by David Loyn
91 Mazzetti, Mark; The Way of the Knife—The CIA, a Secret Army and a War at the Ends of the Earth; Scribe; 2013.
92 Human Rights Watch; Oct. 31, 2019; https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/10/31/theyve-shot-many/abusive-night-raids-cia-backed-afghan-strike-forces#_ftnref48.
93 Hastings, Michael; The Operators—the Wild and Terrifying Inside Story of America’s War in Afghanistan; Orion; 2012; p32.
94 Packer; p521.
95 Obama; p742.
96 Starkey, Jerome; The Times (London); June 23, 2010; https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mcchrystal-ready-to-hand-obama-resignation-letter-mf8b3nrvmng.
97 Author interview with Medley.
98 Gates; Duty; Kindle loc 8706.
99 The phrase was by Robert Shaplen, the New Yorker correspondent in Saigon, and used by Lewis Sorley as the title of his book on the last years of the Vietnam War.
100 Kelley, Jill; Collateral Damage—Petraeus/Power/Politics and the Abuse Of Privacy; Kelley Publishing; 2016; Kindle loc 959.
101 Broadwell; p3.
CHAPTER 9: THE BELL CURVE AND THE ANACONDA
1 Boot, Max; Commentary; quoted in Fisher, Max; Wire; June 23, 2010; https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2010/06/with-mcchrystal-out-how-war-may-change/345107/.
2 Kaplan, Fred; Slate; April 28, 2011; https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2011/04/petraeus-to-cia-panetta-to-defense-and-other-shrewd-moves-by-president-obama.html.
3 Klein, Joe; Time; June 24, 2010; http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1999418,00.html.
4 Ricks, Thomas E.; Fiasco—The American Military Adventure in Iraq; Penguin; 2007; Kindle loc 5679.
5 Historian Conrad Crane quoted in Washington Post; January 7, 2007; https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2007/01/07/iraq-will-be-petraeuss-knot-to-untie-span-classbankheadgeneral-known-to-see-peace-as-still-possiblespan/90e91b77-aeab-40a8-a139–9976ca3bda6d/.
6 Kelley; Kindle loc 838.
7 Ricks, Thomas, E; Foreign Policy; June 23 2010; https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/06/23/daves-back.
8 Associated Press; June 24, 2010.
9 Broadwell; p55.
10 Christian Science Monitor; June 23, 2011; https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0623/Gen.-David-Petraeus-nod-reopens-issue-of-withdrawal-deadline.
11 Donnelly, Thomas; blog post quoting Arthur Herman; American Enterprise Institute; June 2011.
12 This gave Fred Kaplan the title of the book The Insurgents.
13 Broadwell; p38.
14 Broadwell; p70.
15 Japanese for “umbrella”; the name was conferred as falling parachutists looked as if they had umbrellas in the occupation of Japan after World War II.
16 Broadwell; p106.
17 General Jack Keane was standing alongside him, and his swift actions in staunching the blood gave the two a strong bond. The surgeon who operated was Bill Frist—later Republican senator from Tennessee and Senate majority leader.
18 Broadwell; p33.
19 Ibid.; p33.
20 Ibid.; p66.
21 Packer; p532.
22 Broadwell; p70.
23 Ricks, Thomas E.; Washington Post; June 27, 2010; https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/24/AR2010062402982.html.
24 Broadwell; p7.
25 Author interview with former staff officer on background.
26 Ibid.
27 Broadwell; p53.
28 Coll; p487.
29 Kaplan, Fred; “The End of the Age of Petraeus”; Foreign Affairs; January/February 2013.
30 There were six lines of effort in the original Iraq Anaconda; the seventh came as U.S. forces redefined information warfare, so it merited its own category, separated from “Interagency,” which was mainly international relations.
31 Author interview with senior U.S. officer.
32 https://www.afcent.af.mil/About/Airpower-Summaries.
33 Senate Armed Services Committee; confirmation hearing, June 29, 2010.
34 Chaudhuri, Rudra, and Farrell, Theo; International Affairs; RIIA; Vol. 87, No. 2 (March 2011), pp271–296; OUP; ps://www.jstor.org/stable/20869660.
35 Mattis and West; p211.
36 Ignatius, David; Washington Post; October 19, 2010; https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/18/AR2010101803596.html.
37 Packer; p533.
38 Shah, Taimoor, and Nordland, Rod; New York Times; November 16, 2010; https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/world/asia/17afghan.html.
39 Afghanistan—Annual Report 2010, Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict; United Nations Mission in Afghanistan; https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/engi_version_of_poc_annual_report_2011.pdf.
40 Trofimov, Yaroslav, and Rosenberg, Matthew; Wall Street Journal; November 18, 2010; https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704312504575618863799357110.
41 Senate Armed Services Committee hearing; March 18, 2011.
42 FM 3–24; p20.
43 “Just Don’t Call it a Militia”; Human Rights Watch 2011; https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/afghanistan0911webwcover_0.pdf; p7.
