by David Garrow
Derick Schilling (DJG), 4 and 8 December 2014, New York, NY (E)
Jeanne Reynolds Schmidt (DJG), 5 February 2013, Augusta, GA (T)
John Schmidt (DJG), 27 April 2009; 27 April and 1 August 2009 (2) (E), Chicago
Paul Schmitz (DJG), 13 July 2012, Milwaukee, WI
Shannon Schmoyer (DJG), 26 February 2013, San Antonio, TX (T)
Barbara Schneider (DJG), 13 February 2013, Durham, ME (T)
Jeff Schoenberg (DJG), 11 May 2011, Springfield, IL
Bernard Schoenburg (Mark DePue), 9 March 2009, Springfield, IL (ALPL)
George Schopp (DJG), 16 January 2010, Chicago, IL
Patty Schuh (DJG), 12 May 2011, Springfield, IL
Ellen Schumer (DJG), 18 September 2009, Chicago
Michael Schwartz (DJG), 22 February 2013, Denver, CO (T)
Karen Schweickart (DJG), 24 March 2014, Chicago (T)
Janny Scott (DJG), 22 September 2011, New York, NY (E)
Jason Scott (DJG), 3 September 2013, New York, NY
Rob Scott (DJG), 31 July 2015, Springfield, IL (T)
Paul Scully (DJG), 5 May 2009; 6, 22, and 25 May 2009, 5 August 2009, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 March 2015 (E), Chicago
Scott Sederstrom (DJG), 6 (2) December 2010, Chicago (E)
Kristen Seeger (DJG), 20 March 2014, Chicago (T)
Jay Seidenstein (DJG), 20 December 2011 (E), 21 December 2011 (T), Honolulu
Gary Seidman (DJG), 3 January 2012, Seattle
Jeffrey Selbin (DJG), 5 December 2011, Berkeley, CA
Joseph Seliga (DJG), 1 July 2013, Chicago
Orin Sellstrom (DJG), 30 April 2013, San Francisco
Claire Serdiuk (DJG), 8 November 2010, Chicago
George Shadid (DJG), 29 May 2010, Peoria, IL
Tarak Shah (DJG), 6 February 2014, Arlington, VA
Carolyn Shapiro (DJG), 9 November 2010, Chicago (T)
David Shapiro (DJG), 9 March 2014, Cambridge, MA (E)
Robert Y. Shapiro (DJG), 14 March 2013, New York, NY (T)
John Sharick (Philip Bracy), 14 April 1981, Youngstown, OH (Youngstown State University)
Al Sharp (DJG), 28 June 2013, Chicago
Michael Sheehan (DJG), 6 February 2014, Washington, DC
Susan Sher (Robert Draper), 2009, Washington, DC
Adam Sherman (DJG), 27 March 2014 (T); 28 March 2014 and 20 November 2014 (E), Tulsa, OK
Scott Sherman (DJG), 19 February 2013, Houston, TX (T)
Nancy Shier (DJG), 12 May 2011, Springfield, IL
Helen Shiller (Jacob Lingan), 22 April 2010, Chicago (CAAMC, Columbia College)
Evie Shockley (DJG), 9 March 2014 (E); 17 March 2014 (T), New Brunswick, NJ
Dan Shomon (Jen Christensen), 22 July 2008, Chicago (CNN)
Dan Shomon (DJG), 2 and 13 November 2010; 12 December 2010 (E); 30 March 2011 (T); 2 and 10 May 2011, 12 July 2012, 21 June 2013; 19 (2) January 2014, 16 (2) August 2015, 17 August 2015 (E), 17 August 2015, 30 October 2015 (T), 3 December 2015 (E), Chicago and Springfield, IL
Sohale Siddiqi (Jim Gilmore), 30 June 2012, Seattle (Frontline)
Todd Sieben (DJG), 19 March 2014, Geneseo, IL (E)
Martin Siegel (DJG), 13 March 2013, Houston, TX (T)
Scott Siff (DJG), 20 October 2010, Washington, DC
Dina Silva (DJG), 1 March 2013, Hartford, CT (T)
Ira Silverstein (DJG), 17 November 2010, Springfield, IL
Fred Simari (DJG), 11 January 2010, Oak Park, IL
Adele Simmons (DJG), 4 May 2011, Chicago.
