"Your government declares that you are secretary of state. All know that you are the one who is always at the right side of your president Davis. You, more than any other, have the power to persuade him."
"You confer upon me more power than I think I have," Judah replied with a smile.
"Let me tell you the terms President Lincoln now offers."
"Go on."
"I carry with me an additional letter, which I shall turn over to you at the end of this meeting, outlining the terms, which are as follows.
"Your Confederate government is to vote to surrender to the government of the United States of America. It is then to vote full allegiance to that government and its Constitution. Then it must disband itself and go home.
"Upon doing that, a military armistice shall be declared and all armies of the federal forces will stop in place, except for two forces. General Grant's will occupy Richmond and Sherman's will occupy Atlanta.
"All troops are to surrender their arms to the nearest federal forces, sign paroles, and return home. State militias behind the lines are to report to their respective capitals, disarm, sign paroles, and return home as well.
"In return, and you will have it in writing from President Lincoln, there will be no arrests, no incarcerations, no trials, no retributions, no confiscations of property"—he paused— "other than slaves."
"Sir?"
"The Emancipation Proclamation shall become law across all twelve of the states in rebellion; all slaves at the moment of the surrender of your government are forever free."
"A bit hypocritical," Judah offered back. "What about those states which remained in the Union, where slavery still exists?"
"I agree, and given some things I've heard about you, I think this is a moral issue for you as well," Elihu replied. "In his message to Congress, come December, the president will set forth several measures. The first is a constitutional amendment forever banning slavery and granting full rights of citizenship. Second, when your various state legislatures reconvene, those men, who have signed an oath of loyalty to the Union and agree to support the constitutional amendment ending slavery, will hold their seats and will then vote for senators and, for the present, congressmen to be sent to Washington. The one stipulation for those elected to federal office is that they must sign oaths of allegiance as well and an oath in support of the constitutional amendment banning slavery. That is their only requirement.
"The government will resume in January with full representation from the South."
The room was silent for a moment, Judah taking the information in.
"No reprisals?"
"No, sir. The president is emphatic on that. He said the other day that we are like a family that has been divided too long, until a beloved child within the family dies. That child is the four hundred thousand sons so far lost. In spite of our differences we must now gather to mourn him and to repair all that we have done to each other.
"This is unofficial, but the president has authorized me to state this to you two gentlemen in private. If the South returns thus, come next summer, he will place before the Republican Party a nomination of a Southerner as his running mate and will promise one or two cabinet-level offices as well. The party will run on a unity and reconciliation platform."
"The terms are generous," Judah conceded, "but the issue of the blacks. Where are they to go? How will they live?"
"I saw the field carpeted with dead black soldiers at Frederick," Grant said coldly. "If any have earned the right of full citizenship, it is they."
He looked over at Lee, who lowered his eyes and then nodded in agreement.
"It will be hard. But I believe, as Lincoln said to me a few days back, 'Every drop of blood drawn by the bondsman has now been repaid.' We must learn to live together. And I pray that we can. Lincoln will propose a program in December opening up land in the west as part of the Homestead Act for any who wish to go there to start life anew. He is proposing as well federal moneys for schools and colleges, and, if need be, the direct loans for the purchase of land in the South, at fair market value, for any who wish to sell part of their farms and plantations to those who once worked them."
"That will be expensive."
"The war cost nearly two million dollars a day. The price will be cheap in comparison to another year of war. If your congressmen and senators vote for the appropriations, well, to be cynical, they will profit, because they are some of the biggest landholders, but in so doing will set the example as well. Sir, I must warn you, the president and I have talked about this at length. If maneuvers are played by former owners, to try to rebond their former slaves to the land, through sharecropping, or contracts of service that are impossible to fulfill, the offer of direct purchase will be withdrawn, and confiscation might then be considered.
"It is the clear and stated policy of this administration that the black man is now an equal citizen, in a nation of equals. Many of them paid that price in blood, as both Generals Grant and Lee can affirm. If this nation is to heal, that must be one of the cornerstones. We do not wish this issue to haunt us for the next hundred years. We can end it here."
Elihu leaned forward and stared straight at Judah.
"Sir, if we do not agree to this point, I fear that what helped to cause this war, the issue of slavery and race, will continue to fester within us for the next hundred years. I do not wish to sound overly sentimental or patriotic, but the Declaration did declare that all men are created equal. I want to believe that the four of us, sitting here, can help that to come true."
Judah sighed.
"And yet human nature being what it is, I hope your dream is true, Elihu. I have a friend in Baltimore, a rabbi, who shared basically the same thoughts with me just a few weeks past. Yes, he is right, and so are you. As a Jew I should be more sensitive to that than most. The history of my people is replete with persecutions, and I fear in times to come it will happen again, perhaps even worse than what was endured before. But we here now rail against the deep-seated fears of so many."
"Then we set the example," Grant interjected. "The example the president will set as well. The example I know you, General Lee, have always set. I received a report yesterday how you personally intervened and protected some of our black prisoners of war. I thank you for that, and I can assure you word of that will spread."
