56. Trowbridge, The South, 392; Reid, After the War, 343; Dennett, The South As It Is, 82; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 26; New York Times, Oct. 2, 1866; Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters (Aug. 11, 1866), 113. For the experience of a planter in South Carolina who tried both systems, see William M. Hazzard to Gen. R. K. Scott, March 11, 1868, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
57. J. W. Alvord, Report on Schools and Finances of Freedmen, for January, 1866, 24; New National Era, April 13, 1871; De Forest, Union Officer in the Reconstruction, 28; Trowbridge, The South, 424; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 27, Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of the Freedmen’s Bureau [1865–1866], 36–37. For the pervasiveness of these fears and the grounds on which they were based, see ibid., 21, 25; John P. Bardwell to Rev. M. E. Strieby, Nov. 20, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives; New York Times, Aug. 20, Oct. 14, 1865; Dennett, The South As It Is, 73; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 84.
58. Trowbridge, The South, 565.
59. Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 63; New Orleans Tribune, Dec. 8, 1864.
60. Reid, After the War, 291n.
61. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 4), 170–71.
62. Bvt. Brig. Gen. Alvin C. Voris to Maj. George A. Hicks, Oct. 7, 1865, Brock Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library; Thomas Smith to Capt. J. H. Weber, Nov. 3, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 252; Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 238. See also ibid., 247; H. A. Johnson to “Dear Friend Samuel,” July 14, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; and Williamson, After Slavery, 38.
63. Williamson, After Slavery, 66; H. W. Ravenel to Augustin L. Taveau, June 27, 1865, Taveau Papers, Duke Univ. On the Freedmen’s Bureau and rations, see also Botume, First Years Amongst the Contrabands, 260; Rev. Horace James, Annual Report of the Superintendent of Negro Affairs in North Carolina [1864–1865], Appendix, 57; “Report of the Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, November 1, 1866,” in Report of the Secretary of War (Washington, D.C., 1867), Appendix, 712; Avary, Dixie after the War, 211–12.
64. New York Times, June 27, 1865; Douglas G. Manning to Mrs. John L. Manning, Dec. 25, 1865, Williams-Chesnut-Manning Papers, Univ. of South Carolina. See also South Carolina Leader, Dec. 16, 1865; New Orleans Tribune, July 4, 1865; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 371; Trowbridge, The South, 229; Andrews, The South since the War, 206; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 106.
65. Trowbridge, The South, 427.
66. Lorenzo James to Brig. Gen. Wager Swayne, Nov. 20, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Alabama (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Ravenel, Private Journal, 222; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 55, 228; Williamson, After Slavery, 97.
67. William E. Bayley to Commanding Officer, Vicksburg, July 3, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 142; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 167; New York Times, Aug. 22, 1865; Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1323; B. F. Blow vs. Jerry Marvast and Abram Marvast (freedmen), Lowndes County, before J. A. Pruitt, Justice of the Peace (acting as agent of the Freedmen’s Bureau), Sept. 12, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Alabama (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Stearns, Black Man of the South, and The Rebels, 170–71.
68. 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 229; Rogers, History of Georgetown County, 433.
69. Felix Shank to Capt. M. Whalen, July 14, 1868, including contract with freedman, Feb. 5, 1868, Joseph Belknap Smith Papers, Duke Univ.; Andrews, The South since the War, 206; New York Times, Aug. 20, 1865. On Saturday and Sunday work, see also S. D. G. Niles to Maj. Gen. T. J. Wood, June 13, 1866, James DeGrey to William H. Webster, Sept. 10, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and Louisiana (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Loring and Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South, 12; Stearns, Black Man of the South, and The Rebels, 46; Dennett, The South As It Is, 222.
70. William H. Stiles to his wife [Elizabeth A. Mackay], Sept. 22, 1865, Mackay-Stiles Collection, Univ. of North Carolina; Reid, After the War, 530.
