
paternity leave 53, 114–15, 116–17, 258, 263
Nordic model 267
North America 264–7
‘use it or lose it’ system 267
pay gap 114
peer support 95, 97, 98, 101
Pembrey, Marcus 251, 252
Pendry, Patricia 191
personality
changes in 26, 27–8, 47
five dominant elements 25–6, 146
impact on parenting behaviour 145–9
parental alignment 26–7
Pérusse, Daniel 138
Pilkington, Pamela 94
Pitman, Robyn 222
pituitary gland 22
placenta burial 71–2, 74–5
play
animal play 159
beta-endorphin rush 159, 162–3, 165
cooperative behaviour 173
cultural differences 165
effect on executive function 233–4
evolutionary role 159
gendered toys 38
oxytocin release 164–5, 180
preference for playing with dad 163, 164
rough and tumble 158–9, 162–3, 165, 172, 173, 233
survival-related function 159, 173
Western fathers 165, 173
poor parenting patterns 143–4
bonding and 168–9
impact on parenting styles 142, 143
overcoming 144, 149–50
professional help 150
post-traumatic stress disorder 242
postnatal depression
co-morbidity 90
economic and social costs of 93–4
impact on child’s development 242–3
maternal 88, 90, 93
paternal 88–97, 156
positive interventions 94–6, 100
testosterone levels and 96–7
pre-school setting 238, 240
precocial young 7
prefrontal cortex 122, 229–30, 232
pregnancy, fathers during
anxieties about impending fatherhood 41–2, 48, 77, 88, 95
attachment, developing 30–2, 35–6
biological and psychological synchrony 24–8
bonding with the baby 21–48
nesting 28–9
visualizing family life after the birth 197
working on your relationship 184, 188, 193–4, 195, 198, 200
problem-solving abilities 232
prolactin 77
promiscuity 54–5
male 5–6, 54–5
survival tactic 56
prosocial behaviours 248, 253
protection 15
see also survival, focus on
psychosomatic syndrome 77
see also couvade syndrome
Ramchandani, Paul 94, 243
Ratele, Kopano 57, 58
reading bedtime stories 158
resilience 143, 245–7
‘masculine’ traits 246
resources 277–84
Richaud de Minzi, María Cristina 247
Righetti, Pier 31
Rilling, James 129
&n
bsp; risk-taking, physical and emotional 245, 247
The Risky Situation 175
Rochat, Roger 109
role model
lack of good fathering role model 36, 77
rejection of negative models 42, 43
wanting to be a 42, 113, 213–14, 215–16, 248
role(s)
flexibility 54, 105, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126
multiple roles and tasks 104, 111–12, 113, 171–3
renegotiation 193–4
tension between direct and indirect roles 116
Rominov, Holly 94, 95, 100
Roskam, Isabelle 26, 27
Royal College of Midwives 259
Satun people 71–2, 74–5
Scaiola, Chloé Lavanchy 196
Sear, Rebecca 110–11
self-esteem 42, 94, 213
‘selfish gene’ 10
separated or divorced couples 97, 185
Shefer, Tamara 57
singing 32
single-mother households, role of social fathers 54–5, 56, 218–20
skin-to-skin contact 158
smoking 251–2
social and cultural development 4, 107, 108–9, 208, 237–41
social fathers 49–67, 218
adopted children 65–6
and the child’s educational development 218, 219–20
cultural norms 49–50, 51, 54–7
donor insemination (DI) children 59–63
gay couples 63–4
social learning 206–7
social withdrawal 90, 241–2
South African fathers 43, 57–8, 62
sperm manufacture and motility 22
spillover effect 190
Sroufe, Alan 137
‘The State of the World’s Fathers’ (MenCare 2015 report) 262, 269–70
statutory maternity pay 114–15
stay-at-home fathers 103, 108–9, 114, 115, 120
Steen, Mary 80, 81, 86
stereotypes of inept dads 43, 257
Stevenson, Matthew 186
Storey, Anne 77
The Strange Situation 174–5
studies about the state of fathering 258, 262, 269–70
surrogacy 63, 65
survival, focus on 54, 75, 104, 105, 126, 182
early man 4, 13, 126
economic 107–8, 109, 111
environmental risk 106–7
flexibility requirement 105
kin selection 10–11
physical 106, 109–10, 111
social and cultural 107, 108–9, 111
Ta-Young, Loan 222
talking to the bump 37–8, 47
teaching and learning 15, 75, 111, 113, 182, 205–24, 244
academic education 208–13
animal learning 207
cognitive ability 207
cycle of learning 223
father’s unique role 208–10, 211, 212–13
hominin dads 4
learning mindsets and behaviours 211
scaffolding 214, 218, 219, 234
social fathers 218–20
social learning 206–7
two-way process 221–3
values 205, 214, 216–17
testosterone 38–9, 127–8, 130, 135
baseline 40, 127–8, 130
challenge hypothesis 39
couvade syndrome and 77
drop in levels of 39–40, 47, 77, 96–7, 127, 130, 131
empathetic behaviour and 128, 130–1
and mate-finding 39, 40
PND and 96–7
and the shift from mating to parenting 39–40, 128
toddlers 232
transition to parenthood 35, 38, 42, 43, 59, 77, 82, 86–7, 221
gendered experience of 188–9
trauma, experiencing 147, 148
Turner, Ralph 157
twin studies 138
Ulmer-Yaniv, Adi 161–2
ultrasound scans 30–2
4D scans 31–2
unplanned children 77
Vaske, Jamie 134
Victorian ideal father 215
weaning 228
Weisman, Omri 140
Western model of fatherhood 50, 51, 52
Whelan, Thomas 94
Wingfield, John 39
work
career compromises 119–20
‘family friendly’ policies 115
flexible working 119
return to 83, 113–14, 115–16, 117, 118
workplace culture 115, 265
work–home life balance 115–16, 118, 121, 268
Wynter, Karen 169
Yan, Jia 142
young fathers 42, 43
couvade syndrome 76–7
negative narrative of 43
transformed by being a dad 43
Zagoory-Sharon, Orna 140, 239
Zhang, Baoshan 246
Zietsch, Brendan 132
First published in Great Britain by Simon & Schuster UK Ltd, 2018
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Copyright © Anna Machin, 2018
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