Monice Mitchell Simms (DJG), 30 June 2015, Los Angeles (T)
Linda Simon (DJG), 6 May 2014, Chicago (E)
Sheila Simon (DJG), 11 May 2011, Springfield, IL
Linda Singer (DJG), 18 October 2010, Washington, DC
Gerry Singsen (DJG), 13 November 2009, Watertown, MA (E)
Joe Sinsheimer (DJG), 30 October 2013, Saskatoon, SK, Canada (T)
Chris Sipes (DJG), 28 April 2011, Washington, DC
Sarah Siskind (DJG), 16 July 2012, Madison, WI
Chris Slaughter (DJG), 17 and 18 November 2011, Chicago (E)
Daniel Slifkin (DJG), 20 April 2011, New York, NY
David Smail (DJG), 19 February 2013, New York, NY (T)
Callie Smith (DJG), 14 July 2012, Chicago (E)
Kenny Smith (DJG), 24 October 2010, Charlotte, NC
Nathan Smith (DJG), 26 March 2014, Houston, TX (T)
Pam Smith (DJG), 21 November 2010, Chicago
Scott Smith (DJG), 5 May 2010, McMinnville, OR (T)
Tristé Lieteau Smith (DJG), 17 March 2014, Chicago (T)
Bill Snider (DJG), 23 October 2010, Greensboro, NC
Dan Sokol (DJG), 6 March 2014, Gainesville, FL (T)
Danny Solis (DJG), 26 May 2010, Chicago
Aaron Solomon (DJG), 3 March 2014, Denver, CO (E)
Donald M. Solomon (DJG), 5 April 2012, Boston (E)
Elysia Solomon (DJG), 9 and 17 March 2014, Louisville, KY (T)
Alan Solow (DJG), 21 June 2013, Chicago
Bronwen Solyom (DJG), 19 and 21 December 2011; 12 July 2015 (E), Honolulu
Garrett Solyom (DJG), 19 and 21 December 2011, Honolulu
Unmi Song (DJG), 1 July 2013, Chicago
Whitman Soule (DJG), 24 July 2012, Evanston, IL
Richard Speicher (Philip Bracy), 31 March 1981, Youngstown, OH (Youngstown State University)
David Spiegel (DJG), 23 June 2013, Chicago
Jennifer Amdur Spitz (DJG), 1 November 2010, Chicago
Bruce Spiva (DJG), 18 October 2010, Washington, DC
Howard Stanback (Betty Brown-Chappel), 31 October and 20 November 1989, Chicago (BBCP)
Howard Stanback (DJG), 5 November 2010 (T); 9 November 2010 (E), Hedgesville, WV
David Starrett (DJG), 2 February 2013, Springfield, IL (T)
Jeff Stauter (DJG), 14 March 2013, Dixon, IL (T)
Richard Steele (DJG), 1 November 2011, Chicago (E)
Peter Steffen (DJG), 11 March 2014 (E); 12 March 2004 (T), Chicago
Kathryn Stell (DJG), 19 April 2014, Chicago (T)
Bill Stenzel (DJG), 29 April 2009; 30 November 2011 (E), Oak Lawn, IL
Judy Stevens (DJG), 25 July 2013, Washington, DC
Ryan Stoll (DJG), 12 July 2012, Chicago
Adam Stolorow (DJG), 4 September 2013, New York, NY
Geoffrey Stone (DJG), 15 January 2010, Chicago
Dave Stover (DJG), 7 March 2014, Springfield, IL (T)
Ron Stradt (DJG), 28 July 2015, Springfield, IL (E)
Chinta Strausberg (DJG), 14 March 2013, Chicago
David Strauss (DJG), 27 March 2014, Chicago (T)
Paul Strauss (DJG), 15 January 2010, Chicago
Aletha Strong (Gibson) (DJG), 30 October 2010, New Orleans
Aleeza Strubel (DJG), 15 March 2014, Chicago (T)
Sarah (Eaton) Stuart (DJG), 26 February 2013, Canton, MA (T)
Eva Sturgies (DJG), 17 September 2009, Chicago
Stephen Subrin (DJG), 20 March 2015, Boston (E)
Larry Suffredin (DJG), 22 June 2013, Evanston, IL
Sung-Hee Suh (DJG), 21 March 2014, New York, NY (T)
