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Index
Academy Awards (streaker), 231. See also Opel, Robert
Adams, Elmer and Lucille, 159–160
America Online, 255
American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR), 252, 257–58. See also American Sunbathing Association
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 8; Morris Ernst and, 94, 169; Los Angeles antinudity ordinance, 232; Michigan v. Hildabridle, 161, 167; Nudism in Modern Life, 90, 92; Olympian League defense, 37–39; Sunshine and Health, 169, 174–178; Truro Free Beach, 234
American League for Physical Culture, 1, 65
American Sunbathing Association (ASA), 85; female leadership, 142–143; financial mismanagement by Ilsley Boone, 142; homosexuality, policy toward, 239, 252; name change (1994), 252; racial segregation policy, 147–148; relationship with TNS, 249; Second World War, 106–107; and U.S. Internal Revenue Service, 159
Anarchists, 1
Angier, Mary, 56–57
Anticensorship activism, and nudism, 18, 41–41. See also American Civil Liberties Union; Sex radicals
Antiobscenity coalition, 40
Antipornography debates, 211–212, 242
Baldwin, Roger, 8; nude sunbathing, 38,169
Barthal, Kurt, 1, 212; selection of Rev. Ilsley Boone. See also American League for Physical Culture
Baxandall, Lee, 233–248. See also The Naturist Society (TNS)
Beachfront U.S.A, 231
Bellas, Bruce (Bruce of Los Angeles), 120
Black, Justice Hugo, 186
Blixton, Sandy, 229
Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York, 188, 193, 204
Boone, Berton, 206
Boone, Rev. Ilsley, 50; accusations of Sexual misconduct, 173; ASA finances controversy, 142; death of, 212; editor of Sunshine and Health, 88–89, 112; founds International Nudist Council, 65–66; legal defense of Sunshine and Health, 170–178
Boy Scouts of America, 51
Brennan, Justice William, 185
Brownmiller, Susan, 242
Burke, Vincent, 33. See also New York v. Burke
Burlesque, 9, 29–30, 34; Minsky burlesque houses, 36
Callen, Eugene, 231
Camping, 149
Carter, John R. C. (epidemiologist), 61–62
Cartoons (nudist), 109
Censorship: and the Catholic Church, 39; Chicago’s system of, 23–24; magazine, and House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, 196–198, 206–208; of films, 4; and genitalia, 169; Garden of Eden (1954), 188–196; and homosexuality, 192; Miracle decision, 194; Motion Picture Production Code (1934), 99; Nudism in Modern Life, 87–96; and prior restraint, 194; racial arguments, 195; racial politics and, 176; self-, and Sunshine and Health, 113; state-centered approach of New York, 27–29; U.S. Post Office refuses to deliver Sunshine and Health, 128–130
Cermak, Anton, 24–27
Chad Merrill Smith v. California, 227–228
Chicago, censorship system of, 23–24
Child pornography, 242–245, 254–255
Child sex abuse, 254–60
Cinder, Cec, 224
Clark, Kenneth, 92
Clinton, Bill, 255
Comic books, 171
Communications Decency Act (1995), 255
Companionate marriage, 4
CompuServe, 255
Comstock, Anthony, 59, 90
Counterculture, and nudity, 209–211
Craft, Nikki, 238–248. See also “Shirtfree equality”
Davis, Ed, 230
Dennett, Mary Ware, 42
Dies, Rep. Martin, 87, 97–106. See also Parmelee, Maurice
Douglas, William O., 186
Double Victory campaign, 146
Dworkin, Andrea, 242
East Bay Sexual Freedom League, 221, 224
Eastman, Crystal, 8
Ellis, Albert, 210
Ellis, Havelock, 78, 89
Elysia (film), 69–71
