University of Toronto Archives, Oral History Collection
Sir Edmund Walker Papers, Fisher Library, University of Toronto
Wellcome Institute, London, England, Documents Relating to the Discovery of Insulin
II. Interviews
Dr. Ian Anderson
Dr. Rolf Luft
Edward Banting
Dr. Ian MacDonald
William Banting
Dean C.J. Mackenzie
Dr. Murray Barr
Dr. Neil MacKinnon
Dr. Edward Bensley
Linda Mahon
Margaret Mahon Best
Dr. George Manning
Dr. Henry Best
Clara Mills
Dr. Walter Campbell (by Robert L. Noble)
Dr. Peter Moloney
Dr. A.H. Neufeld
Dr. Kenneth Carroll
Dr. E. Clark Noble (by Robert L. Noble)
Spencer Clark
Dr. Robert Cleghorn
Dr. Robert L. Noble
Stella Clutton
Jean Orr
Dr. T.A. Crowthers
Professor J.M. Peterson
Dr. Harry Ebbs
Dr. Burns Plewes
Dr. Harold Ettinger
Professor & Mrs. F.E.L. Priestley
Dr. Harold Ettinger (by Robert L. Noble)
Dr. I.M. Rabinowitch
Dr. Jessie Ridout
Dr. Albert Fisher
Dr. John W. Scott (Toronto)
Dr. W.R. Franks
Dr. John W. Scott (Edmonton)
Sadie Gairns
Wallace Seccombe
Dr. Robert Garry
Dr. Edward Sellers
Dr. Martin Goldner
Dr. O.M. Solandt
Elizabeth Hughes Gossett
Dr. Randall Sprague
Maynard Grange
Dr. C.B. Stewart
Mr. & Mrs. T.S.H. Graham
Professor Keith Taylor
Dr. Reginald E. Haist
Lady Todd
Sir Harold Himsworth
Dr. Alan Walters
Mr. & Mrs. Henry Janes
Dr. Harold Warwick
Dr. Robert Kerr
Geoffrey Wasteneys
Dr. Hans Kosterlitz
Drs. Barbara and Jackson Wyatt
Dr. Hugh Lawford
Professor Sir Frank Young
Fannie Lawrence
III. Articles, Books, Unpublished Accounts
Allan, Frank N. (1955). “J.J.R. Macleod.” Diabetes, 4, 6 (Nov.-Dec. 1955):491–92.
______(1972). “Diabetes before and after Insulin.” Medical History, XVI, 3 (July 1972).
______(1977). Letter to the Editor, New England Journal of Medicine (Aug. 4, 1977): 283–84.
Allen, Frederick M. (1913). Studies Concerning Glycosuria and Diabetes. Cambridge, Mass., 1913.
______, Stillman, E., and Fitz, R. (1919). Total Dietary Regulation in the Treatment of Diabetes. New York, 1919.
______, and Sherrill, James W. (1922A). “Clinical Observations on Treatment and Progress in Diabetes.” Journal of Metabolic Research, II (1922): 377–455.
______, and Sherrill, James W. (1922B). “Clinical Observations with Insulin. 1. The Use of Insulin in Diabetic Treatment.” Journal of Metabolic Research, II. (November 1922): 804–985.
______(1923). “Clinical Observations With Insulin. 3. The Influence of fat and total calories on diabetes and the Insulin requirement.” Journal of Metabolic Research, 3 (1923): 61–176.
______(1927). “Blueberry Leaf Extract.” Journal of American Medical Association, 89 (Nov. 5, 1927): 1577–80.
______(1928). “Present Results and Outlook of Diabetic Treatment.” Annals of Internal Medicine, II, 2 (Aug. 1928): 203–15.
______(1949). Remarks, Proceedings of the American Diabetes Association, 9 (1949): 33–36.
Banting, Frederick G. (1922). Manuscript account of the discovery of insulin, September 1922. Banting Papers, University of Toronto.
______(1923A). “Insulin.” Journal of the Michigan State Medical Society, March 1923.
______(1923B). “The Value of Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes.” Proceedings of the Institute of Medicine of Chicago, 4 (1923): 144ff.
______(1925), Diabetes and Insulin. Nobel Lecture, delivered at Stockholm, Sept. 15, 1925 (Stockholm, 1925).
______(1929). “The History of Insulin.” Edinburgh Medical Journal (Jan. 1929): 1–18.
______(1937). “Early Work on Insulin,” Science, 85, 2217 (June 25, 1937): 594–96.
______(1940). “The Story of Insulin.” Unpublished manuscript, Banting Papers, University of Toronto.
______, and Best, C.H. (1922A). “The Internal Secretion of the Pancreas.” Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, VII, 5 (Feb. 1922): 256–71.
