__________. The Kingdom in the Sun. London, 1970.
__________. The Normans in the South. London, 1967.
__________. Venice: The Greatness and the Fall. London, 1981.
Origo, I. The Merchant of Prato: Francesco di Marco Datini. London, 1957.
The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Ed. J. N. D. Kelly. Oxford, 1986.
Pardoe, R., and D. Pardoe. The Female Pope: The Mystery of Pope Joan: The First Complete Documentation of the Facts Behind the Legend. Wellingborough, England, 1988.
Pastor, L. von. History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages. 40 vols. London, 1891–1953.
Petrarch, F. Petrarch at Vaucluse: Letters in Verse and Prose. Tr. E. H. Wilkins. Chicago, 1968.
Pius II, Pope. Memoirs of a Renaissance Pope: The Commentaries of Pius II. Tr. F. A. Gragg. London, 1960.
Platina, B. The Lives of the Popes. Ed. and tr. W. Benham. London, 1888.
Pollard, J. F. The Unknown Pope: Benedict XV (1914–1922) and the Pursuit of Peace. London, 1999.
__________. The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–32: A Study in Conflict. Cambridge, 1985.
Pope-Hennessy, J. Fra Angelico. London, 1952.
Powell, J. M. (ed.). Innocent III. Washington, D.C., 1994.
Ranke, L. von. History of the Popes in the 16th and 17th Centuries. London, 1847.
Renouard, Y. The Avignon Papacy. London, 1970.
Rhodes, A. The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, 1922–45. London, 1973.
Rhoidis, E. Pope Joan, a Romantic Biography. Tr. L. Durrell. London, 1954.
Richards, J. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages. London, 1979.
Royal, R. The Pope’s Army: 500 years of the Papal Swiss Guard. New York, 2006.
Runciman, S. The Eastern Schism. Oxford, 1955.
———. History of the Crusades. 3 vols. Cambridge, 1951–54.
Rustici, C. M. The Afterlife of Pope Joan: Deploying the Popess Legend in Early Modern England. Ann Arbor, Mich., 2006.
Selwyn, E. G. The First Epistle of St. Peter. London, 1946.
Spanheim, F. Histoire de la Papesse Jeanne. Tr. J. Lenfant. 2 vols. The Hague, 1720.
Stanford, P. The She-Pope: A Quest for the Truth Behind the Mystery of Pope Joan. London, 1998.
Thomas, G., and M. Morgan-Witts. Pontiff. London, 1984.
Tillmann, H. Pope Innocent III. Tr. W. Sax. Amsterdam, 1980.
Toynbee, J. M. C., and J. Ward-Perkins. The Shrine of St Peter and the Vatican Excavations. London, 1956.
Trease, G. The Condottieri: Soldiers of Fortune. London, 1970.
Tuchman, B. The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam. New York, 1984.
Ullmann, W. The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages. London, 1962.
__________. The Origins of the Great Schism. London, 1948.
__________. A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages. London, 1972.
Zamoyski, A. The Polish Way. London, 1987.
Ziegler, P. The Black Death. London, 1969.
List of Popes and Antipopes
Antipopes are given in italics. Dates of popes in the first two centuries are approximate; each concluding date represents the end of the papal reign rather than the pope’s death or deposition/retirement.