71. Andrews, The South since the War, 203; R. H. Willoughby to Bvt. Maj. A. M. Crawford, July 27, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Reid, After the War, 572–73.
72. Andrews, The South since the War, 204; Lt. George Parliss to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, April 9, 1866, Maj. M. R. Delany to Bvt. Lt. Col. H. W. Smith, Aug. 1, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; 39 Cong., 2 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 6, Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of Freedmen [Jan. 3, 1867], 51–52; New York Times, Sept. 12, 1866; De Forest, Union Officer in the Reconstruction, 29.
73. McFeely, Yankee Stepfather, 157; Col. J. L. Haynes to Capt. B. F. Henry, July 8, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 64; Bvt. Maj. Thomas H. Norton to Maj. A. W. Preston, Aug. 3, 1867, B. F. Blow vs. Jerry Marvast and Abram Marvast (freedmen), Lowndes County, before J. A. Pruitt, Justice of the Peace (acting as agent of the Freedmen’s Bureau), Sept. 12, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and Alabama (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
74. McFeely, Yankee Stepfather, 121; S. D. G. Niles to Maj. Gen. T. J. Wood, June 16, 1866, Lorenzo James to Brig. Gen. Wager Swayne, Aug. 16, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and Alabama (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
75. Dennett, The South As It Is, 56.
76. Armstrong and Ludlow, Hampton and Its Students, 79–80.
77. 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 191; Trowbridge, The South, 363–64. For additional examples of freedmen defrauded of their pay or shares, see Rawick (ed.), American Slave, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 15; V: Texas Narr. (Part 4), 117; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 49, 420; Bvt. Brig. Gen. Alvin C. Voris to Maj. George A. Hicks, Oct. 2, 1865, Brock Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library; Maj. M. R. Delany to Bvt. Lt. Col. H. W. Smith, Aug. 1, 1866, H. S. Van Eaton to Bvt. Maj. Gen. A. C. Gillem, Nov. 24, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina and Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Andrews, The South since the War, 322–23, 368; Trowbridge, The South, 362–64; Loyal Georgian, Jan. 27, 1866; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 52, 222, 225, 259.
78. Christian Recorder, March 31, 1866. See also Dennett, The South As It Is, 331–32, 338–39.
79. Wiley, “Vicissitudes of Early Reconstruction Farming in the Lower Mississippi Valley,” 448; Wilmer Shields to William Newton Mercer, Dec. 19, 1865, Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Rogers, History of Georgetown County, 432.
80. Eppes, Negro of the Old South, 128–29; Reid, After the War, 527; Andrews, The South since the War, 322; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 76.
81. Reid, After the War, 527–28.
82. Trowbridge, The South, 366; Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 60; 40 Cong., 2 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 1, Report of the Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, November 1, 1867, 681; Colored Tennessean, Oct. 4, 1865.
83. Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 76–77; Bvt. Maj. Thomas H. Norton to Maj. A. W. Preston, Aug. 3, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also Dennett, The South As It Is, 332, 338.
84. De Forest, Union Officer in the Reconstruction, 73–75. See also Capt. A. Preston to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, June 7, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commis
sioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
85. Trowbridge, The South, 363; Macrae, Americans at Home, 323–24; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Okla. Narr., 283; Maj. and Bvt. Lt. Col. J. E. Cornelius to Bvt. Maj. Edward L. Deane, Dec. 22, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also Ames, From a New England Woman’s Diary in Dixie, 120, and WPA, Negro in Virginia, 221.
