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CONTENTS
Epigraph
Foreword
PROLOGUE: The Patriarch
CHAPTER 1 The Canton Silver Cup
CHAPTER 2 Breaking Into the Family
CHAPTER 3 Opium Hostages
CHAPTER 4 Yankees in Gotham
CHAPTER 5 Mazeppa and the Problem Child
CHAPTER 6 Captain Nat
CHAPTER 7 Family Pressure Under Sail
CHAPTER 8 Memnon: Delano’s California Bet
CHAPTER 9 Enter Donald McKay
CHAPTER 10 Grinnell Grabs the Flying Cloud
CHAPTER 11 At the Starting Line
CHAPTER 12 Around the World
CHAPTER 13 Frightful to Look Aloft: Sovereign of the Seas
CHAPTER 14 Great Republic
CHAPTER 15 Hill and River
CHAPTER 16 Surprise and Danger
CHAPTER 17 Glory of the Seas
CHAPTER 18 Keeping It in the Family
Appendix
Photographs
Sources and Acknowledgments
About the Author
Notes
Index
To my wife Alexandra
There be three things which are too wonderful for me, yea, four which I know not:
The way of an eagle in the air; the way of a serpent upon a rock; the way of a ship in the midst of the sea; and the way of a man with a maid.
—PROVERBS 30:18–19
See what ambition will do. A man worth 250,000 dollars relinquishing the joy of society, of wife and children to scramble among the herd for a few more dollars. Every man for his taste.
—WARREN DELANO II, letter to Abiel Abbot Low, December 23, 1840
FOREWORD
With their unprecedented speed and lithe, angelic beauty, American clipper ships harnessed the power of the ocean winds to transform the young United States from a fragile agrarian republic to a muscular international maritime power. Between 1840 and 1860, the clippers revolutionized global trade by getting Chinese tea, porcelain, and other exotic goods to market twice as fast as rival British ships. The clippers also helped transform California from a remote outpost on the Pacific Ocean, where residents subsisted on fishing and farming, into the Golden State it is today, connected by trade and culture to the commercial centers of the East Coast and beyond.
Yet the clippers also kept company with conflict and violence. The China trade was built on lethal, highly addictive opium, a drug that led to two wars between China and Great Britain and the start of China’s so-called Century of Humiliation. The captains who plied the seas could be harsh, sometimes driving their ships and crews to the brink of destruction for the sake of profit and glory.
Their masters, the Americans who owned the clipper ships and their cargoes—men with names such as Delano, Forbes, and Low—amassed wealth so great that they became the pillars of the American Establishment. These were the dynastic fortunes that built lavish estates, funded prep schools and universities, and financed much of the new enterprise on which the country would be built: the mines that fueled national growth, the railroads that carried people and goods through the vast interior, and the transatlantic cable that connected the continents. In power and philanthropy, the owners of the clipper ships saw themselves as modern-day merchant princes, much like the grandees of Europe’s most famous maritime city-state: the “Most Serene Republic” of Venice. Their cultural and political influence lasted well into the twentieth century. It is no surprise that the grandson of one of the most successful of them would become president of the United States.
PROLOGUE:
THE PATRIARCH
He cared little for outsiders, but would do anything for his own family.
—SARA “SALLIE” DELANO1
Warren Delano II loved sitting at his big desk at Algonac, his Hudson River estate. Around him were treasures of Chinese art: temple bells, porcelains, silk wall hangings. This day, through the wavy glass panes of the library windows, he could see a fall breeze rustle the red and gold leaves on the trees, and the sun glitter on the river. The air was crisp, and a coal fire glowed in the hearth. Penning letters to family and friends, with advice on business and stern judgments about character, he was at home, in charge, and seemingly at ease, managing a business empire that spanned the globe.
