by Tim Jeal
17 HIFL 27; SD 21.11.1870.
18 HIFL 351-2
19 HIFL 28.
zo HIFL Io.
z1 Quoted Bierman 8z.
zz S to Shepherd 14.07.1872; DL to Murchison 3.3.72 PRGSL 434; Sir Reginald Coupland East Africa and its Invaders, 1956, 325•
23 Kirk to Earl Granville 18.oz.1871, quoted HIFL 697; see also S to Ed of Times 13.11.1872.
24 Bennett 13 Despatch 4.07.1871, gives i Apr as date of departure, HIFL 70 gives z1 Mar; SD i Apr `really got started', implying he had left town earlier, and then halted before starting again.
25 Bennett 13-
z6 SD 11.10.1870.
27 HIFL 70-
z8 HIFL 72.
z9 Bennett 14-15-
EIGHT: `I Cannot Die!'
i DL to Agnes Livingstone 5 Feb 1871, BM Ad Ms 5o184-
z Jeal z88; Lord John Russell to DL 28.03.1865 FO 84/1249-
3 PRGSL vol xvi 1871-2, 414-
4 Foskett 109.
5 Dorothy Helly Livingstone's Legacy: Horace Waller and Victorian Mythmaking 1987, 172-81.
6 HIFL 73-
7 Bennett 16; HIFL p 262, quoted Cairns p z6.
8 Bennett 40.
9 HIFL 126-9; Bennett 17; Webb to S 25.09.1871.
1o Bennett 1g.
ii SD 20-04-1871-
1z SD zz, 27 Dec 1871-
13 HIFL 66-7-
14 SD 6-8 Apr 1871-
15 HIFL 145.
116 Ibid. 157-
17 T. Griffiths-Jones `W. L. Farquhar's Grave' Tanganyika Notes & Records No 5 1948, 28-33 (TNR).
118 HIFL 16o.
19 Jeal232.
zo Bennett 1g.
z1 SD 4.06.1871.
zz Bennett zo.
23 Ibid. zo-1.
24 HIFL 264.
z5 SD zo Jun, 18 May 1871-
z6 Bennett zz.
27 N. R. Bennett Mirambo of Tanzania, 1971, 22 ff; R. W. Beachey The Slave Trade of Eastern Africa, 1976, 186; Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore Africa Since 18oo, 1981, 67ff.
z8 Bennett 8.
z9 Ibid. 45; HIFL 279; SD 23.08.1871.
30 SD 2,8.07.1871; HIFL 2,68.
31 Auto 257; HIFL 275.
32, Bennet 45-7; HIFL z8zff.
33 HIFL 303; number given as 54 in HIFL 313; SD 22-08-1871-
34 SD 23, z4 Aug 118711-
35 SD 7-09.1871-
36 SD 113.09.18711.
37 HIFL 309-
38 HIFL 4111.
3 9 LLJ ii 135, 154-
40 Ibid. 146-7-
41 Ibid. 154-
42. HIFL 3113.
43 SD 20.09.1871.
44 HIFL 3211-
45 HIFL 325-7-
46 Bennett 511.
47 HIFL 403-4.
48 HIFL 405.
49 DL to Thomas Maclear and Mr Mann 17 Nov 1871 PRGSL vol xvii 1872-3 p 69-73-
5o Ibid.
51 Auto 261-2.
5z Bennet 89; HIFL 409-To.
53 HIFL 410-12; SD 3 Nov substituted for loth; Bennett 89; Jeal 336.
NINE: Canonizing Dr Livingstone
i HIFL 411.
z Auto 264.
3 HIFL41I.
4 Small original SD starting October 1870, 3 Nov redated io Nov, ii and i2 Nov are missing.
5 DL to Sir Thomas Maclear and Mr Mann 117.1111.118711 PRGSL xvii 1872-3, 72; DL to Bennett Nov 118711 HIFL 6116 ff; DL to Agnes L 118 Nov 1871 BL; DL to Earl Granville 118 Dec 118711 LFDL p 297; DL to W. Black 119 Nov and Capt White 15 Nov 118711 both NLS.