86. Donald MacRae to Julia MacRae, Sept. 4, 1865, MacRae Papers, Duke Univ.; Dr. Ethelred Philips to Dr. James J. Philips, Aug. 2, 1865, James J. Philips Collection, Univ. of North Carolina. For fears and expectations of an “emancipation insurrection,” see also Edward Lynch to Joseph Glover [c. June 1865], John W. Burbidge to Joseph Glover, July 28, 1865, Glover-North Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; A. R. Salley to “My Dear Aunt,” Nov. 13, 1865, Bruce-Jones-Murchison Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entries for Nov. 3, 21, 22, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Jabez Curry to Gov. Lewis Parsons, Sept. 29, 1865, John Swanson to Gov. Parsons, Oct. 3, 1865, Thomas Smith to Capt. J. H. Weber, Nov. 3, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Alabama (Curry and Swanson) and Mississippi (Smith) (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; South Carolina Leader, Dec. 23, 1865; New Orleans Tribune, Oct. 21, 1865; New York Times, Nov. 12, 1865; Dennett, The South As It Is, 190, 275; Andrews, The South since the War, 27; Reid, After the War, 386–87; Williamson, After Slavery, 249–52; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 59, 218–19.
87. Sebastian Kraft to President Andrew Johnson, Aug. [April?] 28, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Reid, After the War, 386; Dennett, The South As It Is, 190.
88. Williamson, After Slavery, 249–50, 250–51; Reid, After the War, 387n.-89n.
89. 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 30; John P. Bardwell to Rev. M. E. Strieby, Nov. 4, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters (Oct. 28, 1865), 51; South Carolina Leader, Dec. 9, 1865; Dennett, The South As It Is, 240–41; Col. James C. Beecher to Maj. Kinsman, Oct. 7, 1865, W. E. Towne to Bvt. Maj. Gen. Saxton, Aug. 17, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
90. Andrews, War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 315–16; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 35–37; D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 232–33, 237; Ella Gertrude (Clanton) Thomas, Ms. Journal, entry for July 23, 1865, Duke Univ.; Williamson, After Slavery, 250–51, and the sources cited in note 86.
91. Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entries for Nov. 3, 24, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; W. E. Towne to Bvt. Maj. Gen. Saxton, Aug. 17, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also Wilmer Shields to William N. Mercer, Dec. 19, 1865, Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Dennett, The South As It Is, 240; Andrews, The South since the War, 27; New Orleans Tribune, Oct. 21, 1865; D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 232; Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 532; Thomas Smith to Capt. J. H. Weber, Nov. 3, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
92. 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 142; South Carolina Leader, Dec. 16, 1865; Dennett, The South As It Is, 193; New York Times, Sept. 7, Dec. 1, 1865; Williamson, After Slavery, 251–52; Wharton, Negro in Reconstruction, 59, 218; Evans, Ballots and Fence Rails, 130.
93. New Orleans Tribune, Oct. 21, Dec. 27, 1865, Dec. 19, 1867; South Carolina Leader, Dec. 23, 1865; Christian Recorder, Dec. 30, 1865, Feb. 24, 1866; New York Times, Dec. 31, 1865.
94. New Orleans Tribune, Oct. 21, 1865; Andrews, The South since the War, 207.
95. Bürge, Diary, 114; Dennett, The South As It Is, 275; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 192, Part III, 30, 31; New York Times, Dec. 27, 28, 29, 1865; Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters (Dec. 25, 1865), 57; Evans, Ballots and Fence Rails, 131; Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entry for Nov. 26, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina.
96. Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 224–25; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 131–32. See also New Orleans Tribune, Dec. 19, 1867.
97. Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 204–06. See also Christian Recorder, Feb. 24, 1866. The Emancipation Day celebration in Richmond is described in Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 401–02.
98. Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entries for Dec. 5, 25, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Wilmer Shields to William N. Mercer, Dec. 19, 1865, Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 215–16; Capt. D. Corbin to H. W. Smith, Feb. 1, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also Dennett, The South As It Is, 188.
99. E. W. Everson to Bvt. Maj. Edward Deane, Jan. 17, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters (Jan. 29, 1866), 73–74; Montgomery, “Alabama Freedmen: Some Reconstruction Documents,” 250; New York Times, Jan. 8, 1866; Kolchin, First Freedom, 9–10; Williamson, After Slavery, 39, 105–06.
