by Risen, Clay
52 Ibid.
53 Dichter et al., Employment Discrimination Law, viii; Norbert Schlei interview with John Stewart, February 20–21, 1968, John F. Kennedy Library.
54 Dichter et al., Employment Discrimination Law, xi.
55 Agenda for civil rights meeting, June 1, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
56 White House Meeting, June 1, 1963, Tape 90, John F. Kennedy Library, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-MTG-090-003.aspx, accessed May 7, 2013.
57 Thompson, Kennedy Presidency, 92–93; Louis Martin interview, Ronald J. Grele, March 14, 1966, John F. Kennedy Library.
58 Ibid.
59 Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Passage, 258.
60 Transcript of phone call between Lyndon B. Johnson and Theodore Sorensen, June 3, 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
61 Memo for the Attorney General: Comments of the Vice President on the Civil Rights Legislation Proposals, box 1, General Papers, Robert F. Kennedy Papers, John F. Kennedy Library; Norbert Schlei interview with John Stewart, February 20–21, 1968, John F. Kennedy Library.
62 Memo from John F. Kennedy to Willard Wirtz and Anthony Celebrezze, June 4, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
63 Thompson, Kennedy Presidency, 94.
64 United States Decennial Census, U.S. Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html, accessed September 25, 2013; New York Times, June 1, 1963, 6.
65 Branch, Parting the Waters, 814.
66 Time, June 7, 1963, 17; Chicago Daily Defender, May 29, 1963, 1; New York Times, May 29, 1963, 1; Branch, ibid.
67 Time, ibid.; Time, June 21, 1963, 17.
68 Branch, Parting the Waters, 816–17.
69 New York Times, May 30, 1963, 32; Cleveland Call and Post, June 8, 1963, 1c; memo from Robert F. Kennedy to District Attorneys, May 27, 1963, box 31, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
70 Morris Abram interview, Michael Gillette, March 20, 1984, John F. Kennedy Library.
71 “Record of Presidential Meetings with Leadership Groups,” n.d., box 23, Lee White Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
72 Findlay, Church People, 148.
73 Civil Rights Statement, July 1963. Civil Rights 1963–1964, Everett M. Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center.
74 Kane, “Senate Debate,’’ 46.
75 Wall Street Journal, June 3, 1963, 1; Today, June 9, 1963, transcript, box 11, Victor Navasky Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
76 Baltimore Sun, June 1, 1963, 1.
77 Carter, Politics of Rage, 110, 112; Bryant, The Bystander, 417.
78 Katzenbach, Some of It, 110–18.
79 President’s News Conference, May 8, 1963, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9192, accessed May 9, 2013; Drew, Robert “Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment.” Directed by Charles Drew. Sharon, Conn. Drew Associates, 1963.
80 “Crisis,” ibid.
81 Katzenbach, Some of It, 113.
82 Ibid., 114–18.
83 “Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment.”
84 Katzenbach, Some of It, 113–15; Time, June 21, 1963, 17–18; Thomas, Robert Kennedy, 248.
85 Branch, Parting the Waters, 822.
86 Burke Marshall interview with Anthony Lewis, June 20, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library.
87 Burke Marshall interview with Anthony Lewis, June 13, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library; Guthman and Shulman, Robert Kennedy, 176.
88 Address on Civil Rights, June 11, 1963, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3375, accessed May 10, 2013.
89 Telegram from Martin Luther King Jr. to John F. Kennedy, June 10, 1963, John F. Kennedy Library, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/fXbXxZHwaUmJqbxW_5IrQg.aspx, accessed September 25, 2013; Bryant, The Bystander, 424.
90 Mann, Walls of Jericho, 366; Crespino, Thurmond’s America, 138–39.
91 Bryant, The Bystander, 425.
92 Bryant, The Bystander, 424; Time, June 21, 1963, 18.
93 Los Angeles Times, February 6, 1994, 1; Boston Globe, December 23, 1990, 71.
94 Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 339. Schlesinger added in a footnote: “Alas, he had been taught thus by the Harvard history department.”
Chapter 3: An Idea Becomes a Bill
1 Memorandum from Bobby G. Baker to Senator Mansfield, June 12, 1963, box 9, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
2 “Questions of Tactics,” Theodore Sorensen, June 14, 1963, box 53, series 4, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
3 Memo by Senator Mansfield on Conference with Senator Dirksen, June 13, 1963, box 53, series 4, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library; memo from Mike Mansfield to John F. Kennedy, June 18, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
4 Memo from Lee White to John F. Kennedy, June 13, 1963, box 22, Lee White Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library; Meeting of the President with Religious Leaders, June 17, 1963, box 97, series 8, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
5 Supplemental Message on Civil Rights, June 19, 1963, box 97, series 8, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
6 James O’Hara interview, Raymond Wolfinger, September 23, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
7 Ibid.
8 Nicholas Katzenbach interview with Anthony Lewis, November 29, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library.
9 Memo from G. Mennen Williams to Theodore Sorensen, June 15, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
10 Remarks Upon Signing the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act, September 22, 1961, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8347#axzz2g3PKPI9b, accessed September 26, 2013; Thomas, Robert Kennedy, 305.
