10. John Houston Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for Jan. 14, 1863, Univ. of North Carolina; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 144. See also Stone, Brokenburn, 33, 35, and Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Miss. Narr., 63–64.
11. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 2), 278; V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 230; II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 118–19; Smedes, Memorials of a Southern Planter, 188–89. See also Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II and III: S. C. Narr. (Part 1), 72, 248, (Part 2), 19, 54, 325, (Part 3), 26, (Part 4), 225; VI: Ala. Narr., 49–50, 89, 99, 144, 225, 331, 373, 420; VII: Okla. Narr., 106; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 419; Jacob Stroyer, “My Life in the South,” in Katz (ed.), Five Slave Narratives, 36; Washington, Up from Slavery, 19; Elizabeth W. Allston Pringle, Chronicles of Chicora Wood (New York, 1922), 221–24, 227–28; The Diary of Dolly Lunt Burge (ed. James I. Robertson; Athens, Ga., 1962), 91–92, 100; Matthew Page Andrews (ed.), The Women of the South in War Times (Baltimore, 1920), 237–38; Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 475; and Katharine M. Jones (ed.), When Sherman Came: Southern Women and the “GreatMarch”(Indianapolis, 1964), 116, 252.
12. When the World Ended: The Diary of Emma LeConte (ed. Earl S. Miers; New York, 1957), 31, 41; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 71; Jervey and Ravenel, Two Diaries, 10; Pringle, Chronicles of Chicora Wood, 234; Mrs. Mary Jones to Col. Charles C. Jones, Jr., May 19, 1863, in Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1062.
13. Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 306; Jones (ed.), Heroines of Dixie, 232; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 241.
14. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 247, (Part 2), 20, 157; Stone, Brokenburn, 198, 203; Wise, End of an Era, 208, 210. See also Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 885–86.
15. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, X: Ark. Narr. (Part 5), 136; Black Republican (New Orleans), May 20, 1865. For different versions and some recollections of the song, see White (ed.), North Carolina Folklore, II, 541–43, and Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 197; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 28–29; XVIII: Unwritten History, 232.
16. Douglass’ Monthly, IV (Jan. 1862), 580.
17. Stone, Brokenburn, 168–69; Nevins, War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864, 417.
18. Towne, Letters and Diary, 27–29, 94–95; Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 17, 104–05, 108–09; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 203. See also Forten, Journal, 144; New York Times, Dec. 1, 1861; Ruffin, Diary, II, 173; Isabella Middleton Leland (ed.), “Middleton Correspondence, 1861–1865,” South Carolina Historical Magazine, LXIII (1962), 38.
19. P. L. Rainwater (ed.), “Letters of James Lusk Alcorn,” Journal of Southern History, III (1937), 200–01; Ravenel, Private Journal, 210–11, 212.
20. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 2), 200; VI: Ala. Narr., 420; XVII: Fla. Narr., 45; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 4), 145; New York Times, May 10, 1864; Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 274.
21. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVIII: Unwritten History, 253; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 279–80; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 157. For a Unionist planter who freed his slaves and offered to pay them for their labor, as the Yankee troops approached, see Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 315–16.
22. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Okla. Narr., 275–77, 281. For a similar story, see III: S.C. Narr. (Part 4), 26–27.
23. Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 274; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 329.
24. Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for March 31, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina.
25. John Houston Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for July 11, 1864, Univ. of North Carolina; Sarah Morgan Dawson, A Confederate Girl’s Diary (Boston, 1913), 277–78.
26. Andrews, War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 127–28, 355.
27. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVII: Fla. Narr., 161–62. The song is also recalled in XVIII: Unwritten History, 32.
28. Ibid., XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 24–25.
29. Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 13. For comparable experiences, see Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 173–74; New York Times, April 16, June 19, 1863; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 28.
30. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 236, 335; VII: Miss. Narr., 131; XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 2), 428; New York Times, June 19, 1863.
31. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 178; XVIII: Unwritten History, 198; III: S.C. Narr. (Part 4), 23–24; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 84; Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 94; Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 55; Leland (ed.), “Middleton Correspondence, 1861–1865,” 101; Jervey and Ravenel, Two Diaries, 17–18; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 250.
32. Nichols, The Great March, 59; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XI: Mo. Narr., 54; IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 3), 198.