Elysium Publishing Company, 200
Ernst, Morris, 94–95, 169
Eugenics, 78
Exploitation films, 12, 69, 190, 203
Federal Loyalty Program, 169
Feminism, 237–238
“Fey-way” art gallery, 232
First Humanist Society of New York, 42
Foley, Rep. Mark, 255–56
Free Beach Documentation Center, 238
Free beach movement, 222–233; Committee for Free Beaches, 223–224; gay community and, 225, 229; Darrell Tarver and, 223–224
Free love, 1, 7. See also Greenwich Village
Free the Free Beach Committee, 233
Gallup Poll, on attitudes toward nude sunbathing, 236
Gay, Jan, 8; homosexuality of, 79–80; On Going Naked, 30
Gay Liberation, 225, 252
Gay Liberation Front, 225
Geib, Frederick, 143
Geinreich, Rudolf, 135, 225
Glassey, Hobart 55–56
Goldstein, Judge Jonah, 17, 28
Granahan, Rep. Kathryn (chair of House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service), 196–198, 206–208
Greenwich Village, 7
Gymnasium: as location of nudist activities, 2; Heart of New York Gymnasium, 17. See also Goldstein, Judge Jonah
Gymnastic training systems, such as Muscular Christianity, 29
Hadley, Lawrence (Cape Cod National Seashore superintendent), 233
Hall, Stanley G., 70
Handler, Michelle, 243, 245
Hays Production Code, 12
Health reformers: Andrus Alcott, Sylvester Graham, and Bernarr Macfadden, 20
Heliotherapy, 19, 67; modesty and health, 71
Hicklin test, of obscenity, 94
Hildabridle, Earl, 161
Homeopathy, 21; practitioners Julie R. Lowe and Gertrude Gail Wellington, 21
Homosexuality, 5, 49, 51, 80, 88, 91, 135–136; and bars, police crackdown on, 98–99; and The Naturist Society, 239–241; and nude beaches, police crackdown on, 229; the nude male in film, 192; and public baths, police crackdown on, 30–31, 34, 225; skinny dipping and, 163; Sunshine and Health and, 119–122, 170–174, 182. See also Sunshine and Health
House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 88; 97–106. See also Dies, Martin; Parmelee, Maurice
Hull House, 21
Huntington, Henry, 50, 73, 202
Indecent exposure laws, 53–54; Los Angeles antinudity ordinance, 232; Section 115 of San Francisco’s Municipal Code, 221; Section 314 of the California Penal Code (see also Chad Smith), 227–228; Section 335 of the Michigan Penal Code, 60, 161; Section 1140a of the penal law of New York, 31–39, 41, 194–195
International Nudist Council (INC), 11, 85. See also American Sunbathing Association
Interracial sex, 214–215
Jenny Jones Show, 256
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 110
Kaufman, Murray, 239
Kenyon, Dorothy, 38
Kernochan, Frederic, 37–39
Kellerman, Annette, bathing suit arrest of, 28
Kildee-Murphy Bill, 243
Kirkland, James, 178–184
Kleindienst, Will, 253
Koch, Leo F., 217
Knapp, Alois, 48, 111, 116; and Zoro Nature Park, 159
Knowles, Joseph, 51
LaBarre, Weston, 176
LaGuardia, Fiorello, 34, 46
Lange, Ed, 200, 237, 244, 256
Lange, June, 160
Lebensreform, 1
Lehman, Governor Herbert (New York), 39, 45
Lennon, John, 209
Lesbian, 92
Lewis, Sinclair, 94
Lincoln Park in Chicago (sunbathing proposal), 26
Lorenzen, Donald, Los Angeles City Council, 230
Los Angeles city council, 228–231
Luros, Martin, 200
Macfadden, Bernarr, 19, 20
MacKinnon, Catharine, 242
Mattachine Society, 135; 225
Medical profession, 3
Mencken, H. L, 94
McCall antinudism bill, 39–47
McMartin trial, 257
Michigan v. Hildabridle, 159–168
Midwifery, 3
Miss America Pageant, 28–29