11 Memo from Lawrence J. O’Brien and Theodore C. Sorensen to John F. Kennedy, June 18, 1963, box 53, series 4, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library; Atlanta Daily World, June 19, 1963, 1.
12 Memo from Chuck Daly to Larry O’Brien, June 14, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
13 Katzenbach, Some of It, 123.
14 Atlanta Daily World, June 13, 1963, 8; Chicago Daily Defender, June 13, 1963, 6; Chicago Tribune, June 13, 1963, S8; Christian Science Monitor, June 13, 1963, 1; Los Angeles Times, June 13, 1963, 1.
15 New York Times, June 15, 1963, 1.
16 Ibid.
17 Atlanta Daily World, June 14, 1963, 1; transcript of telephone call from Thelton Henderson, June 13, 1963, box 31, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
18 Atlanta Daily World, June 13, 1963, 1; Chicago Tribune, June 16, 1963, 1; Bryant, The Bystander, 426.
19 Bryant, The Bystander, 425–26.
20 Sol Lindenbaum interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 15, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Wall Street Journal, June 20, 1963, 12.
21 Rauh Jr., ‘‘Role of the Leadership,’’ 53; New York Times, June 24, 1963, 20; Meet the Press, August 25, 1963, transcript, http://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12/flatview?cuecard=4570, accessed May 14, 2013.
22 Crespino, In Search, 92; New York Times, June 20, 1963, 18; Washington Post, June 25, 1963, A1; New York Times, June 25, 1963, 1; Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, June 21, 1963, 997.
23 New York Times, June 20, 1963, 32.
24 Atlanta Daily World, June 20, 1963, 8.
25 Indianapolis Recorder, June 20, 1963, 1; Baltimore Sun, June 20, 1963, 1.
26 New York Times, June 20, 1963, 1; Chicago Tribune, June 20, 1963, 1.
27 Branch, Parting the Waters, 837–38.
28 Ibid., 839.
29 Ibid., 839–40; Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 968–71; Schlesinger, Journals, 196–98.
30 Joseph Rauh interview with Charles T. Morrissey, December 23, 1965, John F. Kennedy Librar
y; Los Angeles Times, June 23, 1963, E1.
31 New York Times, June 23, 1963, 1.
32 Wilkins and Mathews, Standing Fast, 291–92.
33 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 29; Ben Zelenko, interview with author, April 20, 2012; Washington Post, June 2, 1972, B15.
34 Zelenko interview.
35 Ibid.
36 www.williammcculloch.org, accessed September 5, 2013.
37 William McCulloch, interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 19, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
38 Cleveland Call and Post, July 13, 1957, 2D.
39 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 10; Cleveland Call and Post, July 13, 1957, 2D.
40 Washington Post, February 5, 1960, A2.
41 New York Times, March 16, 1962, 19.
42 William M. McCulloch interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 15, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
43 Miscellaneous Proposals Regarding the Civil Rights of Persons Within the Jurisdiction of the United States, vol. 2 of 3, Subcommittee No. 5 of the Committee on the Judiciary, 907–10.
44 New York Times, June 27, 1963, 1; Chicago Tribune, June 27, 1963, 1; Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 3–6.
45 Miscellaneous Proposals, 1378.
46 Miscellaneous Proposals, 1374 and 1376; New York Times, June 27, 1963, 1.
47 Miscellaneous Proposals, 1383.
48 Ibid., 1400.
49 Ibid., 1413–15.
50 Ibid.
51 Robert Kimball, interview with the author, September 4, 2013; Nicholas deB. Katzenbach interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 18, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
52 Miscellaneous Proposals, 1422; New York Times, June 19, 1963, 1.
53 Miscellaneous Proposals, 1372–1422.
54 New York Times, June 27, 1963, 1; Baltimore Sun, June 27, 1963, 1; Los Angeles Times, June 30, 1963, K4.
55 Memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Robert Kennedy, June 29, 1963, box 11, General Correspondence, Robert F. Kennedy Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
56 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 10–12.
57 Leadership Breakfast Statement on Civil Rights, July 9, 1963, box 53, series 4, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
58 Jones, March on Washington, 173.
59 Arnold Aronson interview, August 13, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
60 http://www.civilrights.org/about/video/lccr_history_text.html, accessed September 25, 2013.
61 Aronson interview.
62 Crisis, June–July 1964, 360.
63 Louis Martin interview with Ronald J. Grele, March 14, 1966, John F. Kennedy Library.
64 Findlay, Church People, 20.
65 Findlay, Church People, 22; “Will D. Campbell 1952 B.D.,” Yale Divinity School Web site, http://divinity.yale.edu/will-d-campbell-1952-bd, accessed May 18, 2013.
66 Disciples World Magazine, October 2004, http://www.disciplesworldmagazine.com/node/7143, accessed May 19, 2013.
67 Findlay, Church People, 29–30.
68 General Board Discussion of the Report of the President’s Temporary Committee of Six on Race, June 7, 1963, box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Archives, Presbyterian Historical Society; Findlay, ibid.