Dave Sullivan (DJG), 18 November 2010, 9 November 2011, Springfield, IL
Greg Sullivan (DJG), 7 November 2011, Springfield, IL
Heather Sullivan (DJG), 9 September 2014, Kittery Point, ME (T)
John Sullivan (DJG), 12 May 2011, Springfield, IL
Julianne Alfred Sullivan (DJG), 24 March 2014, Portland, ME (T)
Kenneth Sulzer (DJG), 6 January 2010, Los Angeles
Ron Sunshine (DJG), 5 February 2013 (E); 6 February 2013 (T), Allentown, PA
Chuck Supple (DJG), 11 March 2014, Sacramento (T)
Pam Sutherland (DJG), 16 November 2010, Springfield, IL
Nathan Sutton (DJG), 20 March 2014, Washington, DC (T)
Dave Syverson (DJG), 16 November 2010, Springfield, IL
Madeline Talbott (DJG), 7 May 2011, Chicago
Nate Tamarin (DJG), 24 July 2013, Washington, DC
>
Larry Tavares (DJG), 20 December 2011, Honolulu
Kerry Taylor (DJG), 21 May and 13 June 2009, Charleston, SC (E)
Thom Thacker (DJG), 10 August 2010, Sleepy Hollow, NY (E)
Regina (Foran) Thibeau (DJG), 13 March 2013, Libertyville, IL (T)
Capril Bonner Thomas (Robert Draper), 2009, Los Angeles
Liisa M. Thomas (DJG), 19 March 2014, Chicago (T)
Rosa Thomas (DJG), 20 May 2010, Hobart, IN
Darrel Thompson (DJG), 15 December 2015, Washington, DC (T)
Kevin Thompson (DJG), 1 January 2012, Seattle
Laura Tilly (DJG), 9 September 2009, Chicago
Naranhkiri Tith (DJG), 17 and 23 January 2012, 23 October 2014, Washington, DC (E)
Anne S. Toker (DJG), 13 October 2010, New York, NY
Laurie Tom (DJG), 20 December 2011 (E); 22 December 2011, Honolulu
Tom Topolinski (DJG), 2 January 2012; 11 March 2012 and 18, 19 and 20 November 2014 (E), Everett, WA
Tom Topolinski (Jim Gilmore), 30 June 2012, Everett, WA (Frontline)
Gina Torielli (DJG), 15 February 2013 (T); 15, 18 (2), 19, and 22 February 2013, 4 March 2013 (E), Lansing, MI
Bob Torrey (DJG), 20 December 2011, Honolulu (T)
R. Kent Torrey (DJG), 16 February 2013, Carmel, CA (T)
Andrew Trask (DJG), 21 and 22 May 2014, London, UK (E)
Carole Travis (DJG), 28 April 2013; 29 April 2013 (E), Pleasant Hill, CA
Laurence H. Tribe (DJG), 18 April 2011, Cambridge, MA
Laurence H. Tribe (Jim Gilmore), 12 June 2012, Cambridge, MA (Frontline)
Donne Trotter (DJG), 11 November 2010, Chicago
David Troutt (DJG), 27 January 2010, Newark, NJ
Jennifer (Radding) Gardner Trulson (DJG), 13 February 2013, New York, NY (T)
Stacy Monahan Tucker (DJG), 3 (2) March 2014, Redwood City, CA (E)
Arthur Turner (Julieanna Richardson), 9 June 2000, Chicago (TheHistoryMakers.com)
Philip Turner (DJG), 15 (2) June 2015, New York, NY (E)
Scott Turow (Robert Draper), 2009, Evanston, IL
Scott Turow (DJG), 1 July 2013, Evanston, IL
Kevin Tyson (DJG) 4 November 2010 (E), 8 November 2010, Chicago
Howard Ullman (DJG), 30 April 2013, San Francisco
Roberto Mangabeira Unger (David Remnick), 1 and 6 March 2009, Cambridge, MA (E)
Roberto Mangabeira Unger (DJG), 2 and 3 February 2010, Cambridge, MA
Amiekoleh (Kim Kimbrew) Usafi (DJG), 6 January 2010, Los Angeles
Todd Vandermyde (DJG), 31 October 2011 (E); 7 November 2011, Springfield, IL
