by Ben Hughes
86. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 313–325.
87. Address of the Council and Assembly of Jamaica to the king James II, 12 July 1689, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 100–113.
88. Ship Arrivals Port Royal, CO142/13, folio 74.
89. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
CHAPTER 3: BLACK IVORY
1. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217; Ship Arrivals Port Royal, CO142/13, folio 74; Phillips, A Journal of a Voyage, 197; Davies, The Royal African Company, 221–224; Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 471–493.
2. Out Letters (Customs) XII, 15, Entry Book: May 1689, 21–32, Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 9, 1689–1692, available at British History Online; T70/50, folio 98, Royal African Company Out Letters.
3. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
4. Davies, The Royal African Company, 221–224.
5. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217; Phillips, A Journal of a Voyage, 195.
6. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217; Phillips, A Journal of a Voyage, 197.
7. Law, The English in West Africa, Part 2, 402–404.
8. Ship Arrivals Port Royal, CO142/13, folio 74; Davies, The Royal African Company, 192–194.
9. Will of Charles Danvers, PROB 11/402; Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, 83–84, 120–121.
10. Will of John Zebbett, PROB 11/429.
11. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
12. Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, 45–50, 83–87.
13. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
14. Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 485–486.
15. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
16. Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 490–493.
17. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
18. Konadu, The Akan Diaspora, 58, 64, 68–69.
19. Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 2–10.
20. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
21. Phillips, A Journal of a Voyage, 206.
22. Konadu, The Akan Diaspora, 7–54, 103.
23. Konadu, The Akan Diaspora, 42, 64–86; Shumway, The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 34–41.
24. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
25. Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 20–25; Shumway, The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 62.
26. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
27. Phillips, A Journal of a Voyage, 207.
28. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
29. Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 20–22.
30. Phillips, A Journal of a Voyage, 203.
31. T70/50, folio 97d. Quoted in Davies, The Royal African Company, 267.
32. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
33. Davies, The Royal African Company, 223.
34. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217; Royal African Company Letter Book, Letters from Africa, T70/12, folio 45; Davies, The Royal African Company, 239.
35. Davies, The Royal African Company, 240–244; Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 45–54; Phillips, A Journal of a Voyage, 204–205; Royal African Company Letter Book, Letters from Africa, T70/12, folio 45.
36. Phillips, A Journal of a Voyage, 204–205.
37. Shumway, The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 45–46; Davies, The Royal African Company, 267.
38. Konadu, The Akan Diaspora, 64.
39. Davies, The Royal African Company, 280–289; Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 31, 52; Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 195.
40. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
41. Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 312–322.
42. Law, Ouidah: The Social History, 29; Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 228.
43. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
44. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 210–214; Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
45. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 222.
46. Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, 46.
47. Law, Ouidah: The Social History, 27.
48. Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 264.
49. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 215.
50. Law, Ouidah: The Social History, 41–43.
51. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 215; Royal African Company Letter Book, Letters from Africa, T70/12, folio 45.
52. Law, Ouidah: The Social History, 25.
53. Law, Ouidah: The Social History, 18–20.
54. Konadu, The Akan Diaspora, 124–127.
55. Konadu, The Akan Diaspora, 126–127.
56. Konadu, The Akan Diaspora, 121.
57. Moore, Biography of Mahommah G. Baquaqua, 35–40.
58. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
59. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 216–217.
60. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
61. Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, quoted in Sanders, If a Pirate I Must Be, 4–5.
62. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 218.
63. Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 361.
64. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 218.
65. Sweet, African Healing, 29.
66. Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 361.
67. Law, Ouidah: The Social History, 141.
68. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 218.
69. Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 360–361.
70. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
71. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 218.
72. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
73. Law, Ouidah: The Social History, 46; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 236; Konadu, The Akan Diaspora, 101.
74. Konadu, The Akan Diaspora, 101.
75. Law, Ouidah: The Social History, 27–29.
76. Duncan, Travels in Western Africa, 298–299.
77. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 229.
78. Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 46.
79. Barbot, Barbot on Guinea, 639.
80. Law, Ouidah: The Social History, 152.
81. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
82. Davies, The Royal African Company, 291.
83. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 229.
84. Bosman, A New and Accurate Description, 365–366.
85. Smallwood, Saltwater Slavery, 42–43.
86. Taylor, If We Must Die, 180.
87. Davies, The Royal African Company, 291.
88. Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 48.
89. T70/1211. Quoted in Davies, The Royal African Company, 291.
90. Sanders, If a Pirate I Must Be, 4.
91. Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 51.
92. Pringle (ed.), The History of Mary Prince, 43.
93. Moore, Biography of Mahommah G. Baquaqua, 43–44.
94. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
95. Rediker, The Slave Ship, 292; Davies, The Royal African Company, 292–294.
96. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 237.