Moral reform organizations, 18–27; Catholic Legion of Decency, 39–41; Juvenile Protection Association (JPA), 23;
Moral reform organizations (Continued)New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSSV), 4, 18, 90; Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 23–27; Young Woman’s Christian Association, 23. See also Censorship
Males Au Naturel (MAN), 239
Mass-market sex advice literature, 210, 213
Meese Commission, 244, 253
Maupin, Armistad, (Tales of the City), 226
Merrill, Francis and Mason, 2, 30; religious survey, 74
Michigan v. Hildabridle, 159–168
Nacktkultur, 1, 2; Hitler and, 9; Zentralkommission fur Arbeitersport and Korperplflege, 9; National Socialism, 70
Nation, 103
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 5, 165
National Council of Freedom from Censorship, 42
National Geographic, 176, 180
National Negro Sunbathing Association, 147. See also Nudist camps/clubs/resorts
National Nude Beach Day, 236
Naturism (as European term), 211, 235
The Naturist Society (TNS), 233–248; critiques of ASA, 234; feminist activists, alliance with, 237–238; gatherings, 235; and gay community, 239–241; and naturopathy, 66–67; and pornography, 242;
Nazi, 2
Nelson, Flora “Flo,” 254. See also Nudist camps/clubs/resorts: Elysia
New York City League for Sexual Freedom, 218, 251
New York v. Burke (1934), 34–39
Nipson, Herbert, 147
Nude beaches, 219, 222–223; Baker Beach, 226; 228; Black’s Beach, 246; Brooks Avenue Beach (near Venice Beach), 226, 228, 230; Land’s End Beach, 239; police clashes with, 227, 229; Pirate’s Cove (Malibu), 226, 231; Riis Beach, 226; Rogers Park Beach, 19–27; San Gregario State Beach, 224; Shark’s Cove (Santa Barbara), 226, 228; Truro Free Beach, 233; “Nude Bridge,” 253; “XB-58” event, 303n51
Nude “wade-in,” 221. See also Poland, Jefferson; San Francisco’s Aquatic Park
Nudism: alternative medicine and, 3; child molestation and, 133–134; democracy and, German origins of, 1–2; health and; 2–4; as health fad, 66–67; homosexuality and, 80, 88; Catholic Church and, 72; exoticism and, 70; and income levels, 150; and political radicalism, 76–82; psychological benefits of, 75–76; and racial policies, 6, 214–215; and religion, 7, 72–75; respectability as façade, 81; romanticization of the racial other, 70, 145, 176; as sexual liberation, 7–8; single man problem, 131
Nudist books: Among the Nudists (1931), 2, 30, 51; Nudism Comes to America (1932), 2, 30, 74; Nudism in Modern Life (1931), 8, 30, 50, 76; 100; On Going Naked (1932), 8, 30, 51, 79
Nudist camps/clubs/resorts: “The Beavers,” 107; Camp Goodland, 212; child molestation at, 133–134; child play areas, 153, 155; Cobblestone Suntanners, 133–134; “the De Anza Trail,” 107; demographics of, 143, 213; Desert Shadows, 253–254; Desert Sun Resort, 258; dining, 155; Elysia, 10, 55–56, 254; Elysium, 237; emergence as resorts, 10, 149–159; group sex and, 217; health benefits, medical testimony on, 61–62; “Hesperians” group, 107; and the IRS, 159; Lake Como, 256; Lake O’ Woods, 10, 53–54, 82–86, 254; luxury resorts, 253; Maryland Health Society, 54; media coverage of, 58–59; membership, 54, 85; Penn-Sylvan Health Society Camp, 214; photography at, 55; playgrounds, 155; racial policies, 144–149, 214–215; regional strength, 151; “Rock Lodge, “107; rural settings, 10, 48–52, 82; Shangri-La Guest Ranch, 220; sleeping accommodations, 157; sporting facilities, 154; Sky Farm, 10; Stonehenge, 215, 220; summer camps and, 149; Sun Sports League, 56–64; Sunny Sands Resort, 219; Sunshine Gardens Health Resort, 159–168; Sunshine Park, 86, 151–159; 215; swinging/swingers at, 216; trailers, 158; Zoro Nature Park, 48, 50–56, 142; visibility of, 63