John (Doyle) Van Fossen (DJG), 19 and 20 February 2013, 26 September 2014, Naples, ID (E)
Donna Van Zanten (DJG), 14 September 2009, Chicago
Tony Van Zanten (DJG), 14 September 2009, Chicago
Andrew “Pete” Vayda (DJG), 6 March 2015 (E), 8 March 2015 (T), 8 March 2015 (E), New York, NY
Brenda Vinson (DJG), 13 October 2010, New York, NY (T)
Louis Viverito (DJG), 18 November 2010, Springfield, IL
Andrew Walder (DJG), 4 (2) March 2013, Palo Alto, CA (E)
Isabella Waller (DJG), 17 September 2009, Chicago
Larry M. Walsh (DJG), 21 May 2010, Joliet, IL
Terry Walsh (DJG), 7 August 2013, Evanston, IL
Tom Walsh (DJG), 17 November 2010, Springfield, IL
Pauline Wan (DJG), 4 December 2011, Saratoga, CA
Ty Wansley (DJG), 23 September 2014, Chicago (T)
Mark Warnick (DJG), 17 March 2014, Seattle (T)
Mark Warnsing (DJG), 13 May 2011, Springfield, IL
Kenneth Warren (DJG), 28 September 2011, Chicago (E)
Laura Washington (DJG), 12 January 2010, Chicago
Tom Wathen (DJG), 19 October 2010, Washington, DC.
Frank Watson (DJG), 9 November 2011, Springfield, IL
Frank Watson (Mark DePue), 10 October 2012, 8 and 13 May 2013, Springfield, IL (ALPA)
Kevin J. Watson (DJG), 1 June 2010, Chicago
Dawna Weatherly-Williams (DJG), 30 October 2014, Honolulu (T)
Shelley Marks Weathers (DJG), 13 February 2013, Houston, TX (T)
Lori-Christina Webb (DJG), 18 October 2010, Rockville, MD
Brad Weber (DJG), 17 May 2010, Los Angeles (E)
Rebecca Weber (DJG), 29 January 2010, New York, NY
John Webster (DJG), 30 November 2011, Chicago (T)
Wayne P. Weddington III (DJG), 25 March 2014, New York, NY (T)
Wayne Weightman (DJG), 13 February 2013 (E), 2 July 2015 (T), Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and Richmond, VA
Michael Weinberger (DJG), 13 October 2010, New York, NY
David Weisbaum (DJG), 11 April 2014, Springfield, IL (T)
Pat Welch (DJG), 11 May 2011, Springfield, IL
Randy Wells (DJG), 12 May 2011, Springfield, IL
G. Christopher Welton (DJG), 19 May 2014 (E); 26 May 2014, Rueil Malmaison, France
Ann West (DJG), 6 December 2012, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Robin West (DJG), 17 October 2010, Princeton, NJ
Tommy West (DJG), 16 January 2010, Chicago
Stephanie (Fulks) Westerman (DJG), 18 February 2013, Buffalo, NY (T)
Wayne Whalen (DJG), 12 July 2012, Chicago
Eric Whitaker (Robert Draper), 2009, Chicago
Gordon Whitman (DJG), 19 and 20 October 2010, Washington, DC
Sarah Leah Whitson (DJG), 18 February 2013, Brooklyn, NY (T)
Brad Wiegmann (DJG), 26 April 2011, Washington, DC
Don Wiener (DJG), 28 and 29 (2) May 2013 (E); 29 May 2013 (T); 30 (2) and 31 (2) May 2013, 2 and 11 (2) June 2013, 20 July 2013, 27 October 2013 (E), Madison, WI
David Wilhelm (DJG), 23 August 2013, Gahanna, OH
David Wilkins (DJG), 16 November 2010, Cambridge, MA (E)
Marni Willenson (DJG), 8 November 2010, Chicago
Grant Williams (DJG), 24 March 2014, St. Louis, MO (T)
Michael Williams (DJG), 12 February 2013 (T); 13 February 2013 (E), Geneva, Switzerland