33. Armstrong, Old Massa’s People, 301–02; New York Times, June 14, 1863.
34. Nichols, The Great March, 59; Armstrong and Ludlow, Hampton and Its Students, 83; Dennett, The South As It Is, 320. For images of the Yankees, as imparted by masters and mistresses, and for the reactions of slaves, see also Towne, Letters and Diary, 27, 29; Wiley (ed.), Letters of Warren Akin, 21; Taylor, Reminiscences of My Life in Camp, 7–8; Dennett, The South As It Is, 174, 319; Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 264; Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 42, 107, 252; Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 179; James E. Glazier to his parents, Feb. 28, 1862, Glazier Collection, Huntington Library; New York Times, July 19, Aug. 8, Dec. 4, 1861, Jan. 20, April 12, Nov. 9, 1862; Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 383; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Miss. Narr., 162; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 162; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 136, 192, 214, 277; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 12–13; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 64, 70, 84.
35. Wiley, Southern Negroes, 14; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VIII and IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 348, (Part 3), 173; VI: Ala. Narr., 15; Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 141.
36. Hepworth, Whip, Hoe, and Sword, 141; M. Waterbury, Seven Years Among the Freedmen (3rd ed.; Chicago, 1893), 87; WPA, Negro in Virginia, 201–02; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 277. For the reactions of slaves to the arrival of the Yankees, see also Beatty, Citizen-Soldier, 119, 124–25; Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 525; George T. Stevens, Three Years in the Sixth Corps (Albany, N.Y., 1866), 59; New York Times, April 14, Nov. 23, 1862, May 19, June 7, 1863, Dec. 23, 1864, March 6, 1865; New York Tribune, March 2, 4, 6, 1865; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II and III: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 142, (Part 4), 196; IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 4), 241; XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 1), 159; Armstrong and Ludlow, Hampton and Its Students, 83.
37. New York Tribune, March 2, 1865; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 151; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 15; Nichols, The Great March, 161–62; Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 186–87.
38. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 210–11; VI; Ala. Narr., 53. For similar recollections, see II and III: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 40, 43, 53, 105–06, 128, 235–36, 259, 264, (Part 2), 32, 290, (Part 3), 26, 91, 102, 144, 192–93, 195, (Part 4), 209, 257–58; VI: Ala. Narr., 79, 99–100, 162–63, 270, 405; XIV and XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 406, 425, (Part 2), 149; XVI: Va. Narr., 19; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 55, 108, 311.
39. Jervey and Ravenel, Two Diaries, 32; Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 208–09; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 1), 248, (Part 2), 278, 282–83; VI: Ala. Narr., 190. For examples of these diverse reactions, see also Jervey and Ravenel, Two Diaries, 10–11; Ravenel, Private Journal, 213, 220; Smedes, Memorials of a Southern Planter, 193; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II and III: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 20, (Part 3), 91; V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 228; VI: Ala. Narr., 190; VII: Miss. Narr., 14; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 181; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 256; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 25; XVI: Va. Narr., 52; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 187.
40. Dawson, A Confederate Girl’s Diary, 193; Rawick (ed
.), American Slave, VI: Ala. Narr., 163, 373; II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 31; XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 1), 248. See also VI: Ala. Narr., 391–92, and IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 3), 198.
41. Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 64; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 177; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 312; VII: Miss. Narr., 39. See also III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 26, 252–53; V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 270; VI: Ala. Narr., 50; VII: Okla. Narr., 167; X: Ark. Narr. (Part 5), 193; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 293; Jones (ed.), When Sherman Came, 262.
42. Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for March 4, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; Pringle, Chronicles of Chicora Wood, 233; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 77; James W. Silver (ed.), Mississippi in the Confederacy: As Seen in Retrospect (Baton Rouge, 1961), 266. See also Burge, Diary, 102; Smedes, Memorials of a Southern Planter, 198; LeConte, When the World Ended, 51; Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1233, 1240; Jones (ed.), When Sherman Came, 7–8, 58, 232; Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 160; Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 539; Macrae, Americans at Home, 259; New York Times, Dec. 27, 1864; Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 455; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 121; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Okla. Narr., 37; VII: Miss. Narr., 64; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 10; XIV and XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 256, (Part 2), 75.
43. Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for March 4, 1863, Univ. of South Carolina; Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1237.
44. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IX and XI: Ark. Narr. (Part 3), 21, (Part 7), 240.
45. Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 40–41.
46. Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 136; Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 112–13.
47. New York Times, Nov. 14, 1861 (reprinted without comment in Douglass’ Monthly, IV [Dec. 1861], 566); Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 64–65.
