82 Holcomb B. Noble, “Koop Criticized for Role in Warning on Hospital Gloves,” New York Times, October 29, 1999.
83 Ibid.
84 Marcy Gordon, “Koop Criticized for Contract,” AP Online, October 29, 1999.
85 See, for example, a September 13, 1978, letter from R. J. Reynolds to William Shinn at the tobacco law firm of Shook, Hardy and Bacon, informing Shinn that Seitz had been invited to attend an informational presentation at the Tobacco Institute. “Dr. Seitz is doing some consulting work for us, and I thought the presentation would be of interest to him,” the letter noted. “The fact that he is assisting us has not been publicly announced, so I do not wish to emphasize the fact at the meeting.” (From the RJR documents website, Bates no. 503648881.) The articles of incorporation of the R. J. Reynolds Industries Foundation for Bio-medical Research, its research arm, list Seitz as a member of the founding board of directors. (Bates nos. 504480764-504480767.)
86 Alexander Holtzman, “Fred Seitz,” Philip Morris Interoffice Correspondence to Bill Murray, August 31, 1989, Bates no. 2023266534.
87 Steve Young, “Tobacco Giant Questions EPA Study on Secondhand Smoke,” CNN’s Moneyline (transcript #930-3), June 24, 1993.
88 Multinational Business Services, Inc., Invoice #SPPM-0693 to Steven Parrish, Vice President and General Counsel of Philip Morris USA, June 1993, Bates nos. 2023593676-2023593679.
89 Craig L. Fuller, February Monthly Report to Michael A. Miles (Philip Morris Interoffice Correspondence), March 17, 1994, Bates nos. 2041424310-2041424316.
90 Edward S. Herman, The Myth of the Liberal Media: An Edward Herman Reader (New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc., 2000), p. 235.
91 Ruth Conniff, “Warning: Feminism Is Hazardous to Your Health,” The Progressive, vol. 61, no. 4 (April 1997), p. 33.
92 Huber, pp. 175, 187, 213.
93 Tom Holt, “Could Lawsuits be the Cure for Junk Science?” Priorities (American Council on Science and Health), vol. 7, no. 2 (1995).
94 Flier circulated by Ohio Farm Bureau during 1996 lobbying for Ohio’s agricultural product disparagement law.
95 Holt, “Could Lawsuits Be the Cure for Junk Science?”
96 “ACSH Web Briefs,” News from ACSH, vol. 8, no. 1 (2000), p. 7.
97 Francis Koschier, “Humpty Dumpty Sat on a Wall” (ACSH editorial),
98 “ACSH Web Briefs.”
99 Tobacco Strategy, March 1994, Bates nos. 2022887066-2022887072.
100 Dave Zweifel, “Media Snookered by Prof’s Cancer Report,” Capital Times (Madison, WI), June 8, 1992, p. 6A.
101 Elizabeth Whelan, “Cigarettes and Blurred Vision Among ‘Right’ Minded People,” Priorities (American Council on Science and Health), vol. 6, no. 3, 1994.
CHAPTER 10: GLOBAL WARMING IS GOOD FOR YOU
1 Ross Gelbspan, The Heat Is On: The Climate Crisis, the Coverup, the Prescription (Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books, 1998), p. 154.
2 Quoted in Joseph L. Bast, Peter J. Hill, and Richard C. Rue, Eco-Sanity: A CommonSense Guide to Environmentalism (Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1994), p. 53.
3 Bernhard Stauffer, “Climate Change: Cornucopia of Ice Core Results,” Nature 399:6735 (June 3, 1999), p. 412. See also Rick Callahan, “Humans Changing Climate,” Associated Press, June 7, 1999.
4 Peter D. Ewins and D. James Baker, Open Letter, December 22, 1999.
5 Ross Gelbspan, The Heat Is On: The High Stakes Battle Over Earth’s Threatened Climate (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., 1997), p. 155.