Paul Williams (DJG), 14 January 2010, Chicago
Richard “Rick” Williams (DJG), 14 September 2009, Chicago
Vince Williams (DJG), 20 November 2010, Chicago
Alec Williamson (DJG), 12 May 2010 (T); 12 May 2010 (E), Central Point, OR
Audra Wilson (DJG), 2 November 2010, Chicago
Mary-Ann Wilson (DJG), 3 April 2009, Chicago
F. Scott Winslow (DJG), 15 January 2016 (2), Chicago (E)
Ed Wojcicki (DJG), 12 May 2011, Springfield, IL
Paula Wolff (DJG), 8 November 2010, Chicago
Robert Paul Wolff (DJG), 9 April 2012, Amherst, MA (E)
Carolyn Wortham (DJG), 14 March 2013, Chicago (T)
Jeremiah A. Wright Jr. (Julieanna Richardson), 11 January 2002, Chicago (TheHistoryMakers.com)
Jeremiah A. Wright Jr. (John Kupper), 6 February 2004, Chicago (JKP)
Jeremiah A. Wright Jr. (Arlen Parsa), 24 March 2009, Chicago (CAAMC, Columbia College)
Jeremiah A. Wright Jr. (DJG), 3 November 2010; 4, 5 and 8 November 2010 (E), Chicago
Jeremiah A. Wright Jr. (Ed Klein), 11 November 2011, Chicago
Timothy W. Wright III (Jonathan Vogel), 25 November 2009, Chicago (CAAMC, Columbia College)
Timothy W. Wright III (DJG), 18 May 2010, Chicago
Addie L. Wyatt (Elizabeth Balanoff), 16 March 1977, Chicago (Roosevelt University Labor Oral History Project)
Addie L. Wyatt (Joan McGann Morris), 14 December 2002, Chicago (Working Women’s History Project)
Alicia (Rubin) Yamin (DJG), 21 February 2013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania (T)
Annette Yee (DJG), 19 February 2013 (E); 22 February 2013 (T), Carmel, CA
Jonathan Yi (DJG), 11 March 2004, Atlanta (T)
Quentin Young (DJG), 11 November 2010, Chicago
Mary Yu (DJG), 6 January 2012, Seattle
Pake Zane (DJG), 17 December 2011 (E); 20 December 2011, Honolulu
Jonathan Zimmerman (DJG), 28 February 2013, Narberth
, PA (T)
Joseph H. Zwicker (DJG), 31 January 2010, Boston (E)
NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: THE END OF THE WORLD AS THEY KNEW IT
1. This account of Wisconsin Steel’s downfall draws from scores of sources, some of which contradict others regarding particular details and timing. As a general rule, more contemporaneous accounts are relied upon more than subsequent recollections years later. The three best sources for Frank Lumpkin’s experiences on March 28 are Larry Galica, “Wis. Workers Mark Closing,” DC, 29 March 1984, p. A1; Bill Gleason, “Steelyard Blues,” CT Magazine, 13 June 1982, pp. 13–21; and Michael Flannery, “Plant Closing Wrecks Plans,” CST, 25 May 1980, p. 66. Barber Tony Mastronardi is quoted in C. D. Matthews, “Stream of Customers Now Only a Trickle,” DC, 28 March 1985, p. A5. Other sources on Frank and Bea Lumpkin are copious, including Frank Lumpkin, Keep Strong, August 1980, p. 25, Richard Poethig Papers [RPP] Box 25; Lisa Newman, “So. Chicago’s Man of Steel,” DC, 11 April 1988, p. 1; Studs Terkel, “I’m Saying Racism Is Unnatural,” The Nation, 6 April 1992, pp. 448–52 (an interview with Frank which later appeared in Terkel’s book Race); Laurent Belsie, “Southeast Chicago,” CSM, 20 October 1993, p. 10; R. C. Longworth, “Man of Steel—Frank Lumpkin’s Boxing Days Are Over, but There’s Plenty of Fight—and Heart—Left in Him,” CT, 31 May 1995, p. T1; Cheryl Ross, “Love Is a Battlefield,” CR, 4 May 2000; Beatice Lumpkin’s two books, “Always Bring a Crowd!”