______, and Best, C.H. (1922B). “The Internal Secretion of the Pancreas.” A paper delivered to the Academy of Medicine, Feb. 7, 1922 (printed by the Academy, 1922).
______, and Best, C.H. (1922C). “Pancreatic Extracts.” Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, VII, 8 (May 1922): 3–11.
______, and Best, C.H. (1923). “The Discovery and Preparation of Insulin,” University of Toronto Medical Journal, I (1923): 94–98.
_______Best, C.H., Collip, J.B., Campbell, W.R., and Fletcher, A.A. (1922). “Pancreatic Extracts in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Preliminary Report.” Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2, 141 (March 1922): 141–46.
_______Best, C.H., Collip, J.B., Campbell, W.R., Fletcher, A.A., Macleod, J.J.R., and Noble, E.C (1922). “The Effect Produced on Diabetes by Extracts of Pancreas.” Transactions of the Association of American Physicians (1922): 1–11.
_______Best, C.H., Collip, J.B., Hepburn, J., and Macleod, J.J.R. (1922). “The Effect Produced on the Respiratory Quotient by Injections of Insulin.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section V, 1922.
______, Best, C.H., Collip, J.B., and Macleod, J.J.R. (1922A). “The Preparation of Pancreatic Extracts Containing Insulin.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section V, 1922.
______, Best, C.H., Collip, J.B., and Macleod, J.J.R. (1922B). “The Effect of Insulin on the Excretion of Ketone Bodies by the Diabetic Dog.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section V, 1922.
______, Best, C.H., Collip, J.B., Macleod, J.J.R., and Noble, E.C. (1922A), “The Effect of Insulin on Normal Rabbits and on Rabbits rendered Hyperglycaemic in Various Ways.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section V, 1922.
_______Best, C.H., Collip, J.B., Macleod, J.J.R., and Noble, E.C. (1922B). “The Effect of Insulin on the Percentage Amounts of Fat and Glycogen in the Liver and Other Organs of Diabetic Animals.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section V, 1922.
______, Best, C.H., Collip, J.B., Macleod, J.J.R., and Noble, E.C. (1922C). “The Effect of Pancreatic Extract (Insulin) on Normal Rabbits.” American Journal of Physiology, 62, 1 (Sept. 1922): 162–76.
______, Best, C.H., Collip, J.B., Macleod, J.J.R., and Noble, E.C. (1922D). “The Effects of Insulin on Experimental Hyperglycaemia in Rabbits.” American Journal of Physiology, 62, 3 (Nov. 1922): 559–80.
______, Best, C.H., Doffin, G.M., and Gilchrist, J.A., (1923). “Quantitative parallelism of effect of insulin in man, dog and rabbit.” American Journal of Physiology, 63, 3 (Feb. 1923): 391.
_______Best, C.H., and Macleod, J.J.R. (1922). “The Internal Secretion of the Pancreas.” American Journal of Physiology, 59 (Feb. 1922): 479 (Proceedings of the American Physiological Society, 34th Annual Meeting).
______, Campbell, W.R., and Fletcher, J.B., (1922). “Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.” Journal of Metabolic Research (Nov. 1922): 547–604.
______, Campbell, W.R., and Fletcher, A.A. (1923). “Further Clinical Experience with Insulin (Pancreatic Extracts) in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.” British Medical Journal (Jan. 6, 1923): 8–12.
______, and Gairns, S. (1924). “Factors Influencing the Prod
uction of Insulin.” American Journal of Physiology, 68, 1 (March 1924): 24–30.
Barach, Joseph H. (1928). “Historical Facts in Diabetes.” Annals of Medical History, 10 (1928): 387–401.
Barker, Lewellys F. (1942). Time and the Physician. New York, 1942.
Barr, Murray L. (1977). A Century of Medicine at Western. London, Ont., 1977.
______(1978), “James Bertram Collip (1892–1965): A Canadian Pioneer in Endocrinology.” Publications of the Hannah Institute for the History of Medicine, I, 1, 1978, 6–15.
______, and Rossiter, R.J. (1973), “James Bertram Collip 1892–1965.” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 19 (Dec. 1973): 235–57.
Barron, Moses (1920). “The Relation of the Islets of Langerhans to Diabetes With Special Reference to Cases of Pancreatic Lithiasis.” Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, xxxi, 5 (Nov. 1920): 437–48.
______, (1966). “The Discovery of Insulin.” Minnesota Medicine (April, May, 1966): 689–90, 861–62.
Bart, Constantin, (1976). “Paulesco Redivivus.” Arch. Int. Claude Bernard, 9 (1976): 31–55.