Fifty years old in the fall of 1859, Delano was a tough man to the core: well over six feet tall, with chiseled features, a hooked nose, a leonine beard, and bristling sideburns. Suspicious of strangers, he loved his family without reservation. All coldness melted away when his six children tumbled around the library, as they often did while he worked. If two of them got into a fight over a toy, he would look up from his desk, smile, utter firmly, “What’s that? Tut, tut!” and the squabble would stop. It was not fear of the patriarch but fear of disappointing him that kept his children well behaved. He never spanked them. Nor did he share his worries on days when letters brought ill news. In the words of one daughter, he had a remarkable knack for hiding “all traces of sadness or trouble or news of anything alarming.”2 To be a true Delano, one had to keep a pleasant disposition, no matter what life threw at you.
The Delano clan had been risking their lives on the high seas ever since the Flemish Protestant adventurer Philippe Delannoy first made the Atlantic crossing to the Plymouth Bay Colony in 1621. Building the family’s maritime fortunes required spending much of life apart from those they loved, and demanded a delicate balance of poise on land and toughness at sea. It was a fact of life in seagoing New England: the longer the absence and the larger the risks, the greater the financial rewards. The old whale-hunting cry “A dead whale or a stove boat!” could well have been the family’s motto.I
For two centuries, the clan had sacrificed much to attain modest prosperity. But Warren Delano’s opulent fortune had sprung from his mastery of another kind of maritime gamble: trading in tea and opium. He had made two visits to China as a young man, first as a bachelor, and then with his wife, Catherine, whom he had married only a few weeks before they set sail. They had lost their first-born child in that country, a tragedy that had driven his young bride to near-suicidal despair. Another child would come home chronically ill.
Yet Warren was expert at keeping his private emotional life divorced from the grand vision by which he and his contemporaries had transformed the world. Their hard work had made a young republic into one of the world’s great commercial sea powers, with a fleet of fast ships that challenged Great Britain’s maritime supremacy. The success of Yankee clippers, which Delano helped mastermind, shook Old Britannia’s complacency, cracking ancient, restrictive trade laws that had kept foreign-built vessels out of British ports. “We must run a race with our gigantic and unshackled rival,” snarled the London Times upon the first visit to London of a Yankee clipper, in 1850. “We must set our long-practiced skill, our steady industry, and our dogged determination against his youth, industry, and ardor.”3 The American clipper in question, Oriental, had cut the trip from China to London nearly in half, from six months to a mere 97 days, and her cargo of tea sold for a whopping $48,000. This was at a time when an average American worker made between $10 and $12 a month.4
Delano’s great wealth from trade had allowed him to remove his family to Algonac,
a sixty-acre estate north of New York City. The mammoth scale of the house was in no small part inspired by a great rambling palace Delano had seen on the banks of China’s Pearl River many years before, while it also reflected the latest in nineteenth-century American architectural fashion. The architect, Andrew Jackson Downing, was a proponent of the “picturesque”: a whimsical Gothic window here, a wood-and-glass cupola there. Downing seems to have understood his seagoing but home-loving client. As a self-taught tastemaker, Downing skillfully used his pen to appeal to the longings of his prosperous but increasingly harried bourgeois clientele. “The mere sentiment of home,” Downing mused in The Architecture of Country Houses, “has, like a strong anchor, saved many a man from shipwreck in the storms of life.”5
For Delano, Algonac did exactly that. The tan stucco house, designed in the Tuscan villa style and adorned with towers, gables, and wide porches, was his fortress—a refuge from all of the uncertainties that had dogged his early life. Screened in by stone walls and tall trees, Warren was the realm’s benevolent yet exacting ruler. Here, all of the world’s problems were kept at bay, and all of life’s questions answered. He played games with his children and tended his fruit trees. He and Catherine wrote what they called their “Algonac Diaries,” lovingly describing their children’s “explosions of fire-crackers,” and one particularly “splendid bonfire in the henyard.”6 The crash of a gong summoned the family to their evening meal, in an east-facing dining room with a spectacular view of the Hudson River.
