8/527/54
Chief, Coal Policy Section, Coal Bureau.
7/546/57
Chief, Secretarial Section, Minister's Secretariat.
6/576/60
Deputy chief, Heavy Industries Bureau.
6/607/61
Chief, Heavy Industries Bureau.
7/617/63
Chief, Enterprises Bureau.
7/6310/64
Director, Patent Agency.
10/644/66
Vice-minister.
4/664/72
Sahashi's ''ronin *" (unemployed samurai) period.
4/72
Chairman of the board, Leisure Development Center, a MITI-sponsored association serving the tourism industry.
Page 340
2
Imai Zen'ei
April 1937
Enters MCI as member of class of 1937.
4/379/46
Assigned to Trade Bureau; Temporary Materials Coordination Bureau; Textiles Bureau, MCI-MM.
9/466/47
First section chief appointment: chief, Distribution Section, Coal Agency, MCI.
6/4710/49
Chief, Supply and Demand Section, Production Bureau, Economic Stabilization Board.
10/492/51
Chief, First Import Section, International Trade Bureau, MITI.
2/516/51
Chief, Trade Policy Section, International Trade Bureau.
6/518/52
First secretary, Japanese Embassy, Washington.
8/527/54
Chief, Trade Policy Section, International Trade Bureau.
7/546/56
Chief, General Affairs Section, Minister's Secretariat.
6/568/58
Chief, Promotion Department, Medium and Smaller Enterprises Agency.
8/582/61
Chief, Textiles Bureau.
2/617/62
Chief, International Trade Bureau.
7/627/63
Director, Patent Agency.
7/6310/64
Vice-minister.
11/65-
Executive director and then (5/66) president, Japan Petrochemicals; chairman, Petroleum Committee, Industrial Structure Council.
Page 343
Notes
Complete authors' names, titles, and publication data for the works cited in short form are given in the Bibliography, pp. 36780.
One
1. One of the most prominent Japanese economists, Shinohara Miyohei, subsequently acknowledged that he had not always understood or approved of government policy but that with hindsight he had changed his mind. See Shinohara. For the influence of the London
Economist
's book, see Arisawa, 1976, p. 371.
2. William W. Lockwood, "Economic Developments and Issues," in Passin, p. 89; Uchino Tatsuro *,
Japan's Postwar Economic Policies
(Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1976), p. 6.
3. Arisawa, 1937, p. 4
4. Kindleberger, p. 17.
5. See Goto*.
6. Richard Halloran,
Japan: Images and Realities
(New York: Knopf, 1970), p. 72.
7. Hadley, p. 87.
8.
Consider Japan
, p. 16.
9. Haitani, p. 181.
10. Kaplan, p. 14.
11. Ruth Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946), p. 316.
12. Titus, p. 312.
13. See Chen.
14. Hugh Patrick, "The Future of the Japanese Economy: Output and Labor Productivity,"
The Journal of Japanese Studies
, 3 (Summer 1977): 239.
15.
Ibid.
, p. 225.
16. Sahashi, 1972, p. 190.
17. Philip H. Trezise, "Politics, Government, and Economic Growth in Japan," in Patrick and Rosovsky, p. 782.
18. Campbell, pp. 2, 200. Slight Diet alterations of the budget also occurred in 1977 and 1978, during the period of thin majorities for the LDP.
19. Industrial Structure Council,
Japan's Industrial Structure: A Long Range Vision
(Tokyo: JETRO, 1975), p. 9.
20. Roberts, p. 439.
21. On the Three Sacred Treasures, see Shimada Haruo, "The Japanese Employment System,"
Japanese Industrial Relations
, Series 6 (Tokyo: Japan Insti-
Page 344
tute of Labor, 1980), p. 8. For background and bibliography, see Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1977a.
22. Amaya, p. 18; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1972, p. 14.
23. Clark, p. 64.
24. On public corporations and the Fiscal Investment and Loan Plan, see Johnson, 1978.
25. Amaya, p. 20.
26. See, e.g., Richard Tanner Johnson and William G. Ouchi, "Made in America (Under Japanese Management),"
Harvard Business Review
, Sept.Oct. 1974, pp. 6169; and William McDonald Wallace, "The Secret Weapon of Japanese Business,"
Columbia Journal of World Business
, Nov.Dec. 1972, pp. 4352.
