by Risen, Clay
3 “The Charge Up Capitol Hill: North and South Prospects for November,” Advance, March 1962, 29–30; Crespino, Thurmond’s America, 133.
4 Memo from Lee White to Larry O’Brien, October 30, 1963, box 21, Lee White Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
5 Meg Greenfield, “The Man Who Leads the Southern Senators,” Reporter, May 21, 1964, 17.
6 Newsweek, August 19, 1963, 20–24.
7 Fite, Richard B. Russell, 407; George Reedy interview with Joe B. Frantz, February 14, 1972, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
8 Richard B. Russell to constituent, December 9, 1963, box 15, section C.I, Richard B. Russell Papers, University of Georgia Library.
9 Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, March 13, 1964, 491.
10 Grofman, Legacies, 15.
11 Time, March 20, 1964, 28; Valeo, Mike Mansfield, 19–21.
12 Valeo, Mike Mansfield, 35; Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 128; Frank Valeo interview with Donald Ritchie, September 18, 1985, U.S. Senate Historical Office Oral History Project.
13 New York Times, October 6, 2001, A1.
14 Valeo, Mike Mansfield, 59.
15 Kotz, Judgment Days, 120.
16 Mike Mansfield Speech on Civil Rights, June 18, 1963, box 109, series 9, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library.
17 Memo from Kenneth Teasdale to Mike Mansfield and Frank Valeo, August 15, 1963, box 32, series 18, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library; memo from Kenneth Teasdale to Mike Mansfield, October 30, 1963, box 32, series 18, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library.
18 Text and audio versions of the speech are available at the Minnesota Historical Society, http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/42humphreyspeech/transcript.htm, accessed September 30, 2013.
19 Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964, 2007a, 452–54. Congressional Record, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964, 110, pt. 3:2882–86.
20 Congressional Record, ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 James Hamilton interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 21, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
23 Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964, 2007a, 477–78.
24 Notes on meeting with Senator Russell, February 19, 1964, box 28, series 22, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library.
25 Meeting on Civil Rights—two memos, February 19, 1963, box 99, series 22, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library; Conclusions of Cloture Study, February 20, 1964, box 14, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
26 Letter from Everett Dirksen to Hubert Humphrey, February 3, 1964. Civil Rights 1963–1964, Everett M. Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center.
27 Hubert Humphrey interview with Michael Gillette, June 21, 1977, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
28 Two Letters from Everett Dirksen to Louella Dirksen, both dated July 31, 1924, Civil Rights 1924–1954, Everett M. Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center.
29 For various bill texts, see the folders “Civil Rights 1924–1954” and “Civil Rights 1955–1959,” Everett M. Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center.
30 Chronology by Raymond Wolfinger, n.d., box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
31 Chicago Tribune, various articles from February 20 to February 29, 1963.
32 Report on the Coordinating Committee for Fundamental American Freedoms, March 1964, box 110, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Library of Congress; file memo, May 6, 1964, box 6, series 10, Richard B. Russell Papers, University of Georgia Library.
33 See various constituent letters in box 109, series 9, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library; Patricia Connell interview with Raymond Wolfinger, August 28, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
34 Congressional Record, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964, 110, pt. 3:3689–720.
35 Washington Post, April 26, 1964, M2; Washington Post, January 17, 1964, A15.
36 Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, February 28, 1964, 385; February 28, 1964, Stephen Horn periodic log maintained during the discussions concerning the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
37 Humphrey, Education, 247.
38 Minutes of Meeting with Katzenbach, et al., February 28, box 28, series 22, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library.
39 New York Times, November 24, 1994, D18.
40 Minutes of civil rights meeting, 4:00 p.m., February 28, 1964, box 10, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
41 Ibid.
42 February 28, 1964, Stephen Horn periodic log maintained during the discussions concerning the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; minutes of civil rights meeting, February 28, 1964, box 10, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
43 Ibid.
44 Remarks at Miami Beach at a Democratic Party Dinner, February 27, 1964, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26086&st=&st1, accessed June 21, 2013; President’s News Conference, February 29, 1964, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26090&st=&st1, accessed June 21, 2013; Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964, 2007a, 468–70; Remarks to Members of the Southern Baptist Christian Leadership Seminar, March 25, 1964, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=26130#ixzz2gQlXP3Is, accessed September 30, 2013.
45 Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, March 13, 1964, 491.
46 President’s News Conference, March 7, 1964, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26101&st=&st1, accessed June 22, 2013.
47 Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964, 2007b, 941–46.
48 Los Angeles Times, March 8, 1964, G13.
49 March 7, 1964, Stephen Horn periodic log maintained during the discussions concerning the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
50 Congressional Record, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964, 110, pt. 4:4741–68.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid., 4640 and 6207. This analysis of the phony filibuster debate borrows from points made in Kane, “Senate Debate.”