6 In this neat and flawless journal, starting on the day of the meeting, Stanley wrote: `The diary entry of this date has already been published in How I Found Livingstone. Copy that first and proceed to next page.'
7 Small SD 3.1111.118711.
8 Quoted Jeal 389.
9 See Jeal Appendix B 389; Mrs J. Stanley conversation with author 16.02.04.
1o The Date of the Livingstone Stanley Meeting: I. C. Cunningham in Appendix 6 of the National Library of Scotland's publication David Livingstone: A Catalogue of Documents (Edinburgh 1985) attempted to examine all the evidence and establish a reliable date for the meeting. The problem is that DL lost count of the days of the month long before they met, and S briefly thought he had lost count too. (Attacks of fever could last several weeks and be accompanied by lapses into unconsciousness.) According to DL's journal (NLS David Livingstone a Catalogue of Documents 273 no ii), he discovered, because of the arrival of the Muslim month of Ramadhan on 14.02.1871, that his diary entries were zi days ahead of the actual date. DL had initially believed that S had reached Ujiji on 16 Nov, so the change meant that S had arrived on 27 Oct, if DL was right about the 21 days, and if the Arabs in Ujiji could be relied upon to have started their Ramadhan fasting on the correct date. (S had brought with him a Nautical Almanac for 1871, which contained the information that Ramadhan began on the 14th that year.)
Cunningham plumps for 27.10.1871 as the correct date, and in doing so is much influenced not only by Livingstone, but by Francois Bontinck's argument put forward in `La date de la Rencontre Stanley - Livingstone' (Africa, Rivista trimestrale di studi documentazione dell'Istituto Italo-Africano, xxiv 3.09.1979, 225-45). However, Bontinck was ignorant of much of DL's evidence, and relied heavily on S's despatch to the New York Herald dated by the explorer Io.11.1871, in which he stated that, having reflected on the matter, he thought he had arrived at Ujiji on 3.11.1872, rather than the loth. In HIFL 274-5, S stated that he had recovered from a prolonged bout of fever and delirium on the real date of 14 Jul 1871, and on coming round had been told that the date was in fact zi Jul. S claimed that he had there and then altered his diary to the new date, thus ensuring that he would think the famous meeting happened a week later than it did. So when S wrote in HIFL that the meeting took place on io Nov, Bontinck concluded (since S really thought 3 November was the correct date, according to his almost contemporary io Nov despatch to the NYH) that the explorer had mistakenly added rather than subtracted a week. (By subtracting a week from 3 November he would indeed have arrived at 27 Oct, the date Bontinck proclaimed to be correct.) But S's date of 3 Nov for the meeting is clearly itself the result of a subtraction - being a week earlier than S's diary date for the meeting of io Nov, given in his most reliable and earliest diary notebook. To confuse matters further, the claims advanced about dates in S's despatch, supposedly of io Nov, must be considered suspect. He and DL did not discuss their muddle over dates until 14 Nov (the start of Ramadhan).
In HIFL, S claimed he altered his diary, changing 14 Jul into 21 Jul. In fact, no such alteration was made by him in his notebook diary. (He related on 14 Jul that he recovered his senses on that day, and remained convalescent in bed till the z5th, when he got up.) So what are we to make of this fact, and the fact that he retained the io Nov date, both in HIFL, and in the fair copy diary that he wrote up after completing his book? It seems to me that when DL expounded his views about the true date to S after Ramadan started, the younger man, who hero-worshipped DL, felt briefly uncertain of his own ideas about the date. Because DL continued to believe that the meeting had taken place two weeks earlier than to Nov, Stanley seems to have defensively concocted the story of being misinformed by Shaw about the date after coming round from delirium in mid-Jul. He used this fiction about Shaw to seem to move his date closer to DL's, but when it came to fixing the date permanently, both in HIFL and his copy diary, he reverted to his original notebook diary date, presumably because he believed that it was right. For instance, the date he gives for his final departure from Ujiji with DL is the same in his notebook diary (27 December), in HIFL 566, and in his fair copy diary. In all three, the meeting is stated to have occurred on 1o Nov. It could be argued that S stuck to his original date because he hated being wrong, but it could also be argued that he stuck to it because he knew it was right, and that he had only ever pretended otherwise out of deference to DL.