44 Ibid.; p20.
45 Chaudhuri and Farrell.
46 Dhofar was different to Afghanistan in two vital aspects: the insurgents had no safe haven, and when the new ruler, Qaboos bin Said, took over in 1970, they had an incorrupt competent partner.
47 Senate Armed Services Committee; confirmation hearing, June 29, 2010.
48 Author interview with Lute.
49 Karzai interview; Washington Post; November 14, 2010; https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/14/AR2010111400002_2.html?sid=ST2010111305091.
50 Author interview with Karzai.
51 Author interview with Daudzai.
52 Partlow, Joshua and Habib Zahori; Washington Post; February 20, 2011; https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/20/AR2011022000276.html?tid=a_inl_manual.
53 Ignatius, David; Washington Post; March 16 2010; https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-bin-laden-plot-to-kill-president-obama/2012/03/16/gIQAwN5RGS_story.html?hpid=z1&tid=a_inl_manual.
CHAPTER 10: THE COUNTERINSURGENCY DILEMMA
1 U.S. Embassy Kabul, “NSA Spanta,” Kabul 5184 cable, October 2, 2010; cited in Corruption in Conflict; SIGAR; p4.
2 This casual antisemitism is common in a country where Mein Kampf is a bestseller.
3 Author interview for BBC News, 2008.
4 Schwartz, Moshe; Wartime Contracting in Afghanistan; November 14, 2011; https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42084.pdf.
5 Author interview for BBC News, 2008.
6 Congress Committee on Oversight and Government Reform; September 12, 2012.
7 Corruption in Conflict; SIGAR; p35.
8 Feith, David; Wall Street Journal; May 11, 2012; https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304451104577392281146871796.
9 Broadwell; p61.
10 Corruption in Conflict; SIGAR; p16.
11 Author interview with Karimi.
12 Roston, Aram; Nation; November 2008. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-us-funds-taliban.
13 Wilder, Andrew, and Gordon, Stewart Operationalizing Counter/Anti-Corruption Study; Joint and Coalition Operational Analysis (JCOA); February 28, 2014; p12; JCOA study https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=756004.
14 Corruption in Conflict; SIGAR; p8.
15 JCOA study; p28.
16 Egel, Daniel and others; Investing in the Fight: Assessing the Use of the Commander’s Emergency Response Program in Afghanistan; RAND; 2016.
17 JCOA study; p13.
18 JCOA study; p13.
19 Fishtein, Paul and Wilder, Andrew; Winning Hearts and Minds—Examining the Relationship Between Aid and Security in Afghanistan; Tufts University; January 2012; https://fic.tufts.edu/publication-item/winning-hearts-and-minds-examing-the-relationship-between-aid-and-security-in-afghanistan.
20 Book title by Astri Surkhe.
21 Author interview.
22 Insight of Sarah Chayes in Thieves of State—Why Corruption Threatens Global Security; 2016; W.W. Norton.
23 McChrystal; MYSOT; p304.
24 Loyn; In Afghanistan; p181.
25 Author interview.
26 Chandrasekaran; p108.
27 Author interview with Byrd.
28 Packer; p453.
29 Corruption in Conflict; SIGAR; p20.
30 Chandrasekaran; p182.
31 Author interview with Chretien.
32 Chandrasekaran, Rajiv; Washington Post; May 31, 2010; https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/30/AR2010053003722.html.
33 Packer; p474.
34 See Studwell, Joe; How Asia Works; Profile; 2013.
35 Malkasian; War Comes to Garmser; p234.
36 Afghanistan in Transition; World Bank; 2013; p76. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/221481468189862358/pdf/Afghanistan-in-transition-looking-beyond-2014.pdf.
37 Ibid.; p111.
38 WikiLeaks; New York Times; December 3, 2010; https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/03/world/asia/03wikileaks-corruption.html.
39 “They’ve Shot Many Like This”—Abusive Night Raids by CIA-backed Afghan Forces; Human Rights Watch; October 31 2019; https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/10/31/theyve-shot-many/abusive-night-raids-cia-backed-afghan-strike-forces#_ftnref48.
40 Chayes; Thieves of State; p54.
41 WikiLeaks; New York Times; December 3, 2010.
42 Fighting Corruption in Afghanistan—Solving the Institutional Puzzle; Integrity Watch Afghanistan; 2016; p8; https://iwaweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Solving-the-Institutional-Puzzle.pdf.
43 Filkins, Dexter; New York Times; October 24, 2010; https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/24/world/asia/24afghan.html.
44 Ibid.
45 Rosenberg, Matthew; New York Times; March 6, 2013; https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/06/world/asia/afghanistan-convicts-21-in-kabul-bank-scandal.html.
46 “This Week” with Christiane Amanpour; ABC News; August 15 2010; https://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/week-transcript-karzai-khan-levitt/story?id=11454631.