27. Allinson, p. 178.
28. Tomioka, pp. 1516.
29. M. Y. Yoshino, p. 17.
30. Ohkawa and Rosovsky, p. 220.
31. Amaya, pp. 969.
32. R. P. Dore, "Industrial Relations in Japan and Elsewhere," in Craig, p. 327.
33. Nakamura, 1974, pp. 16567.
34. See Toda.
35. Hadley, p. 393.
36. Kaplan, p. 3.
37. Boltho, p. 140.
38. Yasuhara, pp. 200201.
39. Louis Mulkern, "U.S.-Japan Trade Relations: Economic and Strategic Implications," in Abegglen et al., pp. 2627.
40. Wolfgang J. Mommsen,
The Age of Bureaucracy: Perspectives on the Political Sociology of Max Weber
(New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1977), p. 64; Dahrendorf, 1968, p. 219; Dore, in Craig, p. 326; George Armstrong Kelly, "Who Needs a Theory of Citizenship?"
Daedalus
, Fall 1979, p. 25.
41.
The Bureaucratization of the World
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), p. 147.
42. Amaya, p. 51.
43. For the signs of an incipient American industrial policy, see David Vogel, "The Inadequacy of Contemporary Opposition to Business,"
Daedalus
, Summer 1980, pp. 4758.
44. See Johnson, 1974; Johnson, 1975.
45. Shibagaki Kazuo, "Sangyo * kozo* no henkaku" (Change of industrial structure), in Tokyo University, 1975, 8: 89.
46. See Drucker.
47. Allinson, pp. 3435.
48. Henderson, p. 40.
49. Nettl, pp. 57172.
50. Bell, p. 22, n. 23.
51. Ernest Gellner, "Scale and Nation,"
Philosophy of the Social Sciences
, 3 (1973): 1516.
52. Black, p. 171.
53. Tiedemann, p. 138.
54. Amaya, p. 1.
55. Kakuma, 1979a, p. 58; Nawa, 1975, p. 88.
56. Ozaki, 1970, p. 879.
57. MITI, 1957, pp. 34.
58. Nawa, 1974, p. 22.
59. On Taylorism, see Samuel Haber,
Efficiency and Uplift: Scientific Management in the Progressive Era
(Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1964).
Page 345
Denis Healey describes "a new approach to improving our industrial performance," which he established in Great Britain in 1974 after he became Chancellor of the Exchequer. It actually boiled down to an attempt at industrial rationalization. See Denis Healey,
Managing the Economy
, The Russell C. Leffingwell Lectures (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1980), p. 29.
60. Gilpin, pp. 7071.
61. See Ueno, p. 27.
62.
Can Pl
uralism Survive?
The William K. McInally Lecture (Ann Arbor: Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Michigan, 1977), p. 24.
63. Takashima Setsuo, p. 30.
64. Ueno, p. 14.
65. Ohkawa and Rosovsky, p. 200.
66. See Kodama.
67. Ohkawa and Rosovsky, p. 182.
68. Boltho, pp. 18889.
69. Amaya, p. 78.
70. MITI,
Industrial Policy and MITI's Role
(Tokyo: MITI, 1973), p. 1.
71. In Arisawa, 1976, p. 133; and Nakamura, 1974, p. 164.
72. Arisawa, quoted in Obayashi, p. 69; Shiina, 1976, pp. 10614.
73. Tanaka, pp. 65556.
74. Maeda, 1975, p. 9.
75. Clark, p. 258.
Two
1. See Johnson, 1980. Seidensticker's suggestion is contained in a letter of July 25, 1979.
2. Kakuma, 1979b, p. 171.
3. Japan Industrial Club, 2: 434.
4. See Obayashi. Cf. Berger, pp. 8788.
5. Campbell, p. 137.
6. Weber, p. 1004, n. 12.
7. Black, pp. 55, 77.
8. Weber, p. 959.
9. Cf. Ide Yoshinori, "Sengo kaikaku to Nihon kanryosei *" (Postwar reform and the Japanese bureaucratic system), in Tokyo University, 1974, 3: 146.
10. Ide and Ishida, pp. 11415.
11. For a theoretical discussion of this pattern in many late-developing nations, see Heeger.
12. See Iwasaki, pp. 4150.
13. Kojima Kazuo, p. 26. See also Personnel Administration Investigation Council, p. 58.
14. Henderson, pp. 166, 195.
15. Isomura and Kuronuma, pp. 1115, 18.
16. See Kanayama.
17. Black, p. 209.
18. Yamanouchi, pp. 85, 12122, 18182. For similar political uses of the phrase denka no hoto*, see
Sori
*
daijin
, pp. 5657.