As to whether DI's calculations were right, I do not believe it is possible to be sure. DL's confus
ion about the date on which he arrived at Ujiji, and S's confusion springing from it (Cunningham note 4 p 40), should alert one to the strong possibility that the zi-day discrepancy is by no means a proven quantity. DL in his field diary 39 said that he reached Ujiji on 23 Oct, whereas S gained the impression, presumably from DL, that he had arrived on 16 October (S to NYH io Nov Bennett p 59). S in this same despatch said that the meeting took place 18 days later. Yet on ii Nov in S's large copy diary he says that he reached Ujiji 14 (corrected from 10) days after DL had reached it.
It is only safe to say that S either met DL on a day in late October, or during the first half of November 1871. I incline more towards S's chosen date of 1o November, than to DL's late October date. That is because S's natural inclination, as Livingstone's honorary son, would have been to support the older man's date.
ii HIFL 56o-i.
1z Bennett 96.
13 SD 11.11.1871-
14 HIFL 418.
15 Bennett 99.
16 Ibid. 95-6.
17 Ibid. 95•
18 HIFL 234-
19 HIFL 432; SD 16.11.1871-
zo SD 4.03.1872; SD 5.01.1870.
zi SD 11.11.1871; HIFL 424-
zz Bennett 95.
23 HIFL 416.
24 Bennett 96.
25 Ibid. 97.
z6 SD 16.11.1871.
27 SD 28.11.1871.
z8 DL to Agnes L 23.8.72 BL.
29 SD 8.01.1872.
3o DL to Agnes L 12.12.1871.
31 SD 14.11.1871.
32 Feb 1872 Brenthurst Library, 9 April 1872 Ter; Nov 1871 HIFL 616.
33 SD 5.01.1872.
34 LLJ ii 93•
35 HIFL 430.
36 Times 20.01.1863.
37 SD 6, 9 Jan 1872-
38 SD 21.02.1872.
39 SD 3-03.1872-
40 SD 28.11.1871-
41 SD 14-2-1872-
42 `A Memorial to Livingstone' Lecture 21-04.1894-
43 SD 4-03-1872-
44 SD 12.11.1871.
45 SD z8.oz.187z .
46 SD 22-11.1871-
47 SD 17-01.1872-
48 DL to Agnes L Feb 1872 BL.
49 DL to Agnes L 1.7.72 BL.
5o SD 27-01.1872-
51 SD 15.oz.1871.
5z SD 5-03.1872-
53 Ibid.
54 SD 24-02-1872-
55 SD 7-03.1872-
56 SD 24-02-1872-
57 SD 6-03.1872-
58 SD 13.11.1871-
59 SD 14.11.1871; quoted Hird 94-
6o SD13.o3.i872.
61 SD 14.03.1872.
62 Ibid.
63 S to DL 15.03.1871 NLS; quoted McLynn186-7.
64 DL to John L Dec 1872 Quentin Keynes; DL to Bates 20.2.72 NLS.
65 S to DL 20.03.1872 NLS.
66 S to Bennett 18.05.1872.
67 DL to Bennett Feb 1872 Brenthurst Library; DL to Bennett Nov 1871 HIFL 619.
68 Ibid.
69 SD 13-03.1872-
TEN: `Fame is Useless to Me'
i SD 10-07-1872-
2 HIFL 629; S to TGough Roberts 4 May 1869, Bath.
3 HIFL 661.
4 Hall 212.
5 SD 7-5.1872-
6 Daily Tel 25-07-1872-
7 SD 31.07.1872.
8 Livingstone's letters written pre Stanley's arrival show that he was already angry with Kirk, viz DL to Kirk 30.10.1871 HIFL 704-7, 710-13.