48. Nordhoff, Freedmen of South Carolina, 24–25; Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 165, 138.
49. Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 140, 164–65. See also Hepworth, Whip, Hoe, and Sword, 159–60, 163–64.
50. Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 109; Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 89. See also Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 134–35; Rev. Joel Grant to Prof. Henry Cowles, April 10, 1863, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 42, 43, 112, 281.
51. Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 109, 111–12; Henry A. Anderson to Miss Salina Saltsgiver, May 24, 1863, Henry Anderson Papers, Louisiana State Univ.
52. Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 119; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 96, 251; II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 105; Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 138–39. See also Facts Concerning the Freedmen (Boston: The Emancipation League, 1863), 9; John Oliver to Rev. S. S. Jocelyn, Aug. 5, 1862; C. P. Day to W. E. Whiting, Aug. 22, 1862; Rev. Joel Grant to Prof. Henry Cowles, April 10, 1863; Isaac S. Hubbs to Rev. S. S. Jocelyn and George Whipple, Jan. 8, 1864; A. O. Howell, Jan. 19, Feb. 6, 1864, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Christian Recorder, June 10, July 8, 1865; New York Times, Jan. 25, Feb. 5, July 20, 1863; Beatty, Citizen-Soldier, 132; John Beatty, Memoirs of a Volunteer, 1861–1863 (ed. Harvey S. Ford; New York, 1946), 115; George F. Noyes, The Bivouac and the Battlefield (New York, 1863), 44; Winters, Civil War in Louisiana, 175–76. For native white views of Yankee mistreatment of slaves, see, e.g., Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1244, and Andrews, War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 287, 331–32.
53. Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 114–15, 118; Myrta Lockett Avary, Dixie after the War (New York, 1906), 187; New York Times, Dec. 11, 1863.
54. Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 139; Christian Recorder, Aug. 6, 1864; New York Times, Oct. 3, 1862; Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 117; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for Aug. 14, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; South Carolina Leader (Charleston), Nov. 25, 1865.
55. Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 114; George Whipple to Rev. S. S. Jocelyn, Aug. 1, 1862, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1230; Nevins, War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864, 31; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 121; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 113.
56. Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 169, 61. For similar examples of black disillusionment and protest, see New Orleans Tribune, July 8, 16, 1865; Christian Recorder, April 30, 1864, June 10, July 8, 1865; Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 240–41.
57. Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 41, 115–16; James E. Glazier to his parents, Feb. 28, 1862, Glazier Collection, Huntington Library. See also Andrew J. Bennett, The Story of the First Massachusetts Light Battery (Boston, 1886), 100–01; Stevens, Three Years in the Sixth Corps, 273–74; Nevins, War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864, 416.
58. Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 41, 43.
59. Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 170–71; Henrietta Stratton Jaquette (ed.), South after Gettysburg: Letters of Cornelia Hancock, 1863–1868 (New York, 1956), 63–64. See also Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 136.
60. Thomas J. Myers to his wife, Feb. 26, 1865, Thomas J. Myers Papers, Univ. of North Carolina; Conyngham, Sherman’s March Through the South, 275–78; Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 332; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for May 3, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; Pearson (ed.), Letters from Port Royal, 293–94; Towne, Letters and Diary, 148; Nichols, The Great March, 71; Winther (ed.), With Sherman to the Sea, 136, 138; Bryan, Confederate Georgia, 128; New York Tribune, Jan. 9, 1865. For slaves leaving with the Union forces, see also Beatty, Citizen-Soldier, 141; Bennett, Story of the First Massachusetts Light Battery, 153–54; Rev. Horace James, Annual Report of the Superintendent of Negro Affairs in North Carolina, 1864 (Boston, n.d.), 36–37; Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 145–46; New York Times, Dec. 2, 1861, Dec. 18, 1862, April 6, 16, 18, May 9, June 5, 28, Aug. 8, 1863, Jan. 9, March 7, May 27, 1864, March 21, 1865; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 110; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 171–72; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 46–47; Williamson, After Slavery, 24–25; Bradford, Harriet Tubman, 99–101.
61. Black Republican, May 13, 1865; Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen, 2; Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 322, 332. See also Thompson, An Englishman in the American Civil War, 98; Elijah P. Burton, Diary of E. P. Burton, Surgeon, 7th Regiment, Illinois (Des Moines, 1939), 6, 8; Horace James, Report of the Superintendent of Negro Affairs in North Carolina, 1864, 57–58 (Appendix).