97. Wills, 1688, 237–241.
98. Wax, “A Philadelphia Surgeon on a Slaving Voyage to Africa, 1749–1751.”
99. Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 54.
100. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 221, 229.
101. T70/61, folio 159d. Quoted in Davies, The Royal African Company, 294.
102. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 230.
103. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217; precis of letter from Edwin Stede, RAC agent at Barbados to London HQ, T70/17, folio 10.
104. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 232.
105. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217; precis of letter from Edwin Stede, RAC agent at Barbados to London HQ, T70/17, folio 10.
106. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217; precis of letter from Edwin Stede, RAC agent at Barbados to London HQ, T70/17, folio 10.
107.
Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217; precis of letter from Edwin Stede, RAC agent at Barbados to London HQ, T70/17, folio 10.
108. Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 54–55.
109. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 300–302.
CHAPTER 4: PLANTATION SLAVERY IN THE NEW WORLD
1. Galenson, Traders, Planters and Slaves, 72.
2. Ship Arrivals Port Royal, CO142/13, folio 74.
3. Davies, The Royal African Company, 295–296.
4. Sales book of the Hannah slaver, T70/1217.
5. Galenson, Traders, Planters and Slaves, 82–85.
6. Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 54–55.
7. Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny and Desire, 134.
8. Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 55.
9. Hannah Sales Receipts, T70/644, folios 1–4.
10. Davies, The Royal African Company, 296–297.
11. Hannah Sales Receipts, T70/644, folios 1–4.
12. Governor Coddrington to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 30 December 1701, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 19, 1701, 696–729.
13. Phillips, Journal of a Voyage, 216; Behn, Oroonoko, 15.
14. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, Volume I, xlvii.
15. Craton, Testing the Chains, 25–26.
16. Palmer, Human Cargoes, 62–63.
17. Hannah Sales Receipts, T70/644, folios 1–4.
18. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, liii.
19. Hannah Sales Receipts, T70/644, folios 1–4.
20. Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 55.
21. Hannah Sales Receipts, T70/644, folios 1–4; Davies, The Royal African Company, 294–296.
22. Davies, The Royal African Company, 334; Royal African Company Sales Receipts, Port Royal, T70/17 folio 10d; Penhallow and Ruding to RAC, 1 July 1690, T70/12, folios 84–85.
23. Hannah Sales Receipts, T70/644, folios 1–4.
24. Port Royal Inventories, Volume 3, Folio 485, Jeremiah Tilley, entered 21 November 1693; Vernon (ed.), Cases Argued and Adjudged in the High Court of Chancery, Volume II, Part I, 280–281; Mortimer (ed.), Bristol Record Society’s Publications, Volume XXVI, Minute Book of the Men’s Meeting of the Society of Friends in Bristol, 182–183.
25. On Banister see Parker, Willoughbyland, 248.
26. On Swimmer see A Parcel of Ribbons website, http://aparcelofribbons.co.uk/2012/11/the-swymmer-family-of-bristol/. On Rose see Craton, A Jamaican Plantation, 40; Beasley, Christian Ritual, 77.
27. Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 56; Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 46.
28. Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 57.
29. Hannah Sales Receipts, T70/644, folios 1–4.
30. Palmer, Human Cargoes, 61–62.
31. Inchiquin to Lords of Trade, 6 July 1690, Calendar of State Papers of Colonial America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689–1692, 291–301.
32. Inchiquin to Lords of Trade, 6 July 1690, Calendar of State Papers of Colonial America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689–1692, 291–301.
33. The flota was a convoy system employed from 1566 to 1790 by the Spanish to transport goods from Europe to its colonies in the New World. Due to the deficiencies of the Spanish merchant marine, the flota proved woefully inadequate, however, thus encouraging foreign ships to illegally intervene.
34. HMS Swan pay book, ADM 33/143, folios 78–81.
35. Inchiquin to Lords of Trade, 6 July 1690, Calendar of State Papers of Colonial America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689–1692, 291–301.
36. Palmer, Human Cargoes, 64–73.
37. HMS Swan pay book, ADM 33/143, folio 82.
38. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 170–177.
39. On Sutton’s holdings, see www.anthonymaitland.com. For the contemporary valuation see John Helyar letter, 7 August 1690, Helyar Papers, Jamaican letters, 17th Century, DD/WHh/1151–1153, Somerset Heritage Centre.
40. Inchiquin to Lords of Trade, 31 August 1690, CO 138/7, folios 1–6.
41. Delle (ed.), Out of Many, One People, 134–135; Jamaican National Heritage Trust, Archaeological Division. Preliminary Archaeological Appraisal Report, Sutton Land Settlement, Clarendon. Kingston, May 2008; Craton, A Jamaican Plantation, 108.