6 Ibid., pp. 154-155.
7 Lobbying Spending By Industry, 1998 data, Center for Responsive Politics
8 Philip Lesly, “Coping with Opposition Groups,” Public Relations Review, vol. 18, no. 4 (1992), pp. 325-334.
9 Mary O’Driscoll, “Greenhouse Ads Target ‘Low-income’ Women, ‘Less-educated’ Men,” The Energy Daily, vol. 19, no. 120, June 24, 1991, p. 1. Some journalistic accounts have alleged that Bracy Williams “ran” the ICE campaign, and indeed the PR firm played a prominent role. In 1998, Michael Bracy attempted to minimize this. “In the early 1990’s, Bracy Williams and Company did a limited amount of work for one of the companies involved with ICE, but by no means did we form or ‘run’ the group,” he stated. (Michael Bracy, personal e-mail correspondence with Tom Wheeler, July 23, 1998.)
10 “Inside Track: Sowing Seeds of Doubt in the Greenhouse,” Greenwire, June 20, 1991. Also, Sheila Kaplan, “Cold Facts,” Legal Times, July 1, 1991, p. 5.
11 Peter Montague, “Ignorance is Strength,” Rachel’s Environment and Health Weekly, no. 467, November 9, 1995.
12 Sharon Beder, Global Spin: The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co., 1997), p. 94.
13 Gelbspan, p. 40.
14 The late Linus Pauling was one of the signers of the Heidelberg Appeal. The recipient of two Nobel Prizes (for chemistry and for peace), Pauling became associated in his later years with a controversial nutritional theory that advocated massive daily consumption of vitamin C. Although Pauling’s earlier work is widely praised, his theories regarding vitamin C have been almost universally dismissed as pseudoscience. It appears, therefore, that (1) even Nobel laureates sometimes practice pseudoscience, and (2) even the practitioners of pseudoscience believe they are against it.
15 The Nobel Prize winners who have endorsed both the Heidelberg Appeal and the “World Scientists’ Warning” are: Philip W. Anderson, Julius Axelrod, Baruj Benacerraf, Hans A. Bethe, James W. Black, Nicolaas Bloembergen, Thomas R. Cech, Stanley Cohen, John W. Cornforth, Jean Dausset, Johann Deisenhofer, Christian R. de Duve, Manfred Eigen, Richard R. Ernst, Donald A. Glaser, Herbert A. Hauptman, Dudley Herschbach, Antony Hewish, Roald Hoffmann, Robert Huber, Jerome Karle, John Kendrew, Klaus von Klitzing, Aaron Klug, Edwin G. Krebs, Leon M. Lederman, Yuan T. Lee, Jean-Marie Lehn, Wassily Leontief, Rita Levi-Montalcini, William N. Lipscomb, Simon van der Meer, Cesar Milstein, Joseph E. Murray, Daniel Nathans, Louis Neel, Erwin Neher, Marshall W. Nirenberg, George E. Palade, Max F. Perutz, John Polanyi, Ilya Prigogine, Heinrich Rohrer, Arthur L. Schawlow, Charles H. Townes, John Vane, Thomas H. Weller, Torsten N. Wiesel, and Robert W. Wilson.
16 World Scientists’ Call for Action at the Kyoto Climate Summit, 1997.
17 David Olinger, “Cool to the Warnings of Global Warming’s Dangers,” St. Petersburg Times, July 29, 1996.
18 Hans Bulow and Poul-Eric Heilburth, “The Energy Conspiracy” (video documentary), Filmakers Library, 124 East 40th Street, New York, NY 10016.
19 Danish Broadcasting Corporation (DR1) report, cited in Christian Jensen, “Re: Fred Singer’s Comment on Trenberth’s Article,” naturalSCIENCE, February 11, 1998,
20 Arthur B. Robinson, Sallie L. Baliunas, Willie Soon, and Zachary W. Robinson, “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide,” George C. Marshall Institute, April 1998.
21 “Overview—Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine,”
22 Cresson Kearny, Nuclear War Survival Skills, Chapter 1,
23 Ross Gelbspan, “Putting the Globe at Risk,” The Nation, November 30, 1998, p. 20.
24 David Malakoff, “Advocacy Mailing Draws Fire,” Science, April 10, 1998, p. 195.
25 David Helvarg, “The Greenhouse Spin,” The Nation, December 16, 1996, p. 21.
26 Malakoff, Science, April 10, 1998, p. 195.
27 “Top Scientist Denies Threat of Global Warming,” Vancouver Sun, June 3, 1998, p. B2.