PAPAL NAME ORIGINAL NAME PAPAL DATES
I. St. Peter
Peter Simon/Symeon ?–c. 64
Linus 67–76
Anacletus 76–88
Clement I 88–97
Evaristus 97–105
II. Defenders of the City
Alexander I 105–115
Sixtus I 115–125
Telesphorus 125–136
Hyginus 136–140
Pius I 140–155
Anicetus 155–166
Soter 166–175
Eleutherius 175–189
Victor I 189–199
Zephyrinus 199–217
Callixtus I 217–222
Hippolytus (antipope) 217–235
Urban I 222–230
Pontian 230–235
Anterus 235–236
Fabian 236–250
Cornelius 251–253
Novatian (antipope) 251
Lucius 253–254
Stephen I 254–257
Sixtus II 257–258
Dionysius 260–268
Felix I 269–274
Eutychian 275–283
Gaius (Caius) 283–296
Marcellinus 296–304
Marcellus I 308–309
Eusebius 309–310
Miltiades (Melchiades) 311–314
Sylvester I 314–335
Mark 336
Julius I 337–352
Liberius 352–366
Felix II (antipope) 355–365
Damasus I 366–384
Ursinus (antipope) 366–367
Siricius 384–394
Anastasius I 399–401
Innocent I 401–417
Zosimus 417–418
Boniface I 418–422
Eulalius (antipope) 418–419
Celestine I 422–432
Sixtus III 432–440
Leo I (the Great) 440–461
Hilarius (Hilary) 461–468
Simplicius 468–483
Felix III (II) 483–492
Gelasius I 492–496
Anastasius II 496–498
Symmachus 498–514
Laurentius (antipope) 498–499, 501–506
Hormisdas 514–523
III. Vigilius
John I 523–526
Felix IV (III) 526–530
Dioscorus (antipope) 530
Boniface II 530–532
John II 533–535
Agapetus I 535–536
Silverius 536–537
Vigilius 537–555
Pelagius I 556–561
John III 561–574
IV. Gregory the Great
Benedict I 575–579
Pelagius II 579–590
Gregory I (the Great) 590–604
Sabinian 604–606
Boniface III 607
Boniface IV 608–615
Deusdedit I (Adeodatus I) 615–618
Boniface V 619–625
Honorius I 625–638
Severinus 640
John IV 640–642
Theodore I 642–649
V. Leo III and Charlemagne
Martin I 649–653
Eugenius I 654–657
Vitalian 657–672
Adeodatus II 672–676
Donus 676–678
Agatho 678–681
Leo II 682–683
Benedict II 684–685
John V 685–686
Conon 686–687
Sergius I 687–701
Theodore (antipope) 687
Paschal (antipope) 687
John VI 701–705
John VII 705–707
Sisinnius 708
Constantine 708–715
Gregory II 715–731
Gregory III 731–741
Zachary 741–752
Stephen II 752–757
Paul I 757–767
Constantine II (antipope) 767–768
Philip (antipope) 768
Stephen III 768–772
Hadrian I 772–795
Leo III 795–816
Stephen IV 816–817
Paschal I 817–824
Eugenius II 824–827
Valentine 827
Gregory IV 827–844
John (antipope) 844
Sergius II 844–847
Leo IV 847–855
VI. Pope Joan
[Joan 855?–857?]
Benedict III 855–858
Anastasius (antipope) 855
VII. Nicholas I and the Pornocracy
Nicholas I (the Great) 858–867
Hadrian II 867–872
John VIII 872–882
Marinus I 882–884
Hadrian III 884–885
Stephen V 885–891
Boniface VI 896
Stephen VI 896–897
Romanus 897
Theodore II 897
John IX 898–900
Benedict IV 900–903
Leo V 903
Christopher (antipope) 903–904
Sergius III 904–911
Anastasius III 911–913
Lando 913–914
John X 914–928
Leo VI 928
Stephen VII 928–931
John XI 931–935
Leo VII 936–939
Stephen VIII 939–942
Marinus II 942–946
Agapetus II 946–955
John XII 955–964
Leo VIII 963–965
VIII. Schism
Benedict V 964
John XIII 965–972
Benedict VI 973–974
Boniface VII (antipope) 974, 984–985
Benedict VII 974–983
John XIV Peter Canepanova 983–984
John XV John Crescentius 985–986
Gregory V Bruno of Carinthia 996–999
John XVI (antipope) John Philagathos 997–998
Sylvester II Gerbert of Aurillac 999–1003
John XVII John Sicco 1003
John XVIII John Fasanus 1003–1009
Sergius IV Pietro Buccaporca 1009–1012
Gregory VI (antipope) 1012
Benedict VIII Theophylact II of Tusculum 1012–1024
John XIX Romanus of Tusculum 1024–1032
Benedict IX Theophylact III of Tusculum 1032–1045, 1047–1048