Battle, Constance U. (1967). “The Beginning of the Insulin Era in Historical Context.” Journal of the American Medical Woman’s Association (May 1967): 327–32.
Bayliss, W.M. (1923). “Insulin, Diabetes and Rewards for Discoveries.” Nature, III, 2780 (Feb. 10, 1923): 188–91.
Best, Charles H. (1922). “A Report of the Discovery and the Development of the Knowledge of the Properties of Insulin.” September 1922, copies in Feasby Papers, Best Papers, and Wellcome Collection.
______(1924). “Recent Work on Insulin.” Endocrinology, VIII, 5 (Sept. 1924): 617–29.
______(1942). “Reminiscences of the Researches Which Led to the Discovery of Insulin.” Canadian Medical Association Journal (Nov. 1942): 398–400.
______(1947). “The Discovery of Insulin.” Physician’s Bulletin, XII, 5 (Sept. 1947): 16–18.
_______“The History, the Discovery and the Present Position of Insulin.” Commentarii, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum. II, η. 57: 1–48.
______(1956). “The First Clinical Use of Insulin.” Diabetes, 5, 1 (Jan.-Feb. 1956): 65–67.
______(1959). “A Canadian Trail of Medical Research.” Journal of Endocrinology, XIX (1959): 1–17; reprinted in Selected Papers.
______(1962A). “The History of Insulin.” Diabetes, II, 6 (Nov.-Dec. 1962): 495–503.
______ (1962B). “The Internal Secretion of the Pancreas.” Canadian Medical Association Journal, 87 (Nov. 17, 1962): 1046–51.
______(1963). Selected Papers of Charles H. Best. Toronto, 1963.
______(1971). “Fiftieth Anniversary of Insulin.” Modern Medicine of Canada, 26, 12 (December 1971): 7–10.
______(1972). “Recollections of 1921,” in E. Shafrin, ed., Impact of Insulin on Metabolic Pathways. New York, 1972: 7–11.
______(1974). “A Short Essay on the Importance of Dogs in Medical Research.” The Physiologist, 17, 4 (Nov. 1974): 437–40.
______, and Macleod, J.J.R., (1923). “Some Chemical Reactions of Insulin.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, LV, 2 (Feb. 1923).
______, and Scott, D.A. (1923A). “Possible Sources of Insulin.” Journal of Metabolic Research, 3, 1 (Jan. 1923): 177–79.
______, and Scott, D.A. (1923B). “An Insulin-like Substance in Plants.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section V (1923): 87–88.
______, and Scott, D.A. (1923C). “Insulin in Tissues Other than the Pancreas.” Journal of the American Medical Association, 81 (Aug. 4, 1923): 382–83.
______, and Scott, D.A. (1923D). “The Preparation of Insulin.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, LVII, 3 (Oct. 1923): 709–23.
______, and Scott, D.A. (1924). “The Sugar of the Blood.” American Journal of Physiology, LXVIII, 1 (March 1924): 124.
______, Scott, D.A., and Banting, F.G. (1923). “Insulin in Blood,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section V (1923): 81–88.
______, Smith, R.G., and Scott, D.A. (1924). “An Insulin-like Material in Various Tissues of the Normal and Diabetic Animal.” American Journal of Physiology, LXVIII, 2 (April 1924): 142–65.
Best, Margaret Mahon. “The Discovery of Insulin,” undated, unpublished manuscript, Best Papers.
Biedl, Artur (1913). The Internal Secretory Organs: Their Physiology and Pathology. London, 1913.
Bigwood, E.-J. (1923). “Le diabète et son traitement.” Bruxelles Médical (March 22, 1923): 530–36.
Bliss, Michael (1978). A Canadian Millionaire: The Life and Business Times of Sir Joseph Flavelle, Bart., 1958–1939. Toronto, 1978.
Bliss, Sidney W. (1922). “Effects of Insulin on Diabetic Dogs.” Journal of Metabolic Research, II (1922): 385–400.
British Medical Association. “Discussion on Diabetes and Insulin,” Annual Meeting, 1923. British Medical Journal, 3272 (Sept. 13, 1923): 445–51.
Bruce, Herbert A. (1958). Varied Operations. Toronto, 1958.
Burgess, Norman, Campbell, J.M.H., Osman, A.A., Payne, W.W., and Poulton, E.P. (1923). “Early Experiences With Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.” Lancet (Oct. 6, 1923): 777ff.
Burrow, G.N., Hazlett, Barbara E., and Phillips, M. James. “A Case of Diabetes Mellitus.” New England Journal of Medicine, 306 (Feb. 11, 1982): 340–43.
Burtness, H.I. and Cain, E.F. “A Thirty-Fifth Anniversary of Insulin Therapy.” Diabetes, 7 (Jan.-Feb. 1958): 59–61.