47 Chayes; Thieves of State; p142.
48 Filkins, Dexter; “The Afghan Bank Heist”; New Yorker; February 3, 2011; https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/02/14/the-afghan-bank-heist.
49 Corruption in Conflict; SIGAR; p42.
50 “Senator Lindsey Graham on the War on Terror”; Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; June 15 2011; https://carnegieendowment.org/files/0615carnegie-graham.pdf.
51 Ivo Daalder memo; cited by Gates; Kindle loc 2646.
52 Senate Armed Services Committee hearing; March 15, 2011.
53 Gates; Duty; Kindle loc 10024.
54 Ibid.; Kindle loc 10094.
55 Senate Intelligence Committee; June 23, 2011.
56 https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/06/22/remarks-president-way-forward-Afghanistan.
57 Malkasian; War Comes to Garmser; p253.
58 Ibid.
59 Broadwell; p341.
60 Woods, Elliott D.; “The Kunar Nine”; Prairie Schooner, Vol. 87, No. 4 (winter 2013); pp13–28; https://www.jstor.org/stable/24639492.
61 Reuters; March 26, 2013.
62 Ricks; Gamble; Kindle loc 54.
CHAPTER 11: PIVOT POINT
1 Afghanistan—Annual Report 2011, Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict; United Nations Mission in Afghanistan; https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/unama_poc_report_final_feb_2012pdf.
2 Author interview with Karzai.
3 Author interview with Chretien.
4 Author interview with Chretien.
5 Richter, Paul; The Ambassadors—America’s Diplomats on the Front Lines; Simon & Schuster; 2020; Kindle loc 3441.
6 https://www.newsweek.com/tragedy-john-allen-petraeus-scandal-62869.
7 Burroughs, Edgar Rice; A Princess of Mars; A. C. McClurg & Company; 1917; reissued 1968; p15.
8 Obama speech; June 22, 2011.
9 Author interview with Carter.
10 https://archive.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf.
11 Rubin, Alissa J.; New York Times; October 20, 2012; https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/21/world/asia/afghan-insider-attacks-on-wests-forces-corrode-trust.html.
12 The color-coding began in British war-gaming exercises and spread across NATO countries.
13 Bumiller, Elisabeth; New York Times; February 2, 2012; https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/03/world/asia/nato-focuses-on-timetable-for-afghan-withdrawal.html.
14 Haynes, Deborah; The Times (London); February 1, 2012; https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/exit-is-on-track-amid-fears-of-false-start-kmpvj2cpd7s.
15 Bordin, Jeffrey; A Crisis of Trust and Cultural Incompatibility; May 12, 2011; https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB370/docs/Document%2011.pdf.
16 This abuse was made illegal under the Taliban during their rule and punishable by death.
17 Washington Post; August 17, 2012; https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/deadly-insider-attack-that-left-3-us-marines-dead-was-work-of-an-afghan-teenager/2012/08/17/20916eca-e7b8–11e1–936a-b801f1abab19_story.html.
18 Pentagon press conference.
19 Sageman, Marc; “The Problem of Green on Blue Attacks in Afghanistan”; presentation to Foreign Policy Research Institute; May 29, 2013.
20 Coll; p605.
21 The camp was called Leatherneck in the American section, Shorabak in the Afghan section, and Bastion in the British section where the airfield was situated.
22 Bradshaw, Peter; Guardian; September 17 2012; https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/sep/17/innocence-of-muslims-demonstration-film.
23 Senate Armed Services Committee; March 22, 2012.
24 Rosenberg, Matt; New York Times; February 6, 2013; https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/07/world/asia/general-allen-departing-afghan-war-commander-saw-as-much-diplomacy-as-combat.html.
25 Author interview with Karzai.
26 Clark, Kate; Afghanistan Analysts Network; February 10, 2013; https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/rights-freedom/general-allen-leaves-with-an-improved-report-card-on-civilian-casualties-and-torture/ dd citation.
27 Afghanistan—Annual Report 2012, Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict; United Nations Mission in Afghanistan; UNAMA; 2012 civilian casualty report; https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/2012_annual_report_eng_0.pdf.
28 Clark, Kate; Afghanistan Analysts Network; February 10, 2013.
29 UNAMA; 2012 civilian casualty report.
30 Rubin, Alissa J., and Risen, James; New York Times; March 10, 2011; https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/world/asia/11karzai.html.
31 Sahak, Sharifullah, and Rubin, Alissa J.; New York Times; May 14, 2011; https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/world/asia/15afghan.html.
32 Senate Armed Services Committee hearing; March 22, 2012.
33 Ibid.
34 Nordland, Rod, Shah, Taimoor, and Rubin, Alissa J.; New York Times; December 4, 2011; https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/asia/for-afghan-us-accord-night-raids-are-a-sticking-point.html.
35 Senate Armed Services Committee hearing; March 22, 2012.
; 36 D’Agata Charlie; CBS News; April 8, 2012; https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-and-afghanistan-strike-deal-on-night-raids.