19. Duus and Okimoto, p. 70.
20. Craig, p. 7.
21. The basic source on the purge is Hans H. Baerwald,
The Purge of Japanese Leaders Under the Occupation
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959).
Page 346
22. Sato *, p. 60.
23. Amaya, p. 72.
24. Noda Economic Research Institute, p. 5.
25. Roser, p. 201.
26. See Ide Yoshinori, in Tokyo University, 1974, 3: 14958.
27. For details, see Okochi* Shigeo, "Nihon no gyosei* soshiki" (The organization of administration in Japan), in Tsuji, 2: 9499.
28. Kakuma, 1979b, p. 5
et seq.
29. "Shihai taisei no seisaku to kiko*" (The policies and structure of the ruling system), in Oka, pp. 5368.
30. Campbell, p. 128, n. 29.
31. Wildes, p. 92.
32. "Kanryo* o dosuru" (What about the bureaucracy?),
Chuo
*
koron
*, Aug. 1947, p. 3.
33. Okubo*, pp. 45.
34. Watanabe Yasuo, "Komuin* no kyaria" (Careers of officials), in Tsuji, 4: 200; Sato, pp. 6061.
35. Sugimori Koji*, "The Social Background of Political Leadership in Japan,"
The Developing Economies
, 6 (Dec. 1968): 499500.
36. Robert M. Spaulding, Jr., "The Bureaucracy as a Political Force, 192045," in Morley, p. 37.
37. For statistics on the numbers of cabinet and private bills introduced in the first thirty Diets under the Constitution of 1947, see Fukumoto, pp. 13236. See also T. J. Pempel, "The Bureaucratization of Policy-making in Postwar Japan,"
American Journal of Political Science
, 18 (Nov. 1974): 64764.
38. See Ministry of Finance, Tax Bureau, p. 9; and Hollerman, 1967, p. 248. Odahashi Sadaju, former technical adviser to the House of Councillors Commerce and Industry Committee, declares that the shingikai have actually taken over the Diet functions of deliberating on laws. See Odahashi, p. 23. See also Yung H. Park, "The Governmental Advisory Commission System in Japan,"
Journal of Comparative Administration
, 3 (Feb. 1972): 43567. For studies of particular shingikai, see Yung H. Park, "The Central Council for Education, Organized Business, and the Politics of Education Policy-making in Japan,"
Comparative Education Review
, 19 (June 1975): 296311; and Michael W. Donnelly, "Setting the Price of Rice: A Study in Political Decisionmaking," in Pempel, pp. 143200.
39. Interview with Sahashi Shigeru, Tokyo, Sept. 5, 1974.
40. "Nihon ni okeru seisaku kettei no seiji katei" (The political processes of policy-making in Japan), in Taniuchi, pp. 78.
41. Yamamoto, pp. 4650, 7478.
42. MITI Journalists' Club, Oct. 1963, p. 76. For the term kakuremino as applied to shingikai, see Yamamoto, p. 21.
43. Weber, p. 1416.
44. "Gendai yosan seiji shiron" (A sketch of modern budgetary politics), in Taniuchi, p. 107.
45. Campbell, p. 280.
46. Titus, p. 11.
47. Wildes, p. 113.
48. On income distribution, see Boltho, p. 163.
Page 347
49. In Taniuchi, pp. 1520.
50. Sato *, p. 66.
51. Akimoto, p. 142.
52. Matsubayashi, 1976, p. 233.
53. Ito* Daiichi, 1968, pp. 45758.
54. Industrial Policy Research Institute, p. 264.
55. See Kusayanagi, May 1969, p. 165; Matsumoto, 1: 16; and Takeuchi, p. 14.
56. Akaboshi, p. 171.
57. Martin Landau and Russell Stout, Jr., "To Manage Is Not to Control,"
Public Administration Review
, 39 (Mar.Apr. 1979): 151.
58. Kusayanagi, Jan. 1969, p. 180.
59. "Tsusan-sho* ni miru gendai keibatsu kenkyu*" (Research on modern keibatsu as seen in MITI),
MITI and the Japanese miracle Page 53