Nudist films: Elysia, 191; Garden of Eden (1954), 188–196; 203; Nude on the Moon (1961), 203; Paradise Lost (1959), 205–206; Sundial (1962), 200; The Unashamed (1938), 254; This Nude World, 48
Nudist magazines: Clothed With the Sun (CwS), 243, 245; Health and Efficiency, 244; Jeunes et Naturelles, 244; Nude and Natural, 247; Nudist (1933–1943), 11, 65; Nudist becomes Sunshine and Health, 85; Sundial, 200; Young and Natural, 244. See also Sunshine and Health
Nudity: acceptance shift after Basic Instinct and Fatal Attraction, 252; children and, 62–63, 163, 166–167; and display of genitalia, 124–128, 178–182, 198–203; ethnography and, 69–70; public v. private, 34–35, 38; Two Virgins (album cover), 209
Obscenity and nudity, 90–91, 94, 96, 169–184; child nudity, 182; child pornography, 242–245; in film, 190; and male genitalia, 182–184; obesity and, 179; racial politics and, 180; U.S. Supreme Court on, 184–187
Olympian League (New York City), 35
Opel, Robert, 231
OutWeek, 241
Packwood, Norval, 134, 159, 160
Parent Teacher As
sociation (PTA), 143
Parmelee, Maurice, 8, 30; academic works, 99–100; and Board of Economic Warfare, 88; career, 76; childhood, 77; death, 212; on eroticism and nudism, 80; on eugenics, 78; government employment, 97–98; homosexuality, attitudes toward, 78–79; obscenity trial on Nudism in Modern Life, 87–96; 194; Personality and Conduct (1918), 78; political persecution of, 97–106; radical views of, 76–82; relationships with Boone and Huntington, 81
Payne, Steve, 253
The Phil Donahue Show, 241
Physique magazines, male, 119–121
Presidential Commission on Pornography (1970), 244
Poland, Jefferson, 217–222; child molestation conviction, 246–247; nude “wade-in,” 221
Pornography, 171–178, 192–193, 203, 252; antipornography feminism and, 212, 238, 242; mail order, 202
Price, Ken, 205
Privacy (legal arguments),42, 60–64
Psychological benefits, 75–76, 210
Pubic hair controversy over shaved, 245
Public bathhouses, 20–21
Public-indecency laws, 31; in California, 227; in Michigan, 161
Pudor, Heinrich, 70
Pulis, Margaret A. B., 142–143, 207
Rice, Elmer, 38, 175
Ring, Fred, 56–64
Ring v. Michigan, 56–64, 133, 159, 164
Rogers Park Beach, 19–27
Rollier, Augustus, 68; 71
Roth, Samuel, 184–185
Roth v. United States (1957), 184–188
Ryskind, Mary, 42
Samuels, E. J., 146
San Francisco’s Aquatic Park, 221
San Francisco State University, 217, 223
Sanger, Margaret, 74
Sawyer, Rev. Braxton, 160–161
Sex Education, 173
Sex Psychopath Laws, 164
Sex radicals, 1, 4. See also Poland, Jefferson
Sexual Freedom League, 251
Sexual expression, 4; challenge limits on, 218; law and, 8. See also American Civil Liberties Union
Sexual liberalism, 4–6, 62–63; challenge to, 218; children, 134–135; decline of, 211; nudist magazines and, 170–174; Parmelee v. United States and, 95, single man and, 132
Sexual liberation, 7, 13; 209–211, 222
“Shirtfree equality,” 238
Single man problem, 131, 133–138; club policies, 135
Skinny dipping, 163
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