Yet Warren didn’t tell stories to his children about his time in China as a young man—the violence he had lived through, or his loneliness there before Catherine, or facing down the hard edges of life on the other side of the world. He was determined that his children not go through what he’d experienced. For all his present comfort, he knew what it had taken to make his money, in a foreign country, skirting the fringes of the law.
At Algonac, there was a silent witness to the source of his wealth, in spirit if not in life: a Chinese patriarch was enshrined in an oil painting that hung in the paneled library. He had a thin, pinched face and melancholy eyes, and he was dressed splendidly in flowing silk robes, necklaces of bright jade. A close-fitting cap, topped with the red coral button that denoted his high “mandarin” social status in the Chinese governmental hierarchy, sat next to him on the table.
This was Houqua, the great Chinese merchant whose favor had helped make Warren Delano one of America’s richest men. By 1859, the man in the painting had been dead for more than ten years. But through the first half of the nineteenth century, he had been one of the wealthiest men in the world, and a financial father to Delano and other young American merchants of that time. The painting at Algonac was a gift from Houqua himself. Every partner at Delano’s firm, Russell & Company—the largest and most profitable American enterprise in China—brought home a portrait of Houqua. His visage adorned counting rooms in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. So revered was the great merchant that one of Delano’s partners named his tea-carrying ship, arguably the first of the sleek Yankee clippers, in Houqua’s honor.
In the years since his time under Houqua’s patronage, Warren Delano had invested the fortune he had made from his Chinese business into more clipper ships, and then into copper and coal mines, Manhattan real estate, and railroads. Delano himself had achieved tremendous stature, not only for his wealth but also for his character. One contemporary wrote, “He was a man of quick perceptions, accurate judgment, indomitable will, and possessed in a remarkable degree the rich endowment of common sense … the result of clear thinking and strict adherence to the facts.”7
Yet by that fall day in 1859, the business letters Delano was writing from the library at Algonac were getting increasingly frantic. A financial panic two years earlier, triggered by speculation in railroads, had caused his investments to suffer. His clipper ships were particularly hard hit. Within several months of the crash, he had gone from being a millionaire to being close to penniless. Despite Delano’s obsession with privacy at Algonac, there was no way to keep this financial cataclysm away from his family hearth. Meanwhile, America was hurtling toward the reckoning between North and South, a conflict from which even the gates of Algonac could not shelter the Delanos.
Warren Delano had a big family, an expensive house, and above all, a reputation to maintain. He had taken big risks throughout his life, and now, staring at bankruptcy, he was not about to sit still. He saw only one way to avoid certain ruin: he would return to China and the opium and tea trade.
His wife and six children would remain at Algonac. Warren promised Catherine, several months pregnant with their seventh child, that he would be gone only two years. She did her best to keep calm as he packed his bags and prepared to leave. She knew firsthand the danger of ocean travel and the volatile political situation in China, a country where Westerners were not welcomed as guests but rather derided in the streets as fanqui. Foreign devils.
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When Warren Delano boarded ship in the Port of New York, the sounds and smells around him would not have differed greatly from the scenes of his first voyage more than a quarter century before: the tang of salt water, the shouts of the sailors, the thunder of the canvas as it dropped from the yards and captured the wind, and the gentle motion of the deck as the vessel glided through the Upper Bay and then out into the gray expanse of the North Atlantic. In his ears would be the sonorous calls of the chanteymen, singing work songs to keep time as they hauled in the lines and spun the capstans—old sailing songs, tuned to the new clipper era:
Down by the river hauled a Yankee clipper,
And it’s blow, my bully boys, blow!
She’s a Yankee mate and a Yankee skipper,
And it’s blow, my bully boys, blow!
The name of the ship that took him on this voyage is lost to history, but it was almost certainly one of those rakish, swift vessels that he helped pioneer: majestic clippers, flying before the wind like great birds of prey, their vast spreads of canvas stretched taut, their deep, sharp bows piercing wave after wave. On such a vessel, the trip would take fewer than three months. When Warren had first gone to China in 1833, six months was considered an acceptable run. In this respect alone, time spent aboard ship had changed.