53 Ibid., 6225.
54 New Republic, August 31, 1963, 20; Chicago Tribune, March 1, 1964, 1.
55 Congressional Record, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964, 110, pt. 4:5340.
56 Ibid., 4828.
57 Ibid., 4590.
58 Ibid., 4598–99.
59 Loevy, To End All Segregation, 180.
60 The agenda for Democratic Floor Leader Conference, March 12, 1964, box 10, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; March 18, 1964, Stephen Horn periodic log maintained during the discussions concerning the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
61 Washington Post, March 27, 1964, A1; March 24, 1964, Stephen Horn periodic log maintained during the discussions concerning the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
62 Los Angeles Times, March 29, 1964, N4.
63 Congressional Record, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 6455.
Chapter 7: The South Takes Its Stand
1 Mudd, Place to Be, 141.
2 Small, To Kill a Messenger, 257; Mudd, Place to Be, 143; Roger Mudd interview with the author, April 22, 2012.
3 Memo from Hubert Humphrey to John Stewart, March 30, 1964, box 15, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
4 Clarence Mitchell interview with Thomas Baker, April 30, 1969, Lyndon B. Johnson Library; Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 141.
5 Mudd,
Place to Be, 144; Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Passage, 567; Los Angeles Times, March 29, 1964, 1.
6 New York Times, March 31, 1964, 1.
7 New York Times, ibid.; Mudd, Place to Be, 144.
8 Manger memo, box 22, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library; Julius Manger Jr. obituary by John Manger, http://www.cowpensvets.org/manger.html, accessed August 25, 2013.
9 Larry O’Brien to Robert Kennedy, August 26, 1963, box 30, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library; memos from Harold C. Fleming to ad hoc committee members, March 26 and April 7, 1964, box 27, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library; Report of the Executive Director to the Committee on Race and Reconciliation of the National Council of Churches, July 26, 1963, box 6, RG 11, National Council of Churches Papers, Presbyterian Historical Society.
10 Letter from Luther Holcomb to Hobart Taylor June 9, 1964, box 8, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
11 Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Memo Number 32, April 6, 1964, box 2, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, Library of Congress; notes from May 11, 1964, by Raymond Wolfinger, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
12 Memo from Violet Gunther to all participants in the LCCR, March 13, 1964, box 119, part IX, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
13 Washington Post, April 1, 1964, A2; Atlanta Daily World, October 27, 1963, 13; Chicago Daily Defender, May 28, 1964, 5.
14 Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Passage, 565.
15 Kotz, Judgment Days, 132; Findlay, Church People, 132; Mann, Walls of Jericho, 413.
16 Dan O’Brien interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 21, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; letter from Ernest Reuter, February 28, 1964, box 232, part IX, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
17 Mudd, Place to Be, 144; New York Times, April 1, 1964, 1.
18 Frank Valeo to Mike Mansfield, April 9, 1964, box 99, series 22, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library.
19 New York Times, April 4, 1964; Bipartisan Civil Rights Newsletter, April 3, 1964, box 32, series 18, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library.
20 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 157–58; Thurber, Politics of Equality, 136; Statement by Senator Mansfield, April 7, box 28, series 22, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library; notes by Raymond Wolfinger, April 9, 1964, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
21 April 7, 1969, Stephen Horn periodic log maintained during the discussions concerning the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
22 Carter, Politics of Rage, 208.
23 Ibid., 211; National Review, April 16, 1964, 348.
24 Time, April 17, 1964, 42.
25 Hulsey, Everett Dirksen, 34; Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 152 and 154.
26 Katzenbach, Some of It, 129.
27 Dichter, Cathcart, and Lindemann, Employment Discrimination Law, 10; Dirksen press conference, February 20, 1964, Civil Rights 1963–1964 file, Everett M. Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center.
28 Reporter, January 27, 1964, 26–29; Clyde Flynn interview with Raymond Wolfinger, November 16, 1966, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
29 Hulsey, Everett Dirksen, 188.
30 The Civil Rights Bill: Some Observations by Senator Everett McKinley Dirksen, March 26, 1964, Civil Rights 1963–1964, Everett M. Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center.
31 Notes by Raymond Wolfinger, April 9, 1964, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
32 Chicago Tribune, April 7, 1964, 2.
33 Los Angeles Times, April 10, 1964, 3.
34 Horn log, Thursday, 10:30 a.m., April 9.
35 Congressional Record, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964, 110, pt. 6:7375–80.
36 Los Angeles Times, April 14, 1964, 2.
37 Loevy, To End All Segregation, 194; Finch, Legacies, 78.
38 Senate Letter No. 5, April 10, 1964, box 231, part IX, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
39 Horn log, April 13.
40 Ibid., April 16.
41 Loevy, Civil Rights Act, 232.
42 Los Angeles Times, April 11, 1964, A2; Horn log, April 16; Washington Post, April 11, 1964, A2.
43 Horn log, April 13.
44 Los Angeles Times, April 12, 1964, 1.
45 Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964, 2007a, phone call with Robert Byrd, April 10, 1964, 956–61.