28 “Climate Change III: Academy Slams Skeptics’ Petition,” National Journal’s Daily Energy Briefing, April 22, 1998.
29 Al Kamen, “A Chair for the Fallen,” Washington Post, May 1, 1998, p. A13.
30 William K. Stevens, “Scie
nce Academy Disputes Attack on Global Warming,” New York Times, p. A20.
31 Jake Thompson, “Spice Girl on Petition Hagel Touted,” Omaha World-Herald, May 1, 1998, p. 12.
32 Ross Gelbspan, “Putting the Globe at Risk,” The Nation, November 30, 1998, p. 20.
33 John H. Cushman, Jr., “Industrial Group Plans to Battle Climate Treaty,” New York Times, April 26, 1998, p. 1.
34 “A Misinformation Campaign,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 23, 1998, p. B6.
35 Sharon Beder, Paul Brown and John Vidal, “Environment: Who Killed Kyoto?” The Guardian (London), October 29, 1997, p. 4.
36 “Panel Says Global Warming Is ‘Real,’ ” Business Wire, June 13, 2000. See also Patrick Connole, “Global Warming Real and Worsening,” Reuters Online Service, January 13, 2000.
37 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “1998 Warmest Year on Record, NOAA Announces,”
38 As a result of these departures, GCC was forced to reorganize itself as an umbrella group of trade associations rather than of individual companies. By 1999, the science of global warming had become so robust that many companies saw their affiliation with the GCC as a public relations liability. However, it is likely that many will continue to undermine efforts to address the climate crisis through their various trade associations—for example, the American Petroleum Institute, the American Association of Automobile Manufacturers, the National Coal Foundation, and so on.
39 Seth Borenstein, “Experts Give Dire Warning About Changing Climate,” Knight Ridder Newspapers, February 21, 2000.
40 The URLs are: www.greeningearthsociety.org, www.nhes.org, and www.co2science.org.
41 The URL is: www.globalwarmingcost.org.
CHAPTER 11: QUESTIONING AUTHORITY
1 Thomas Jefferson, Writings (New York, NY: Library of America, 1984), p. 493.
2 Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 20.
3 Donald Naftulin, John E. Ware, Jr., and Frank A. Donnelly, “The Doctor Fox Lecture: A Paradigm of Education Seduction,” Journal of Medical Education 48 (1973): 630-636, p. 631.
4 Jathon Sapsford, Peter A. McKay, Mitchell Pacelle, and Bill Spindle, “Armstrong’s Visions of Business Glory Collapse in Securities-Fraud Indictment,” Wall Street Journal, September 15, 1999, pp. C1, C11.
5 Judy Treichel and Steve Frishman, “Sandman’s Cagey Tactics,” PR Watch, vol. 6, no. 2 (second quarter 1999).
6 Take, for example, the case of Milorganite, a fertilizer made from the city of Milwaukee’s heat-dried sewage sludge. In 1987, researchers encountered a cluster of Lou Gehrig’s disease among people who had been exposed to Milorganite. Lou Gehrig’s disease normally kills 1.23 out of every 100,000 Americans, yet it hit three former members of the 1964 squad of the San Francisco 49ers football team, whose practice field had been fertilized with Milorganite. Subsequent investigations by the Milwaukee Sentinel found that 2 of 155 deaths among people who had worked at the city’s Milorganite plant resulted from Lou Gehrig’s disease. The Sentinel also turned up 25 other cases of the disease in Wisconsin residents who said they had been exposed to the fertilizer. But did these cases prove that Milorganite caused the disease, or were they merely an odd coincidence? The city brought in epidemiologists from Milwaukee’s Medical College of Wisconsin and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. They reviewed death certificates for Wisconsin and found that the statewide rate of Lou Gehrig’s disease was 1.90 per 100,000—slightly higher than the national average, but not enough of an increase to meet the standard of statistical significance. The epidemiologists gave Milorganite a clean bill of health, which is the scientifically correct conclusion. Does this mean that there is no link at all between Milorganite and Lou Gehrig’s disease? Science simply has no way of answering that question. All it can say is that if there is a link, the risk appears to be low.
