To make matters worse: Interview with Linda Bogle.
Not surprisingly, Tony, as the eldest: Interview with Tony Bogle.
“My boy did nothing wrong”: Ibid.
Four of his fingers were cut off: Interviews with Tony, Bobby and Glen Bogle.
Tony had also begun to set: Interview with Tony Bogle.
Tony’s cousin, Tammie Bogle: Interview with Tammie Bogle.
“My mother and my other mother”: Interview with Tony Bogle.
Judge Albin Norblad: Interview with Judge Albin Norblad.
“With a family like that”: Ibid.
a natural experiment: David Kirk, “Residential Change as a Turning Point in the Life Course of Crime,” Criminology 50, no. 2 (2012): 329–53. Also, two interviews with Kirk on his research findings.
“Sons follow their fathers”: “Breaking Up the Family as a Way to Break Up the Mob,” The New York Times, February 10, 2017.
This was because of a quirk of history: The best estimate of the strongly Southern background of the early Oregon Trail pioneers is in John D. Unruh Jr., The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), pp. 403–5.
Pro-slavery politicians dominated: For a good account of how close Oregon came to seceding from the Union when Abraham Lincoln was elected, see Tom Marsh, To the Promised Land: A History of Government and Politics in Oregon (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press), pp. 37–44.
many other mental hospitals: For a masterful account of the new asylums in the United States in the 1800s, see David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), pp. 130–44.
The Oregon State Insane Asylum: For a detailed history of the Oregon State Hospital, see Diane L. Goeres-Gardner, Inside the Oregon State Hospital: A History of Tragedy and Triumph (Charleston, OR: The History Press, 2013).
Tony Bogle found himself a patient there: Interview with Tony Bogle.
Tony was assigned to what was called the Forty Ward: For Tony’s time at the Oregon State Hospital, I have drawn from my interviews with him and also from his presentence report, prepared by the Adult Probation Department of Pima County, Arizona, as part of his trial there for murder in 1993. The presentence report has the great benefit of being able to draw on all of Tony’s criminal and mental-health records, including his file from the Oregon State Hospital and the MacLaren School for Boys in Oregon.
Tony had a history of setting fires to kill animals: For Tony setting animals on fire and stealing from mailboxes, see his Pima County, Arizona, presentence report in 1993.
In the divorce: On Rooster getting a divorce from Kathy and then marrying Linda, interviews with Kathy Bogle and Linda Bogle.
“I can’t keep him”: Interview with Tony Bogle.
MacLaren, as everyone called it: For an excellent and devastating description of MacLaren, see Mikal Gilmore, Shot in the Heart (New York: Doubleday, 1994), pp. 144–61. Mikal Gilmore was the younger brother of Gary Gilmore, the murderer made famous by Norman Mailer in his Pulitzer Prize–winning best seller The Executioner’s Song.
“When I arrived at MacLaren”: Interview with Tony Bogle.
Tony was discharged: Ibid.
It was there in April 1982: Tony’s account of the sodomy charge against him at MacLaren is from ibid.
“He tossed the book at me”: Ibid.
5 Bobby and Tracey: The Family Curse
Kathy would go out to bars: Interview with Tracey Bogle.
Tracey in a swimming pool: Ibid.
“One day my mother dropped me off”: Ibid.
After Rooster saw that his checks: Interviews with Tracey and Linda Bogle.
“When we saw him get off the plane”: Interview with Linda Bogle.
“Out came this stripper”: Interview with Bobby Bogle.
One of these innovative programs: Interview with Scott Henggeler.
A few months after Bobby was sentenced: Interview with Tracey Bogle.
“Our father had raised us”: Ibid.
“it was not about stealing”: Ibid.
Norblad sentenced Tracey to MacLaren: Ibid.
They decided to drive the truck: Interviews with Tracey and Bobby Bogle.