Sylvester III John of Sabina 1045
Gregory VI John of Gratian 1045–1046
Clement II Suidger of Bamberg 1046–1047
Damasus II Poppo of Brixen 1048
Leo IX Bruno of Egisheim 1049–1054
IX. Gregory VII and the Normans
Victor II Gebhard of Dollnstein-Hirschberg 1055–1057
Stephen IX Frederick of Lorraine 1057–1058
Benedict X (antipope) John Mincius 1058–1059
Nicholas II Gérard of Lorraine 1058–1061
Alexander II Anselm of Baggio 1061–1073
Honorius II (antipope) Peter Cadalus 1061–1064
Gregory VII Hildebrand 1073–1085
X. Innocent and Anacletus
Clement III (antipope) Guibert of Ravenna 1080, 1084–1100
Victor III Desiderius of Monte Cassino 1086–1087
Urban II Odo of Châtillon 1088–1099
Paschal II Rainerius of Bieda 1099–1118
Theodoric (antipope) 1100–1101
Albert (Aleric) (antipope) 1101–1102
Sylvester IV (antipope) Maginulf 1105–1111
Gelasius II John of Gaeta 1118–1119
Gregory VIII (antipope) Maurice Burdanus 1118–1121
Calixtus II Guido of Burgundy 1119–1124
Honorius II Lambert Scannabecchi 1124–1130
Celestine II (antipope) Teobaldo 1124
Innocent II Gregorio Papareschi 1130–1143
Anacletus II (antipope) Pietro Pierleoni 1130–1138
Victor IV (antipope) Gregorio Conti 1138
XI. The English Pope
Celestine II Guido di Castello 1143–1144
Lucius II Gherardo Caccianemici 1144–1145
Eugenius III Bernardo Pignatelli 1145–1153
Anastasius IV Conrad of Rome 1153–1154
Hadrian IV Nicholas Breakspear 1154–1159
XII. Alexander III and Frederick Barbarossa
Alexander III Orlando Bandinelli 1159–1181
Victor IV (antipope) Ottaviano of Monticelli 1159–1164
Paschal III (antipope) Guido of Crema 1164–1168
Callixtus III (antipope) Giovanni of Struma 1168–1178
Innocent III (antipope) Lando of Sezze 1179–1180
Lucius III Ubaldo Allucingoli 1181–1185
Urban III Uberto Crivelli 1185–1187
Gregory VIII Alberto di Morra 1187
XIII. Innocent III
Clement III Paulo Scolari 1187–1191
Celestine III Giacinto Boboni 1191–1198
Innocent III Lotario di Segni 1198–1216
XIV. The End of the Hohenstaufen
Honorius III Cencio Savelli 1216–1227
Gregory IX Ugolino of Ostia 1227–1241
Celestine IV Goffredo da Castiglione 1241
Innocent IV Sinibaldo dei Fieschi 1243–1254
Alexander VI Rainaldo dei Conti di Segni 1254–1261
Urban IV Jacques Pantaléon 1261–1264
Clement IV Guy Foulques 1265–1268
Gregory X Tedaldo Visconti 1271–1276
Innocent V Pierre of Tarantaise 1276
Hadrian V Ottobono Fieschi 1276
John XXI Pedro Juliano 1276–1277
Nicholas III Giovanni Gaetano Orsini 1277–1280
Martin IV Simon de Brie 1281–1285
Honorius IV Giacomo Savelli 1285–1287
Nicholas IV Girolamo Masci 1288–1292
Celestine V Pietro del Morrone 1294
Boniface VIII Benedetto Caetani 1294–1303
XV. Avignon
Benedict XI Niccolò Baccasino 1303–1304
Clement V Bertrand de Got 1305–1314
John XXII Jacques Duèse 1316–1334
Nicholas V (antipope) Pietro Rainalducci 1328–1330
Benedict XII Jacques Fournier 1334–1342
Clement VI Pierre Roger 1342–1352
Innocent VI Etienne Aubert 1352–1362
Urban V Guillaume de Grimoard 1362–1370
Gregory XI Pierre-Roger de Beaufort 1370–1378
XVI. Laetentur Coeli!
Urban VI Bartolomeo Prignano 1378–1389
Clement VII (antipope) Robert of Geneva 1378–1394
Boniface IX Pietro Tomacelli 1389–1404
Benedict XIII (antipope) Pedro de Luna 1394–1417
Innocent VII Cosimo Gentile dei Migliorati 1404–1406
Gregory XII Angelo Correr 1406–1415
Alexander V (antipope) Pietro Philarghi 1409–1410
John XXIII (antipope) Baldassare Cossa 1410–1415
Martin V Oddone Colonna 1417–1431
Clement VIII (antipope) Gil Sánchez Muñoz 1423–1429
Benedict XIV (antipope) Bernard Garnier 1425–?