"They were honorable soldiers, I could do no less."
"I think, gentlemen, we are all in agreement on this," Elihu interjected.
Elihu looked over at Grant and sat back.
"Gentlemen, I think it has nearly all been said."
Lee nodded.
"I promise you, General Lee, rations shall be up by dawn for your men. The signing of paroles will start tomorrow as well. Might I suggest a formal stacking of arms and colors on the morning of September 3. At which time I will try to issue out five days' rations to each of your men to help them on their way home."
"Thank you, sir."
The group stood up and was silent, not sure how it was to end.
"It is our duty now," Grant said, "to heal this nation."
The White House
August 31,1863 10:30 P.M.
The serenaders had gathered around the White House at dusk, when the first newspaper extras had been rushed out into the streets, newsboys crying, "Lee surrenders at Frederick!" "Grant saves the Union!"
The crowd, which only days before had been on the verge of rioting, was now exuberant, cheer after cheer rising up as two batteries in Lafayette Park fired off a hundred-gun salute.
He had finally relented and stepped out onto the balcony, unable to speak for several minutes as hysterical cries greeted him.
Finally he lowered his head. Then all fell silent, and he looked up at them.
"Now is a time of celebration," he said, "and I join with you."
Again long minutes of cheering. "Hurrah for Old Abe." "Hurrah for Grant." "The Union."
"And yet, our task is not finished," he began, the crowd
falling silent with his words. "There is much to do. Let us all join in prayer that our former brothers and sisters of the South shall see the will of God in this decision and that soon the guns will fall silent forever. That the chorus of the Union shall again swell as one voice and that the better angels of our nature shall again prevail.
"Now is a time of celebration but it must be, as well, a time of forgiveness. Forgiveness of our former foes, and yes, of ourselves as well, for all that we have done to each other. God has placed this test before us and let us rise to the occasion, not just now but in years to come. Let us set aside our hatreds, our fears, and join hands once more. Let us show compassion for the wounded and the widow"—he paused— "of both sides.
"And let us honor, as well, the pledge made by our forefathers in the Declaration, in which it is written, that all men are created equal. Let us now honor that pledge as well."
There were no cheers now, only a somber silence, some in tears.
He forced a smile and looked down at the band on the front lawn of the White House.
"Bandmaster, I think we can claim right of conquest to a song I have loved dearly for years, but have seldom heard in this city of late."
"Whatever you desire, Mr. President," the bandmaster shouted back, and a certain levity returned to the crowd.
" 'Dixie.' I would dearly love to hear 'Dixie' once more."
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
Edwards Ferry
The Banks of the Potomac
September 3, 1863
The roll of drums echoed from the woods, sending a shiver down his spine. It was not the long roll signaling the charge, just a steady thumping beat, growing louder and louder.
A cool breeze swept across the Potomac, ruffling the water, flags whipping out around him, the national colors, corps standards, regimental flags, his own headquarters flag.
The morning was cool, rain having passed during the night, the dawn breaking fresh and clear with a hint of autumn to come.
The drumroll grew in intensity and then he saw them, the head of their column coming out of the forest.
The head of the column was a sea of red battle standards of the Army of Northern Virginia and inwardly Gen. Ulysses S. Grant felt a chill.
How often I have seen those flags through the smoke of battle, coming on relentlessly, gray-clad warriors charging forward beneath them, their wild shouts echoing to the heavens.
But now they marched in silence.
There must have been a hundred or more flags at the head of the column, the colors standing out bright and clear in the early morning light. Ahead of them rode a single man on a gray horse, followed by several others.
The flags cleared the forest, and behind them came the column of infantry, ranked in column of fours, officers to their front, drawn sabers resting on shoulders, but the men behind them no longer carrying rifles. Their weapons had been stacked at dawn, when they had fallen into ranks, cartridge boxes slung over weapons and left behind.
They were now less than three hundred yards away, entering the open fields cut back but days before in preparation for battle to defend this crossing, roughly dug graves from that battle covering the ground in front of one of the forts. They approached the wide temporary bridge laid across the canal. As they reached the embankment they would be able to see what awaited them on the open ground leading down to the Potomac where he waited at the edge of the pontoon bridge across the river.
Grant turned and, saying nothing, nodded to Ely Parker.
Ely rode forward a few feet out into the middle of the road, drew his saber, and rested it on his shoulder. "Battalions!"
The cry echoed down the length of the road, picked up by the thousands of Union troops deployed. "Atten-shun!"
The troops flanking to either side of the road came to attention.
"Present arms!"
The echo of the command startled Gen. Robert E. Lee who had been lost in melancholic thought. He raisec his head, looking straight ahead. The road was flanked to either side by several divisions of Union troops, standing a half dozen ranks deep. As one, all raised their rifles up to present arms, the traditional military salute.
Lee stiffened in the saddle and slowed. He looked over his shoulder. Walter Taylor was carrying his headquarters flag, Pete Longstreet by his side. Judah Benjamin was with him, as was John Bell Hood, gray-faced, with a bandaged stump of an arm, but insisting over all protests that today he would ride out and look "those Yankees" straight in the eye.