100. Ravenel, Private Journal, 272; Eppes, Negro of the Old South, 128, 130–31.
101. New York Times, Feb. 28, 1868; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 167; Reid, After the War, 446–47. See also 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 273; Sarah M. Payne to Mary Clenden-in, Dec. 14, 1867, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; and Reid, After the War, 455.
102. Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 87–91.
103. Bragg, Louisiana in the Confederacy, 213–14; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 236–37; Allen S. Izard to Mrs. William Mason Smith, Sept. 26, 1865, in D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 236.
104. South Carolina Leader, Dec. 9, 1865; Dennett, The South As It Is, 203. For black views on the respective merits of the share and wage systems, see also Maj. M. R. Delany to Bvt. Lt. Col. H. W. Smith, Aug. 1, 1866, and B. F. Randolph to Bvt. Maj. Gen. R. K. Scott, Aug. 6, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
105. Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 90–91; Reid, After the War, 507; Williamson, After Slavery, 93–94; Contract between Elias H. Deas and freedmen, March 3, 1866, Deas Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Contract between Felix Shank and freedman, Feb. 5, 1868, and between A. J. and J. W. Shank and Enos, Jan. 5, 1867, Joseph Belknap Smith Papers, Duke Univ.; Reid, After the War, 464; Lt. George Parliss to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, April 9, 1866, James DeGrey to Lt. J. M. Lee, Nov. 10, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and Louisiana (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. The demand for a five-day workweek (which no working class, white or black, enjoyed in 1865) may also be found in John H. Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for Sept. 9, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Wilmer Shields to William N. Mercer, Dec. 12, 1866, Mercer Papars, Louisiana State Univ.; S. D. G. Niles to Maj. Gen. T. J. Wood, June 13, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Loring and Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South, 12; Williamson, After Slavery, 91–92.
106. Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for Jan. 15, 1866, Univ. of South Carolina; Rogers, History of Georgetown County, 431–32; Williamson, After Slavery, 104–05.
107. Wilmer Shields to William N. Mercer, Sept. 21, Nov. 18, 21, Dec. 1, 12, 26, 1866, Jan. 1, 6, 9, 16, Feb. 6, 13, May 22, 1867, Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.
108. John H. Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for July 29, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 223; Williamson, After Slavery, 100; Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entries for Jan. 1, 3, 1867, Univ. of North Carolina; Reid, After the War, 446–47.
109. Joe M. Richardson (ed.), “A Northerner Reports on Florida: 1866,” Florida Historical Quarterly, XL (1962), 383; Esther W. Douglass to Rev. Samuel H
unt, Feb. 1, 1866, American Missionary Assn. Archives.
110. Lt. George Parliss to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, April 9, 1866, Bvt. Lt. Col. B. F. Smith to Bvt. Maj. H. W. Smith, Jan. 21, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also New York Times, Nov. 30, 1866, and Stearns, Black Man of the South, and The Rebels, 47–48.
111. Bvt. Maj. Thomas H. Norton to Maj. A. W. Preston, Aug. 3, 1867, Lt. George Parliss to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, April 9, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also, in the South Carolina records, Bvt. Maj. Erastus Everson to Bvt. Lt. Col. H. W. Smith, June 15, 1866, and M. J. Kirk to Maj. M. R. Delany, May 24, 1866.
112. Edmund Rhett to Maj. Gen. Scott, Aug. 12, 1866, James DeGrey to William H. Webster, Sept. 10, 1867, Bvt. Lt. Col. B. F. Smith to Bvt. Maj. H. W. Smith, Feb. 21, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Rhett and Smith) and Louisiana (DeGrey) (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; New York Times, Sept. 5, 1867; Stearns, Black Man of the South, and The Rebels, 47–48.
113. Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters (Nov. 17, 1866), 134–37; New York Times, June 22, Aug. 16, 1866. See also New Orleans Tribune, Sept. 27, 1865; New York Times, Aug. 17, Dec. 5, 1866; and, for a joint white-black protest in Raleigh on rents, Fisk P. Brewer to George Whipple, May 27, 1867, American Missionary Assn. Archives.
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