42. Thomas Sutton’s Will, PROB 11/520.
43. Inchiquin to Lords of Trade, 31 August 1690, CO 138/7, folios 1–6.
44. Jamaican National Heritage Trust, Archaeological Division. Preliminary Archaeological Appraisal Report, Sutton Land Settlement, Clarendon. Kingston, May 2008.
45. John Helyar letter, 7 August 1690, Helyar Papers, Jamaican letters, 17th Century, DD/WHh/1151–1153, Somerset Heritage Centre.
46. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 170–177.
47. www.anthonymaitland.com.
48. Schomburgk, The History of Barbados, 298.
49. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 176.
50. www.anthonymaitland.com. On the link between Sutton and Blackmore see Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 38.
51. Davies, The Royal African Company, 113–118; O’Malley, Final Passages, 85–113.
52. Port Royal Wills, Oliver Cransborough, volume 6, folio 62, entered 5 April 1689; CO33/14, folios 13, 39; www.slavevoyages.org, id 24313.
53. T70/12, folio 78.
54. O’Malley, Final Passages, 95.
55. Schomburgk, The History of Barbados, 298.
56. Petition of Thomas Sutton, September 1689, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689–1692, 137–153.
57. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 37–38, 248–250.
58. History of Clarendon, pdf. http://www.nlj.gov.jm/historynotes/History%20of%20Clarendon.pdf.
59. Mair, A Historical Study of Women in Jamaica, 61; Palmer, Human Cargoes, 69.
60. Palmer, Human Cargoes, 69.
61. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 252.
62. Thomas Sutton’s Will, PROB 11/520.
63. Dunn, A Tale of Two Plantations, 157.
64. Dunn, A Tale of Two Plantations, 434; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 303–306.
65. Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 51.
66. Dunn, A Tale of Two Plantations, 142–144.
67. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, lii.
68. Dunn, A Tale of Two Plantations, 143.
69. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, lii; Dunn, A Tale of Two Plantations, 325–326.
70. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, cxxii.
71. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, cxli.
72. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 198.
73. Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 54.
74. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 198.
75. Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire, 232.
76. Mair, A Historical Study of Women in Jamaica, 87.
77. Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire, 156.
78. Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire, 228–240.
79. Inchiquin to Lords of Trade, 31 August 1690, CO 138/7, folios 1–6; John Helyar letter, 7 August 1690, Helyar Papers, Jamaican letters, 17th Century, DD/WHh/1151–1153, Somerset Heritage Centre.
80. Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 48.
81. Dunn, A Tale of Two Plantations, 143.
82. Inchiquin to Lords of Trade, 31 August 1690, CO 138/7, folios 1–6; John Helyar letter, 7 August 1690, Helyar Papers, Jamaican letters, 17th Century, DD/WHh/1151–1153, Somerset Heritage Centre.
83. Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 115; Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 286.
84. Craton, A Jamaican Plantation, 144–145.
85. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 164–165; Smith, Colonists in Bondage, 226–284.
86. Preston, A Pirate of Exquisite Mind, 53–55.
87. Preston, A Pirate of Exquisite Mind, 16–37.
88. Dunn, A Tale of Two Plantations, 151–152; John Helyar letter, 7 August 1690, Helyar Papers, Jamaican letters, 17th Century, DD/WHh/1151–1153, Somerset Heritage Centre; Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 114.
&
nbsp; 89. Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 114.
90. Wodrow, The History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland, Volume IV, 186–187.
91. Governor Kendall to Earl of Shrewsbury, 26 June 1690, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689–1692, 276–291.
92. Smith, Colonists in Bondage, 226–284.
93. Smith, Colonists in Bondage, 236.
94. Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 86–89; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 190–192.
95. Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 86–89; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 190–192.
96. Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 89–90.
97. Littleton, Groans of the Plantations, 19.
98. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 194–195; Littleton, Groans of the Plantations, 20; Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 90–91.
99. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 195–196; Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 91–93.
100. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 250–252.
101. Delle (ed.), Out of Many, One People, 77–101.
102. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 268.
103. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, xlviii.
104. Delle (ed.), Out of Many, One People, 148.
105. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 251.
106. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, xlviii.
107. Delle (ed.), Out of Many, One People, 14.
108. Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire, 253.
109. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 278; Dunn, A Tale of Two Plantations, 154.
110. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 268.
111. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, xx.
112. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 240; Delle (ed.), Out of Many, One People, 164; Craton, Testing the Chains, 50.
113. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 269.
114. Ligon, A True and Exact History of Barbadoes, 50.
115. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, xlviii–xlix.
116. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 250–251.
117. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 272.
118. Speech of Nicolas Lejeune, St. Domingue, 1788. Quoted in Delle (ed.), Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire, 137.
119. Dunn, A Tale of Two Plantations, 149–150.
120. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, lvii.
121. Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire, 104, 150.
122. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, lvii.
123. Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire, 150.
124. Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands, lvii.
125. Buisseret (ed.), Jamaica in 1687, 278.