Tony, who was doing his time: Interviews with Tony and Bobby Bogle.
classic American prison style: For a history of the development of prisons in America, see David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), pp. 79–100. Also see Rothman, “Perfecting the Prison: United States, 1789–1865,” in Norval Morris and David J. Rothman, eds., The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 100–116.
“Everything passes in the most profound silence”: Quoted in Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum, p. 97.
Richard Louis Dugdale: Richard Louis Dugdale, The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease, and Heredity (New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1887).
Another relatively early investigation: Thomas Ferguson’s study of delinquent boys in Scotland was published as The Young Delinquent in His Society Setting: A Glasgow Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1952).
“the influence of another convicted member”: Ibid., p. 67.
It found that half of all the convictions: David P. Farrington et al., “The Concentration of Offenders in Families and Family Criminality in the Prediction of Boys’ Delinquency,” Journal of Adolescence 24 (2001): 580–81.
A number of other studies: For the Pittsburgh study, known as the Pittsburgh Youth Study, see Rolf Loeber et al., Antisocial Behavior and Mental Health Problems: Explanatory Factors in Childhood and Adolescence (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998).
the number of children with a parent in prison: See The Crime Report: Your Criminal Justice Network, November 21, 2010.
The number of children with a parent behind bars: Patrick McCarthy quoted in The Crime Report: Your Criminal Justice Network, May 10, 2010.
But in a recent book surveying: Interview with Joseph Murray, a criminologist at the University of Cambridge.
Bobby wanted to look: Interview with Bobby Bogle and the transcript of the 1993 joint trial of Bobby and Tracey Bogle in Marion County Circuit Court, pp. 136, 720.
he extracted a promise: Trial transcript, pp. 393, 407.
he listed the shop: Ibid., pp. 436–37.
had bought him a tan sport jacket: Ibid., pp. 93–94.
Fijalka had bad news: Trial transcript of closing arguments, pp. 132–38, and interview with Tim Bogle.
now armed with a .38-caliber revolver: Interview with Tim Bogle.
“things got nutso”: Trial transcript, pp. 679–81.
“Bobby and Tracey were talking nonsense”: Trial transcript, p. 689.
To calm things down: Ibid., p. 703.
“You’re sure there’s no way”: Ibid., p. 720.
“This was a chance”: Ibid.
“They didn’t want any trouble”: Ibid., p. 97.
the brothers barged into the house: This account of Bobby and Tracey’s assault on Dave Fijalka and Sandra Jackson is from their testimony in the trial transcript, pp. 102–25. Also, interviews with Bobby and Tracey Bogle.
It took Dave Fijalka several hours: Testimony of Willets, California, police officer Blaine Johnson, in the trial transcript, pp. 499–503.
might be a stolen car: That Julio Morales called the California Highway Patrol, from his testimony in the trial transcript, pp. 499–503.
Officer Johnson sped to the scene: From Officer Blaine Johnson’s testimony in the trial transcript, pp. 541–49. Officer Johnson also recalled that Scott Mayo
had arrived with a gun in his waistband.
At the opening of their trial: Tracey’s directive to his lawyer to try to exclude non-Christians from the jury is from Steven Krasik’s testimony during motions hearing on the first day of the trial, November 10, 1993.
“Tracey feels there is a biblical proscription”: Steven Krasik’s motions to the judge before the trial began, in trial transcript.
At the end of the trial: Tim Bogle’s statement to the judge is from an interview with him.
6 Kathy: “Trailer Trash”
It was Mother’s Day: On Kathy Bogle being sad and lonely on Mother’s Day, interview with Kathy Bogle.
she was charged and then convicted: For Kathy’s indictment and conviction for hindering prosecution and custodial interference, see her Oregon Department of Corrections criminal history.
Dick Austin had fourteen convictions: From Dick Austin’s Washington State Department of Corrections file.
“I am recuperating from a long life”: Interview with Kathy Bogle.
By the end of Mother’s Day: Interview with Perrin Damon, then the spokeswoman for the Oregon Department of Corrections.
“This is an old story”: Interview with Tim Bogle.