46 Horn log, March 9; memo from Harry Kingman to Chancellor Dean E. McHenry, University of California, Santa Cruz, April 13, 1964, box 2, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Library of Congress.
47 New Yorker, May 13, 1964, 33–34.
48 The San Francisco Sunday Chronicle, February 5, 1961, page 6; Letter to Chancellor Dean E. McHenry from Harry and Ruth Kingman, April 13, 1964, box 2, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, the Library of Congress.
49 New York Times, April 16, 1964, 1.
50 Purnell, Fighting Jim Crow, 355.
51 For history on the World’s Fair, see http://www.nywf64.com/index.html, accessed June 29, 2013.
52 Purnell, Fighting Jim Crow, 362–63.
53 White, Making, 196; Purnell, Fighting Jim Crow, 370; Chicago Defender, April 22, 1964, 1; New York Times, April 16, 1964, 1.
54 Joint statement by Senators Humphrey and Kuchel, April 15, 1964, box 463, Thomas Kuchel Papers, University of California Library.
55 White, Making, 198.
56 New York Times, April 23, 1964, 1; President’s News Conference, April 23, 1964, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=26182#axzz2gQlWDCI7, accessed on October 1, 2013.
57 Washington Post, April 21, 1964, A1.
58 For the extended initial debate over the Talmadge amendment, see Congressional Record, April 21, 1964, 8613–66.
59 Ibid.
60 Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 167–68; Horn log, April 22; thoughts on the Civil Rights Bill dictated Wednesday, April 21, 1964, by Raymond Wolfinger, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
61 Ibid.; Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964, 2007b, 174–75.
62 Baltimore Sun, April 25, 1964, 1; chronology, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
63 Stewart, “Strategy,” 109.
64 Program, National Interreligious Convocation on Civil Rights, April 28, 1964, box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Papers, Presbyterian Historical Society; Julian Smith, “The Challenge to Religion,” box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Papers, Presbyterian Historical Society.
65 Eugene Carson Blake, “Human Dignity—Have We Not All One Father?” box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Papers, Presbyterian Historical Society.
66 Civil Rights Timeline, http://www.congresslink.org/civilrights/1964.htm, Dirksen Congressional Center, accessed October 1, 2013; Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 171.
67 Chicago Tribune, April 29, 1964, B8; Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964, 2007b, 325–26.
68 New York Times, April 29, 1964, 1; Mann, Walls of Jericho, 231.
69 Mann, ibid.
70 New Republic, May 2, 1964, 9–11.
71 Horn log, May 5, 1965.
72 Loevy, Civil Rights Act, 110–11, 120.
73 Valeo, Mike Mansfield, 123–24; Katzenbach, Some of It, 141.
74 Loevy, Civil Rights Act, 110; notes from April 30 9:30 meeting, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library
.
75 Press release, May 6, 1964, box 578, Walter P. Reuther Papers, Wayne State University Archives; Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964, 2007b, 419; Baltimore Afro-American, May 16, 1964, 13.
76 Michael Rogin, “Politics, Emotion, and the Wallace Vote,” British Journal of Sociology, vol. 20, no. 1, March 1969, 27–49; Nation, May 4, 1964, 451.
77 Kotz, Judgment Days, 145; memo from Stewart L. Udall to the president, May 7, 1964, box 1, Legislative Background, Lyndon B. Johnson Library; memo from Mike Manatos to Larry O’Brien, May 11, 1964, box 6, Manatos Office Files, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
78 Wall Street Journal, May 7, 1964, 2.
79 “Notes on the Civil Rights Bill Dictated May 6, 1964” and “May 6 9:30 Meeting,” both by Raymond Wolfinger, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
80 Notes for May 11, 1964, by Raymond Wolfinger, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
81 Notes for May 11, 1964, by Raymond Wolfinger, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Horn log, May 7, 10:45.
82 Charles Ferris interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 24, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
83 Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964, 2007b, 594–95; Time, May 22, 1964, 23.
84 “Notes on the Civil Rights Bill,” May 13, 1964, by Raymond Wolfinger, box 15, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
85 Ibid.; New York Times, May 14, 1964, A1.
86 New York Times, May 14, 1964, 1.
87 “Notes on the Civil Rights Bill,” May 13, 1964, by Raymond Wolfinger, box 15, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
88 “Notes on the Civil Rights Bill,” May 19, 1964, by Raymond Wolfinger, box 15, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; minutes of the Senate Democratic Conference, May 19, 1964, U.S. Senate Historical Office; New York Times, May 19, 1964, 1.