62. William F. Messner, “Black Violence and White Response: Louisiana, 1862,” Journal of Southern History, XLI (1975), 21; Francis G. Peabody, Education for Life: The Story of Hampton Institute (New York, 1922), 34. For conditions in the contraband camps, see also Hannibal Hamlin to the Freedman’s Relief Assn. of Philadelphia, June 6, 1862; Hamlin to Joseph M. Truman, Jr., June 13 and Sept. 9, 1862; George E. Baker to Truman, March 3, 1863; Lizzie MacLaurin to the Bethany Scholars, April 4, 1864, Papers of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Rev. Joel Grant to Prof. Henry Cowles, April 10, 1863; A. O. Howell (Superintendent of Freedmen Camp, Natchez), Jan. 19 and Feb. 6, 1864; L. A. Eberhart to Rev. C. H. Fowler, Feb. 1, 1864, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Burton, Diary, 8; Jaquette (ed.), South after Gettysburg, 33–50; New York Times, March 20, Oct. 27, 28, Dec. 9, 1862, Jan. 18, Aug. 9, Nov. 12, 1863, Feb. 26, 1865. For Federal policy toward the contrabands, see Gerteis, From Contraband to Freedman, and Wiley, Southern Negroes, 175–294.
63. Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 986, 1197–98; New York Times, Nov. 8, 1862, March 26, 1865; Stone, Brokenburn, 128; G. P. Whittington, (ed.), “Concerning the Loyalty of Slaves in North Louisiana in 1863: Letters from John H. Ransdell to Governor Thomas O. Moore, dated 1863,” Louisiana Historical Quarterly, XIV (1931), 492. “The contrabands are curious as to what shall be their fate. One or two told me that after working on our entrenchments it would go hard with them if their mast
ers returned. One inquired suspiciously why his master’s name was taken down.” New York Times, July 20, 1861.
64. Nichols, The Great March, 62. See also ibid., 83; Mary Ames, From a New England Woman’s Diary in Dixie in 1865 (Springfield, Mass., 1906), 64; New York Times, Dec. 18, 1861.
65. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, The Last Ninety Days of the War in North Carolina (New York, 1866), 186–87; New York Times, Dec. 1, 1862.
66. Wilmer Shields to William Newton Mercer, Dec. 11, 1863, Jan. 25, 1864, June 10 (incl. enclosure: “List of Negroes who have remained, been absent and returned, and are now on the plantations”), Sept. 20, 1865, Dec. 4, 1866, W. N. Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.
67. Alexander F. Pugh, Ms. Plantation Diary, entries for Oct. 27, 28, 30, 31, Nov. 1, 2, 5, 6, 1862, Nov. 3, 1863, A. F. Pugh Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Annette Koch to [Christian D. Koch], June 27, 1863, Christian D. Koch Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Okar to Gustave Lauve, June 26, 1863, Gustave Lauve Papers, Louisiana State Univ.
68. John H. Ransdell to Gov. Thomas O. Moore, May 24, 26, 31, 1863, in Whittington (ed.), “Concerning the Loyalty of Slaves in North Louisiana,” 491–93, 495, 497. For the rapid erosion of slavery in Louisiana and Mississippi, see also, e.g., Samuel A. Agnew (Miss.), Ms. Diary, entry for Oct. 29, 1862, Univ. of North Carolina; Bayside Plantation Record (Bayou Teche, La.), entries for April 10, May 1, 3, 4, 1863, Univ. of North Carolina; Louisa T. Lovell (Palmyra plantation, near Natchez) to Capt. Joseph Lovell, Feb. 7, 1864, Quitman Papers, Univ. of North Carolina; Emily Caroline Douglas (Adams Co., Miss.), Ms. Autobiography, 167–68, Louisiana State Univ.; New York Times, Dec. 1, 1862, Oct. 17, 1863; Sitterson, Sugar Country, 209–11; William K. Scarborough, The Overseer: Plantation Management in the Old South (Baton Rouge, 1966), 153–55; F. W. Smith (ed.), “The Yankees in New Albany: Letters of Elizabeth Jane Beach, July 29, 1864,” Journal of Mississippi History, II (Jan. 1940), 46; Ripley, Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana, 14–23; James L. Roark, Masters Without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (New York, 1977), 112–17.
Been in the Storm So Long Page 93