Her older sister, Bert: Interview with Bertha Wilson.
Kaufman County, Texas: That Clyde Barrow broke Bonnie Parker out of jail in Kaufman County, Texas, in Jeff Guinn, Go Down Together: The True Untold Story of Bonnie and Clyde (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), pp. 92–123.
“When he came out”: Interview with Deputy Kenneth Garvin of the Kaufman County, Texas, sheriff’s office.
Both of Kathy’s brothers: Interviews with Kathy Bogle and Bertha Wilson.
At the time Corey was born: Interview with Bertha Wilson.
In July 1990: For a full account of the kidnapping and murder of Sandra Jackson, see the coverage in the local newspaper, the Terrell Tribune, July 23, July 25, July 26, July 30, August 2, August 7, August 14, August 16 and September 12, 1990, and February 7 and August 8, 1991. Also see the guilty plea by Corey Lee Wilson on February 1991 in the transcript of his trial for murder in Kaufman County, Texas, pp. 691–763.
They were turned in by Lana: On Lana Luna acting as an informant for the sheriff’s department and turning in her own son, see the transcript of Corey Lee Wilson’s murder trial for his mother’s testimony, pp. 442–97.
he was released in 2015: According to a spokesman for the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.
“When you get right down to it”: Interview with Bertha Wilson.
She now had to wear false teeth: Interview with Kathy Bogle.
“For Kathy there is no need to plan”: Interview with Linda Bogle.
were arrested at Kathy’s trailer home: Ibid.
Vickey had numerous arrests: Interview with Vickey Bogle Fowler.
she started shouting at her probation agent: Interview with Linda Bogle. Also, Kathy Bogle’s Oregon Department of Corrections file.
“I’m not a drug addict”: See Kathy Bogle’s Oregon Department of Corrections file.
The case manager immediately contacted: The case manager from the Oregon Home Healthcare Provider checks in to help Kathy in jail, from the Oregon attorney general’s press release about Kathy on September 28, 2009.
Kathy had claimed for more than two years: Ibid.
In September 2008 both women were indicted: See the indictment against Kathy Bogle and Linda Bogle on September 24, 2009, by the Marion County grand jury.
Linda was charged with five counts of theft: Ibid.
“It was an idea”: Interview with Linda Bogle.
After being caught: Linda pled guilty and was placed on probation, from the Oregon attorney general’s press release about the case, dated September 28, 2009.
“She’s scammed people”: Interview with Linda Bogle.
“I think I’ve lost my mind”: Interviews with Kathy Bogle and Judge Albin Norblad.
“She can no longer put things together”: Interview with Jeannie Kelley.
“They have permission to be here”: From the transcript of Kathy’s trial in Marion County Circuit Court.
Kathy Bogle alone had cost: Interview with Judge Albin Norblad.
it is virtually impossible to collect: Interview with Derrick Gasperini.
7 Tracey: A Fateful Compulsion
two-thirds of the 600,000 inmates: Bureau of Justice Statistics report of April 2014 by Howard Snyder et al.
“nothing works” doctrine: Robert Martinson, “What Works? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform, The Public Interest 35 (Spring 1974): 22–54.
symptoms of severe mental illness: Information concerning Tracey’s bout with mental illness in prison is from his Oregon Department of Corrections Mental Health File, obtained with his consent.
Ann Heath: Ann Heath’s observations about Tracey are from a series of interviews with her.
Tracey was suffering from paranoid schizophrenia: Heath’s diagnosis is in Tracey’s Oregon Department of Corrections Mental Health Evaluation report, dated January 15, 1997.
Dr. Marvin Fickle: Dr. Fickle’s diagnosis of Tracey is in his Oregon Department of Corrections Mental Health Evaluation report, dated October 3, 2001.