Still, life on a long sea voyage would have quickly worn thin: dinners with the captain; letter writing; endlessly rereading the same books and outdated periodicals such as Harper’s Weekly; listening to other passengers tell stories, play the piano, or sing. Delano had played the guitar as a young man. Perhaps now he sang a few songs with his fellow passengers to pass the time.8 But this private man likely despised being forced into the shipboard company of people he didn’t know. At night, his huge frame jammed into a narrow berth built for a much smaller man, he may have stared out his port light and yearned for Algonac and his family.
An ocean away, his five-year-old daughter, Sara, found the separation from her beloved Papa hard to bear. She later remembered her father vanishing without explanation. As many Yankee children lamented, “Dear papa done Tanton [gone Canton].”9 When Warren’s letters began to arrive, young Sara steamed off the stamps and pasted them in her collection.10
The letters meant that Warren Delano had arrived safely. Renting a large house called Rose Hill and settling into his Russell & Company duties, Delano was going back to the work he knew. He missed his family, but he was making money—as he had done thirty years ago.
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I. Stove as in broken, holed, or smashed by an angry whale.
CHAPTER 1
THE CANTON SILVER CUP
In these days of steam and telegraph, it is difficult to conceive of the state of isolation in which we lived. When a ship arrived, she often brought news five or six months old from home, but as the success of her voyage depended upon keeping private all intimations about the market which she had left behind, not a letter or newspaper was ever delivered until she had bought her cargo, very often not until she lifted h
er anchor to go off.
—JOHN MURRAY FORBES, partner at Russell & Company1
Imperial Chinese edicts forbade sexual relations between Westerners and Chinese. They also forbade boat racing and the opium trade. The Westerners had and did them anyway.
It was 1837, and on the banks of the Pearl River, twenty-seven-year-old Warren Delano lowered himself into a six-man rowing boat christened the Not So Green. Delano and his fellow Americans were in pursuit of the Canton Silver Cup, to be awarded by the newly formed Canton Regatta Club. Here he was, junior partner of the small Boston-based firm of Bryant & Sturgis, halfway around the world from his close-knit New England family, racing amidst the grandeur and squalor of one of the world’s great trading ports. The statues of five goats—which represented five elements of the Chinese zodiac and the nucleus of an ancient, sprawling Taoist temple—gave Canton the nickname the “City of Rams.”
The two competing boats—one British, one American—headed up to the starting line, their oars pulling through yellow waters choked with trash and sewage. Occasionally a dead dog or cat would float past, grotesquely bloated, paws turned toward the heavens. Glancing over at the vast Whampoa harbor, the anchorage just downriver from Canton, Delano could see the big East Indiamen riding at their moorings, preparing to sail home loaded with hundreds of crates of fragrant tea. His Not So Green was tiny in comparison: low to the water, the artful sheer of her planked hull curving gracefully upward toward her bow and stern. The elegant craft was most likely the handiwork of the old Chinese shipwright Mo-Pin (“No Pigtail”), whose exacting workmanship was popular with the rich men of Canton’s “Golden Ghetto,” the foreign merchant community.2
Other small craft bobbed past. Schooners that shuttled Westerners downriver to the Portuguese island colony of Macao. Coastal junks, their bows adorned with painted eyes, trundling from Canton to the Chinese ports forbidden to Westerners, Shanghai and Xiamen. Then there were the “flower boats,” gaudy floating brothels that drifted past seductively, with Chinese women doing their best to tempt the “foreign devils” from their months of enforced celibacy. Warren’s cousin Amasa Delano, who had traveled to China as a ship’s officer twenty years earlier, was horrified at what appeared to be the corpses of mixed-blood babies bobbing in the Pearl River, mingled with the dead animals and trash.3
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