Cammidge, P.J. (1913). Glycosuria and Allied Conditions. London, 1913.
______(1922A). “Insulin and Diabetes.” British Medical Journal (Nov. 18, 1922): 997–98.
______(1922B). “Insulinand Diabetes.” British Medical Journal (May 5, 1923): 787.
Campbell, Walter R. (1922). “Ketosis, Acidosis and Coma Treated by Insulin.” Journal of Metabolic Research, II (Nov.-Dec. 1922): 605–635.
______(1946). “The First Clinical Trials of Insulin.” Proceedings of the American Diabetes Association, 6 (1946): 97–106.
______(1962). “Anabasis.” Canadian Medical Association Journal, 87 (1962): 1055–61.
Camplin, John M. (1860). On Diabetes and Its Successful Treatment. London, 1860.
Carrasco-Formiguera, R. (1922). “Insulin and Diabetes.” British Medical Journal (Dec. 9, 1922): 1143–44.
______(1972). “From the Preinsulin Age to the Banting and Best Era. Reminiscences of a Witness and Participant.” Israel Journal of Medical Science, 8,3 (March 1972): 484–87.
Cathcart, E.P. (1935). “John James Rickard Macleod, 1876–1935.” Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, I. London, 1932–5: 585–89.
Cheymol, Jean (1972). “Il ya a cinquante ans Banting et Best ‘découvraient l’insuline’.” Hist. Sa. med. 6 (1972): 13.3–51.
Clough, H.D., and Murlin, J.R. (1923). “Relative amounts of insulin obtained by extraction and by perfusion of the pancreas.” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 20 (1922–23): 417–18.
______, Stokes, Arthur M., Gibbs, C.B.F., Stone, Neil C, and Murlin, John R. (1922). “Influence of pancreatic perfusates upon the carbohydrate metabolism of depancreatized animals.” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 20 (1922–23): 66–67.
______, Stokes, Arthur M., Gibbs, C.B.F., Stone, Neil C, and Murlin, John R. (1923), “The Influence of Pancreatic Perfusates on the Blood Sugar, D:N Ratio, and Respiratory Quotient of Depancreatized Animals.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, LV, 23: xxx-xxxi.
Clowes, George H.A. (1947). “In Retrospect.” Physician’s Bulletin, XII, 5 (Sept. 1947): 45–48.
______, (1948), “The Banting Memorial Address”, Proceedings of the American Diabetes Association, 7 (1948): 49–60.
Clowes, G.H.A. Jr. “George Henry Alexander Clowes (1877–1958) A Man of Science for All Seasons,” Journal of Surgical Oncology 18 (1981): 197–217.
Collip, J. Bertram (1916). “Internal Secretions.” Canadian Medical Association Journal (Dec. 1916): 1–7.
/> ______, (1920). “Antagonism of Depressor Action of Small Doses of Adrenalin by Tissue Extracts.” American Journal of Physiology, 53 (1920): 477–82.
______ (1921). “Reversal of Depressor Action of Small Doses of Adrenalin.” American Journal of Physiology, 55, 3 (1921): 450–54.
______(1923), “Delayed manifestation of the physiological effects of insulin following the administration of certain pancreatic extracts”, American Journal of Physiology, 63, 3 (Feb. 1923): 391–2.
______ (1923A). “The Occurrence of Ketone Bodies in the Urine of Normal Rabbits in a Condition of Hypoglycaemia Following the Administration of Insulin….” Journal of Biological Chemistry, LV, 2 (Feb. 1923).
______(1923B). “The Demonstration of an Insulin-Like Substance in the Tissues of the Clam (Myce Arenaria).” Journal of Biological Chemistry, LV, 2 (Feb. 1923).
______ (1923C). “The demonstration of a hormone in plant tissue to be known as ‘glucokinin’. ” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 20 (1923): 321–23.
______(1923D). “Glucokinin; a new hormone present in plant tissue.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, 56 (1923): 513–43.
______(1923E). “Effects of Plant extracts on blood sugar.” Nature, III (1923): 571.
______(1923F). “Glucokinin. Second Paper.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, 57 (1923): 65–78.
______(1923G). “Glucokinin.” Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section V (1923): 39–43.
______(1923H). “Glucokinin; report of work in progress.” Transactions Sect. Pharmac Ther. American Medical Association (1923): 41–42.
______(19231). “A Demonstration of a hypoglycaemic principle in the crystalline style of the clam.” Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section 5 (1923): 45.
______(1923J). “Glucokinin; an apparent synthesis in the normal animal of the hypoglycaemic producing principle; animal passage of the principle.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, 58 (1923): 163–208.
The Discovery of Insulin Page 41