“I want to do good”: Interview with Tracey as I drove him upon his release from prison, August 10, 2009. All that follows that day is from our conversation as we drove around Salem.
to register as a sex offender: Tracey’s comments at the Oregon State Police office when registering as a sex offender happened while I was driving him to his required appointments after his release from prison.
build his dream house: Tracey outlined his plan for building a dream house while we were at Stepping Out Ministries.
he would get a gun: Said while we were at Stepping Out Ministries.
“Tracey is stunted emotionally”: Interview with Tammie Bogle Silver, Tracey’s cousin.
Tracey was giddy: Interview with Tracey after he had been at Chemeketa Community College.
He also bought a car: Interview with Tracey.
“The government is robbing me”: Ibid.
“The kids thought I was really cool”: Ibid.
“It’s kind of boring out here”: Ibid.
“But that department has been shut down”: Ibid.
she was now pregnant: Interview with Tim Bogle.
“I got a girl pregnant”: Interview with Tracey.
was accepted for admission that fall: Ibid.
“I’ve done something that no one”: Ibid.
he could tell Tracey was drinking again: Interview with Tim Bogle.
“getting drunk every day”: Interview with Bobby Bogle.
It finally happened: Interview with Tim Bogle, and Marion County Jail Inmate Roster for May 7, 2011.
Tracey got lucky: Marion County Circuit Court criminal cases record for September 11, 2011.
to enroll at Portland State University: Interview with Tim Bogle.
Giambattista della Porta: See Freda Adler, Criminology (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1991), p. 53, and Nicole Rafter, The Criminal Brain: Understanding Biological Theories of Crime (New York: New York University Press, 2008), pp. 20, 44.
Cesare Lambroso: Adler, Criminology, pp. 54–56, and Rafter, The Criminal Brain, pp. 108–10.
Ernest Hooten: Adler, Criminology, p. 57, and Rafter, The Criminal Brain, pp. 150–59.
the University of Maryland was forced to call off: Charles Babington, The Washington Post, September 5, 1992, and Daniel Goleman, The New York Times, September 15, 1992.
“It is like the return of the native”: Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Gene: An Intimate History (New York: Scribner, 2016), p. 380.
traits like impulsivity and novelty seeking: Ibid.,
p. 382.
Researchers estimate: Interview with John Laub, professor of criminology at the University of Maryland.
Terrie E. Moffitt: Terrie Moffitt, “Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children,” Science 297 (August 2, 2002): 851.
“It is a complex dance”: Interview with Terrie Moffitt.
a meta-analysis of twenty-seven studies: Amy L. Byrd et al., “MAOA, Childhood Maltreatment and Antisocial Behavior: Meta Analysis of a Gene-Environment Interaction,” Biological Psychiatry 75, no. 1 (January 2014).
this coincidence of genes and environment: Email from Terrie Moffit to the author, March 18, 2013.
“We don’t have a lot of studies”: Interview with Terrie Moffitt.
“a double insult”: Interview with John Laub.
8 Tony: A Murder in Tucson
The local authorities: Tony’s marriage to Paula, from Tony’s copy of their marriage license.
Perhaps because she had been sexually abused: From Paula’s presentence report for theft in Pima County, Arizona, in 1992.
If the jail officials had looked: Copies of the psychological and psychiatric reports on Tony referred to here are found in the presentence report on Tony, prepared for sentencing him in his later murder trial in Tucson. It included all available criminal and mental-health records on Tony going back to his childhood.
They soon moved out to a small: Tony and Paula meeting Chief is from testimony at Tony’s later trial for murder in Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, court transcript, pp. 217–25.
by announcing soon after they moved in: Murder trial transcript, p. 193.
“like a hermit, kind of spacey”: Testimony of Robert Trimble, court transcript, pp. 217–25.
“He got on top of me”: Paula’s description of Chief getting on top of her is from the transcript of her testimony in Tony’s murder trial, pp. 18–24.
Tony and Paula counted their money: Ibid., pp. 25–28.
“Tony told me to blame it all on him”: Ibid., p. 30.
“Tony would not trust anybody”: Interview with David Sherman.
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