He had not expected this. Never across the last several days had there been mention of it by Grant. The agreement reached was simply that the men were to stack arms on the morning of the third, break camp, march to the river, and there surrender their colors before crossing the river.
He had half-feared that the surrender of colors might be a difficult moment and even wondered if the earlier surrender of arms was a subtle way of preventing trouble. For surely, when the cherished banners behind him were turned over, emotions might overflow for those who had followed them for so long, had given so much for so long. He had agreed with Grant's suggestion that all flags to be surrendered were to be massed at the front of the column rather than to be directly turned over by their own men.
Never had he expected this.
He looked to his comrades.
'Tell the men to march with pride," Lee said solemnly. "Honors are being rendered to us."
The column had come to a halt behind him, drums stilled. Lee looked over at Pete, John, Walter, and Judah. "Forward, gentlemen."
The drums picked up again, a steady marching cadence, orders shouted back down the line, and though there was no longer that reassuring sound of men slapping the barrels of their rifles as they shifted them to present, he could sense that all had braced up, heads raised, eyes level.
The first of the Union troops were directly ahead, their colors held high, tough, lean men, Westerners by the looks of their battered hats, threadbare jackets, and patched trousers. Their officers, mounted, came to attention and saluted with drawn sabers, and Lee returned the salute.
The Union troops were silent, most with eyes straight ahead, but some looking up at him wide-eyed, some offering subtle nods as he rode between the flanking lines. Before each regimental standard, were more officers, all saluting.
He felt overwhelmed, recognizing more than one face as he rode between the columns, friends from long ago in Mexico, younger faces now prematurely aged, cadets of his from West Point, a few of them, when saluting, whispering, "Good day, sir," or simply,
"General Lee."
He gave a glance back. The flags of what was once his army were still held high; behind them the men were marching, not a word said by either side.
And then ahead, he saw him, waiting by the bridge over the Potomac, General Grant.
Grant took a deep breath. If ever there is a moment when I can truly serve our country, he thought; it is here, it is now. God give me guidance
He nudged his mount and came to the center of the road, Ely drawing back. He was unarmed, his dress uniform having been lost somewhere in Frederick, so he was turned out instead in his traditional field dress of a simple private's sack coat with three stars on each shoulder.
Lee was closer, just a few dozen feet away, the flags behind him. Grant stiffened to attention.
Lee held up a hand, signaling a halt, the command racing back down the length of the column. Lee came to attention, saber in hand, and saluted.
"General Grant, sir."
"General Lee."
Lee looked about and then focused on Grant. "Sir, why are you doing this?" Lee asked. Grant took a deep breath.
"I am not saluting a defeated foe," Grant said, and this time he raised his voice so it would carry. "The war between us is over. Today we are saluting brave fellow Americans, men of honor and courage."
Lee found he could not reply. He advanced a few more feet, taking the sword from his shoulder, holding it lovingly for a few seconds. It was the sw
ord his father, Light Horse Harry Lee, had carried in the Revolution. He inverted it, and offered it to Grant hilt first.
Grant held up a hand and shook his head.
"No, sir. That sword helped to win our independence. It is a cherished heirloom of your family. Keep it today in remembrance of our friendship."
Again, Lee found he could not reply. He then looked back to the column behind him.
"Surrender the colors," Lee announced.
Since none of this had been planned or discussed, there was a moment's hesitation, the flag bearers not sure what to do next. Some clutched their treasured standards tightly, tears streaming down their faces.
Across from Grant stood several hundred men who were unarmed, drawn up in ranks. They began to step forward, going up to the Confederate flag bearers and saluting.
"Your colors, sir," one of them said.
The first approached, looked up at Lee, eyes pleading. Lee forced a smile and nodded.
The soldier, with head lowered, reluctantly handed the flag over. More and more came up, each saying the same, "Your colors, sir," and without protest the flags were handed over.
One of the Union soldiers took a flag and looked up at it, breaking discipline.
"Fourteenth South Carolina?"
The rebel looked at him defiantly, and Grant was just about to raise his hand, to signal Ely to have officers prepared for this moment to intervene.
"You took our flag at Gettysburg," the Union soldier said. "I will treat yours with honor."
He saluted and stepped back, the Confederate looking at him wide-eyed and then saluting in turn.
The Union soldiers taking the flags then stepped back to the side of the road. Lee watched them carefully. The flags were not laid on the ground, or tossed down. Staves were simply rested, the men returning to attention. The colors of the Army of Northern Virginia were turned over, all except one, the personal flag of Lee, carried by Walter. No one approached him and Walter looked around in confusion.
"General Lee, your flag is your keepsake as well," Grant said.
"I thank you, sir."
There was a long silence, no cheering, no shouts of triumph, no patriotic airs, only the sound of the wind, the fluttering of the flags, of which only one was now held high, the colors of Grant's headquarters.
Never Call Retreat - Civil War 03 Page 54