9 DL to Kirk 30 Oct in HIFL 704-6; Kirk to Granville 9.05.1872 HIFL 708-9; `A friend of Stanley' to Times 13.11.1872.
11o That is, DL to Waller 2-3 Nov 118711 Rhodes House; DL to Sir Roderick Murchison 113.03.11872 PRGSL Vol xvi 1871-2 434-
ii HIFL 675-
11z Edward King to S 114 Sept and 118 Oct 11872.
13 SD 29.07.1872.
14 S to Times 12,.11.1872-
15 Hotten 156-7. Hotten's reputation for scurrility and dishonesty, which had been enhanced by his recent pirating of books by Mark Twain, lent weight to Stanley's denunciations. Hotten had also published books about prostitution and aphrodisiacs. He modestly disclaimed authorship of Henry M. Stanley: The Story of his Life, attributing it to Cadwalader Rowlands, by deliberate implication a close relative of Stanley. This was actually a pseudonym for Hotten himself.
116 Long autobiographical letter from S to DS 1&11.1893-
17 SD 1.08.1872.
18 StoDS118.1111.11893.
19 SD 11.08.1872.
zo Deeds of Castle Arms courtesy Bob Owen.
zi SD 8.08.1872.
zz SD 11.08.11872.
23 SD 2.08.1872; Lord Granville to S 2.08.1872.
24 Bierman 1128.
25 Anstruther 143-
z6 PRGS xvi 241 Meeting 113.05.11872.
27 Rawlinson to S 6.08.1872.
z8 Waller had read in the Daily News (z Aug) a description of the Paris banquet, in which Stanley was quoted as saying that he `had a mission from Dr Livingstone to describe Dr Kirk as a traitor'. (Waller to S 5.08.11872 Rhodes House). After a long and acrimonious meeting with S at the Langham, Waller wrote an obsessive 118-page letter to DL attacking the journalist and excusing Kirk, his relation by marriage. Waller to DL 112.08.11872 Rhodes House, Oxford.
z9 Quoted Bierman 129.
3o Auto 289.
31 King to S 14-09.1872-
32 SD 116.o8.1187z.
33 McLynn i 215; Enigma 2,5, 116.
34 SD 11.08.1872.
35 J. B. Browne to ed Times 22.08.11872; Daily News J. C. Parkinson 119 Aug 72.
36 Anstruther 154 attr to DTel 27 Aug.
37 D. W. Forrest Francis Galton 11974, 11118-119; Markham to Stanley 5 and 112 Sept 11872; Forrest 11119-zo.
38 Marston to S 28.09.1872.
39 Enigma is6.
4o Anstrutruther 11611.
41 HIFL 398-9.
42 Ibid. 9-110.
43 A typical example: James Greenwood The Wild Man at Home, or Pictures of Life in Savage Lands, 1871, Chapters: Savage Pastime, Savage Storytellers, Savage Adornment, Abominable Chinook Customs etc.; even in 1896 R. Baden-Powell, The Downfall of Prempeh, is full of examples.
44 Quoted McLynn i zzz.
45 S to Rawlinson 2.09.1872.
46 See A. Z. Fraser Livingstone and Newstead, 1913, 193-202 for reaction of Webb family to S.
47 Agnes L to S 3.08.1872.
48 Morien to Wellcome 24.08.1904 RGS Box 4 13/1-2-
49 SD 7.08.1872.
5o King to S 18.10.1872.
51 SD zi Sep, i Oct 1872-
5z Auto z88.
53 S to Markham 5.10.1872 RGS; Markham to S 8.10.1872. Lieutenant W. J. Grandy R. N. would fail to get any further up the Congo than the first cataracts.
54 Quoted Hall zz5.
55 Cameron to S 25.10.18'72.
56 S to Edward Levy 13.08.1876, Bennett 465.
ELEVEN: A Destiny Resumed
, Bierman 137; Seitz 299-300-
z NYH 4.12.1872.
3 Anstruther 174-
4 Noe NYSun 16, z9 Aug 1872-
5 SD 1.oz.1873•
6 F. Anderson to S zz.09.1873 -
7 Louis J. Jennings ed New York Times to S 9.01.1873.
8 S to Marston 28.08.1873•
9 My Kalulu, 1873.
io Hall 233-
i, A. Z. Fraser zoo-ii.
iz Kalulu to S n.d.