69 Memo from Jon Regier to Robert Spike, July 14, 1963, box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Archives, Presbyterian Historical Society.
70 Summary of Meeting at the University Club, New York City, with Representatives of the Justice Department and Religious Organizations, July 9, 1963, box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Archives, Presbyterian Historical Society.
71 Memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Robert Kennedy, June 29, 1963, box 9, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
72 Findlay, Church People, 53–54; S.773, S.1210, S.1211, and S.1937, Bills Relating to Equal Employment Opportunity, Subcommittee on Employment and Manpower of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare.
73 Time, October 31, 1969, 77; Crespino, In Search, 93; White, Making, 191.
74 “Rough Memo Concerning Preparation for Work of the Committee to Defeat the Civil Rights Act of 1963,” box 17, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
75 John Synon interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 7, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
76 Wall Street Journal, June 11, 1999, A1; Crespino, Thurmond’s America, 170–71; Crespino, In Search, 96–99; Hustwit, James J. Kilpatrick, 129–30.
77 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 23.
78 Baltimore Sun, June 30, 1963, 3.
79 Memo from Robert G. Baker to Senator Mansfield, June 27, 1963, box 10, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
80 Chicago Defender, June 22, 1963, 1; Los Angeles Times, May 19, 1963, M2.
81 Chicago Tribune, July 3, 1963, 4; Crespino, Thurmond’s America, 192.
82 Chicago Tribune, July 11, 1963, 15.
83 New York Times, July 16, 1963, 16; Crespino, Thurmond’s America, 139; Carter, Politics of Rage, 160.
84 Loevy, To End All Segregation, 40.
85 Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 381; Chicago Tribune, July 21, 1963, 9; Loevy, To End All Segregation, 40.
86 Navasky, Kennedy Justice, 227; John Douglas interview with Raymond Wolfinger, April 5, 1963, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
87 Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 278.
88 Washington Post, June 25, 1963, A14; New York Times, August 21, 1963, 24; memo from Joe Dolan to Robert F. Kennedy, July 17, 1963, box 13, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
89 Washington Post, June 25, 1963, A14; memo from Joe Dolan to Robert Kennedy, July 17, 1963, box 13, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Jones, March on Washington, 181.
90 Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, August 30, 1963, 1495; Mudd, Place to Be, 116; Washington Post, August 29, 1963, A1.
91 Jones, March on Washington, 183; Mudd, Place to Be, 116–17; New York Times, August 29, 1963, 1.
92 Jones, March on Washington, 194–200.
93 http://www.archives.gov/press/exhibits/dream-speech.pdf, accessed September 25, 2013.
94 Jones, March on Washington, 203.
95 Branch, Parting the Waters, 883–86; Jones, March on Washington, 203–4; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 285.
96 Branch, Jones, and Garrow, ibid.
97 Washington Post, August 29, 1963, A1; Katzenbach, Some of It, 126.
98 Memo No. 5, August 30, 1963, box 37, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress.
99 Report of the Executive Director to the Committee on Religion and Race of the National Council of Churches, July 26, 1963, box 11, record group 6, National Council of Churches Archives, Presbyterian Historical Society; interview with James Hamilton, September 21, 1964, by Raymond Wolfinger, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; memo to file, August 9, 1963, box 367, Walter P. Reuther Papers, Wayne State University Library.
100 “Labor Views on Administration Civil Rights Program,” June 7, 1963, box 9, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
101 Andrew Biemiller interview with Gerald Stern, May 24, 1979, John F. Kennedy Library.
102 Memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Robert Kennedy, August 19, 1963, box 8, David B. Filvaroff a
nd Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
103 Memo from William Geoghegan to Nicholas Katzenbach, August 6, 1963, box 10, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library Archives; Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 967–68.
104 Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 279.
105 Miscellaneous Proposals Regarding the Civil Rights of Persons Within the Jurisdiction of the United States, vol. 2 of 4, Subcommittee No. 5 of the Committee on the Judiciary, 2128; Ben Zelenko, interview with the author, April 20, 2013; minutes of the Leadership Conference Meeting, July 31, 1963, box 34, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress.
106 Memo of the White House Meeting, July 29, 1963, box 8, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
107 Loevy, To End All Segregation, 57; Memorandum on Civil Rights Bill, August 30, 1963, box 1, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Library of Congress.
108 Minutes, Subcommittee No. 5, Committee on the Judiciary, August 14, 1963, box 402, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, 88th Congress, Committee on the Judiciary, National Archives.
109 Tape from David Filvaroff to Raymond Wolfinger, n.d., box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
110 George Meader interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 21, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
111 Minutes, Subcommittee No. 5, Committee on the Judiciary, passim, box 402, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, 88th Congress, Committee on the Judiciary, National Archives.
112 William McCulloch interviews with Raymond Wolfinger, September 15, 19, 23, and 24, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
113 Ibid.
114 Chicago Tribune, September 5, 1963, 1; New York Times, September 10, 1963, 1; New York Times, September 11, 1963, 1.
115 Statement by the President on the Sunday Bombing in Birmingham, September 16, 1963, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9410, accessed May 22, 2013.