7 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission press release, remarks prepared for delivery at Founders’ Day Dinner, National Association of Science Writers, September 16, 1954, p. 9. Cited in Stephen Hilgartner, Richard C. Bell, and Rory O’Connor, Nukespeak: The Selling of Nuclear Technology in America (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1983), p. 44.
8 Life, November 20, 1970, p. 586, quoted in Theodor Roszak, The Cult of Information: A Neo-Luddite Treatise on High-Tech, Artificial Intelligence, and the True Art of Thinking (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994), p. 122.
9 Jeff Stier, “ ‘Flagging for Bias’ Can Unfairly Taint Studies,” Wall Street Journal, February 17, 1999.
10 Elizabeth Whelan, open letter to Ned Groth, August 16, 1999,
11 “Lobbyist Spending by Industry” (1998), Center for Responsive Politics,
12 Consumer Issues Program, Draft I. Bates nos. 2046039179-2046039194.
13 For details and further examples, see Carl Pope, “Going to Extremes: Anti-environmental Groups Hide Their Extremism,” Sierra, vol. 80, no. 5 (1995), p. 14.
14 Joel Achenbach, “Putting All the X in One Basket,” Washington Post, April 27, 1994, p. B1.
15 Tom Brazaitis, “Big Think Tanks Lead the Charge in Washington,” The Plain Dealer (Cleveland), December 19, 1999, p. 1A. See also David Callahan, “$1 Billion for Ideas: Conservative Think Tanks in the 1990s,” National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, March 1999.
16 See, for example, Eric Nagourney, “Recipe for Health: Shaken, Not Stirred,” New York Times, December 21, 1999, p. F8; and Lee Bowman, “Martini Recipe for Good Health?” Houston Chronicle, December 17, 1999, p. 32.
17 Richard E. Sclove, “Town Meetings on Technology,” Technology Review, July 1996. Australian professor Brian Martin has also studied the use of citizen juries. He uses the term “demarchy” to contrast this decision-making process with the conventional methods of traditional representative democracy. For further information about his views on the subject, visit Martin’s website at
18 Richard E. Sclove and Madeleine L. Scammell, “Community-based Research in the United States” (summary), Loka Alert vol. 5, no. 4 (August 2, 1998).
19 John Doble and Amy Richardson, “You Don’t Have to be a Rocket Scientist,” Technology Review, vol. 95, no. 1 (January 1992), p. 51.
20 “Tackling the Question of Science Literacy,” Education Report, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, April 17, 1996.
21 Terri Swearingen, speech upon acceptance of the Goldman Environmental Prize, San Francisco, CA, April 14, 1997.
22 Jake Tapper, “The Town that Haunts Al Gore,” Salon, April 26, 2000.
23 Terri Swearingen, Goldman Environmental Prize speech.
24 Ibid.
INDEX
accountability, demanding
activism
The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC)
agricultural product disparagement laws
Air Hygiene Foundation (AHF)
Akre, Jane
Alar
Allen, Frederick Lewis
Alliance for Better Foods (ABF)
Altieri, Miguel
Alvarez, Paul
American Council on Science and Health (ACSH)
American Dietetic Association (ADA)
American Petroleum Institute
American Policy Center (APC)
American Public Health Association (APHA)
amoxicillin
Andrade, Anthony
antitrust actions
APCO
Apotex
apple industry
“Archetype Studies,”
Armstrong, Martin A.
Arnold, Ron
asbestos
atomic energy and atom bomb
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
authority: obedience to; questioning
automobile
industry
Avery, Dennis T.
Bacon, Francis
Balling, Robert
bandwagon
Bauman, Norman
Ben & Jerry’s
Benbrook, Charles
benzene
Berke, Jerry H.
Bernays, Edward
Trust Us, We're Experts PA Page 45