—The Story of Frank Lumpkin, Steelworker (International Publishers, 1999) and Joy in the Struggle: My Life and Love (International Publishers, 2013); and memorial items from the time of Frank’s death at age ninety-three: Trevor Jensen, “Frank Lumpkin, 1916–2010, Fought for Rights of Workers at Wisconsin Steel,” CT, 6 March 2010; Phil Ponce on Chicago Tonight, WTTW, 9 March 2010; and John Bachtell, “Frank Lumpkin, ‘Saint of Chicago,’ Dies at 93,” People’s World, 10 March 2010, which acknowledges that Frank was “a longtime member of the CPUSA’s National Committee.”
Sources on the history of the Southeast Side’s neighborhoods and the history of the steel industry there are copious, too, but anyone seeking a rich sense of that history must begin with Rod Sellers and Dominic A. Pacyga, Chicago’s Southeast Side (Arcadia Publishing, 1998). Also crucial are John Conroy’s impressively rich, five-part series of articles, all titled “Mill Town,” CM, November 1976, pp. 164–82, December 1976, pp. 162–63, 210–19, 304, January 1977, pp. 114–25, 189, February 1977, pp. 106–15, 185, and March 1977, pp. 114–15, 132–46; the late Jerry Sullivan’s beautifully written “Paradise Doomed,” CM, August 1985, pp. 142–56, 160–61; Peter T. Alter, “Mexicans and Serbs in Southeast Chicago: Racial Group Formation During the Twentieth Century,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 94 (Winter 2001–2002): 403–19; and David Bensman, “South Deering,” Encyclopedia of Chicago, 2004. Essential books include Paul A. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel: How Management, Labor, and Government Went Wrong (Oxford University Press, 1988); William Kornblum, Blue Collar Community (University of Chicago Press, 1974); Richard M. Dorson, Land of the Millrats (Harvard University Press, 1981), a wonderful folklore ethnography of Indiana’s steel towns and plants; and, first and foremost, David Bensman and Roberta Lynch’s powerful and pioneering Rusted Dreams: Hard Times in a Steel Community (McGraw-Hill, 1987), esp. p. 69 (Wisconsin’s shutdown “was the beginning of the end of an era”). See also Lance Trusty, “End of an Era: The 1980s in the Calumet,” in James B. Lane, ed., “Life in the Calumet Region During the 1980s,” Steel Shavings 21 (1992), pp. 1ff. On Edward R. Vrdolyak’s career up through the mid-1980s, the essential sources are the November 1976, February 1977, and March 1977 installments of John Conroy’s “Mill Town” articles, Robert J. McClory, “Is There Political Gold in Vrdolyak?,” II, October 1979, pp. 9–12, and David L. Protess, “The Vrdolyak Chronicles,” CL, June 1988, pp. 1, 16–20; see also Michael Miner, “Fast Eddie’s Editor: An Unabashed Confession,” CR, 16 June 1988.