13 Hall 234.
14 H. M. Stanley Comassie and Magdala, 1874, 167, 230-1.
115 S employed Swinburne as his secretary on the Congo in 1879-
16 Christ's Hospital Archives.
117 London Street Directories. Census etc.
18 Fanny Swinburne to S 27.12.1873.
19 A. B. Swinburne to S 4-01.1874-
zo Christie's catalogue Sep zooz Swinburne pictures in album; Swinburne to S 4.01.1874.
21 Helly 113-
zz S to Agnes L 18.03.1874 Quentin Keynes Collection.
23 Helly io8-ii.
24 S to Agnes L 28.01.1878 RP 4900 BL.
; z5 SD z5.oz.11874. Ink very dark as in re-written diaries, and no hesitancies or corrections; the sentiment is very late imperial and 1189os.
z6 Auto 295, and SD z5.oz.11874.
27 DL to S n.d. 11873 Lake Bangweulu; Emilia Webb to S 11.04.11874•
z8 Jeal370.
z9 PRGSL 445 vol xviii 1873-4-
3o Agnes L to S 17-04-1874-
311 Jeal376-7.
3z NYH 7.4.11874.
33 E. Arnold to S n.d. but Mar/Apr 11874.
34 Hird 1129-30; Auto 298.
TWELVE: Love and the Longest journey
i TDCiz.
z SD 13-05.1874-
3 SD 116-05-11874-
4 SD 117-05.1874-
5 SD 113.06.11874.
6 SD 8 and 1111 Jul 11874.
7 Marriage Pledge 112.07.11874.
8 SD 117.07.11874.
9 SD 18-07-11874-
110 TDC i 5.
1111 Ibid.
11z Bennett 483; House of Commons 1871 xiii (ii) Report from the Select Committee on the Slave Trade (East Africa). The Committee had concluded in its report that the trade could only be ended by a new treaty with the Sultan of Zanzibar and increased naval patrols, but in the wake of the debate the government went further. By the time Sir Bartle Frere left Britain, in early November 11872, to negotiate with the Sultan, the British government had instructed him to achieve the `complete suppression of this cruel & destructive traffic'. The government authorized Dr Kirk, who took over from Frere, to tell Sultan Barghash that his refusal to sign would be met by the immediate blockade of his island by the Royal Navy. Barghash capitulated and the treaty conceding the end of the seaborne trade was signed on 5 Jun 1873 (R. W. Beachey The Slave Trade of Eastern Africa 1109, 1112-13). The toughening of attitude in British ruling circles had coincided with the three months Stanley spent in Britain championing `saintly' Dr Livingstone and his anti-slavery aims.
13 Paul E. Lovejoy Transformations in Slavery, 1983, 224-5•
114 TDC i facing 37.
115 S to AP 114.08.11875.
116 TDC i 47.
17 Hall 311-2.
118 NYH z6.o7.11874.
s9 TDC i 83.
zo S to AP 4.03.11875; S to F. Lafontaine 211.05.11875; S & N 46.
211 S & N z5; Muster List naming 227 is No 6993 Tervuren register. So to reach his claimed total of 356, might he have recruited 1128 more followers in Bagamoyo within the space of four days (he left for the interior on the 27th)? Not according to his despatch to the New York Herald, dated iz Dec. Although devoting two paragraphs to his time in Bagamoyo, no mention is made of recruiting porters - a topic he had been obsessed with at Bagamoyo before the Livingstone expedition (S to NYH 112.112.11874, Bennett 1189). One difficulty in trying to calculate his numbers is that his statement that there were 36 women and 11o boys at the outset seems to have been about double their true number, since he later asserted that only four women died, and in mid-journey gives the number of survivors as 116 - and in a list named 14 as having returned safely to Zanzibar at journey's end (TDC i 8z; TDC ii 193, picture facing ii 480, ii 513 list).