Eugenius IV Gabriele Condulmer 1431–1447
Felix V (antipope) Amadeus VIII of Savoy 1439–1449
XVII. The Renaissance
Nicholas V Tommaso Parentucelli 1447–1455
Calixtus III Alfonso de Borja (Borgia) 1455–1458
Pius II Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini 1458–1464
Paul II Pietro Barbo 1464–1471
Sixtus IV Francesco della Rovere 1471–1484
Innocent VIII Giambattistata Cibo 1484–1492
XVIII. The Monsters
Alexander VI Rodrigo Borgia 1492–1503
Pius III Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini 1503
Julius II Giuliano della Rovere 1503–1513
XIX. The Medici Pair
Leo X Giovanni de’ Medici 1513–1521
Hadrian VI Adrian Florensz Dedal 1522–1523
Clement VII Giulio de’ Medici 1523–1534
XX. The Counter-Reformation
Paul III Alessandro Farnese 1534–1549
Julius III Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte 1550–1555
Marcellus II Marcello Cervini 1555
Paul IV Giampietro Carafa 1555–1559
Pius IV Giovanni Angelo Medici 1559–1565
Pius V Michele Ghislieri 1566–1572
Gregory XIII Ugo Boncompagni 1572–1585
Sixtus V Felice Peretti 1585–1590
Urban VII Giambattista Castagna 1590
Gregory XIV Niccolò Sfondrati 1590–1591
Innocent IX Giovanni Antonio Fachinetti 1591
Clement VIII Ippolito Aldobrandini 1592–1605
XXI. Baroque Rome
Leo XI Alessandro de’ Med
ici 1605
Paul V Camillo Borghese 1605–1621
Gregory XV Alessandro Ludovisi 1621–1623
Urban VIII Maffeo Barberini 1623–1644
Innocent X Giambattista Pamfili 1644–1655
Alexander VII Fabio Chigi 1655–1667
Clement IX Giulio Rospigliosi 1667–1669
Clement X Emilio Altieri 1670–1676
Innocent XI Benedetto Odescalchi 1676–1689
Alexander VIII Pietro Ottoboni 1689–1691
Innocent XII Antonio Pignatelli 1691–1700
XXII. The Age of Reason
Clement XI Gian Francesco Albani 1700–1721
Innocent XIII Michelangelo de’ Conti 1721–1724
Benedict XIII Pietro Francesco Orsini-Gravina 1724–1730
Clement XII Lorenzo Corsini 1730–1740
Benedict XIV Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini 1740–1758
XXIII. The Jesuits and the Revolution
Clement XIII Carlo della Torre Rezzonico 1758–1769
Clement XIV Lorenzo Ganganelli 1769–1774
Pius VI Giovanni Angelo Braschi 1775–1799
XXIV. Progress and Reaction
Pius VII Barnaba Chiaramonti 1800–1823
Leo XII Annibale Sermattei della Genga 1823–1829
Pius VIII Francesco Saverio Castiglione 1829–1830
Gregory XVI Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari 1831–1846
XXV. Pio Nono
Pius IX Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti 1846–1878
XXVI. Leo XIII and the First World War
Leo XIII Gioacchino Vincenzo Pecci 1878–1903
Pius X Giuseppe Sarto 1903–1914
Benedict XV Giacomo della Chiesa 1914–1922
XXVII. Pius XI and Pius XII
Pius XI Achille Ratti 1922–1939
Pius XII Eugenio Pacelli 1939–1958
XXVIII. Vatican II and After
John XXIII Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli 1958–1963
Paul VI Giovanni Battista Montini 1963–1978
John Paul I Albino Luciani 1978
John Paul II Karol Wojtyła 1978–2005
Benedict XVI Joseph Ratzinger 2005–
St. Peter and St. Paul.
Twelfth-century mosaics in the Cathedral of Monreale, Sicily. (Illustration Credit i1.1)
The Crypt of the Popes, Catacomb of San Callisto, Rome, third century. Now empty, it once contained the remains of nine popes and eight bishops of the third century. (Illustration Credit i1.2)
The Mausoleum of Theodoric, Ravenna. Raising that single monolith that forms the roof was an astonishing achievement for the sixth century. The mausoleum also contains the sarcophagus of Pope Victor II (1055–1057). (Illustration Credit i1.3)
Absolute Monarchs Page 59
