126. RL, No. 3 (1922), 179.
127. Fedorov’s note to Martynov in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 160; Benckendorff, Last Days, 46–47.
128. A. D. Gradovskii, Sobrante sochinenii, VII (St. Petersburg, 1901), 158–62.
129. Nabokov, Provisional Government, 49.
130. Accounts by Guchkov in Padenie, VI, 263–66, and Basily, Diplomat, 127–31; Shulgin, Dni, 265–83. See also Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 163–71.
131. Ruzskii in Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 138.
132. Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 169–71; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 167–70.
133. Basily, Diplomat, 128; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 169.
134. Guchkov to Basily, in Basily, Diplomat, 128.
135. Smilg-Benario, Zusammenbruch, Table 36. Text also in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 173–74.
136. Basily, Diplomat, 129–30.
137. Both documents in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 174.
138. Benckendorff, Last Days, 17.
139. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 174–75; Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 158–60.
140. Miliukov’s recollections of the meeting with Michael can be found in his Istorila Vtoroi Russkoi Revoliutsii I, Pt. 1 (Sofia, 1921), 54–55, and Guchkov’s in Basily, Diplomat, 143–45 Shulgin’s recollections are in Dni, 295–306.
141. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 226.
142. Ibid, 227.
143. Basily, Diplomat, 144.
144. ARR, VI (1922), 62.
145. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 181; Shulgin, Dni, 302–3.
146. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 233–34; facsimile of original: Smilg-Benario, Zusammenbruch, Table 37.
147. A copy can be found at Houghton Library, Harvard, under the shelf mark +56–909.
148. Kerensky in SZ, No. 50 (1932), 409.
149. Ibid.,
150. Above, p. 298.
151. Revoliutsiia, I, 73.
152. Nabokov, Provisional Government, 61–62.
153. J. Godechot, Les Institutions de la France sous la Révolution et l’Empire (Paris, 1951), 89–91; G. Lefebvre, La Révolution (Paris, 1957), 165–67.
154. Nabokov, Provisional Government, 83.
155. Revoliutsiia, I, 82.
156. Nabokov, Provisional Government, 135.
157. M. N. Tsapenko, ed., Vserossiiskoe Soveshchanie Sovetov Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov: Stenograficheskii Otchët (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 38.
158. I. G. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia o Fevral’skoi Revoliutsii, I (Paris-The Hague, 1963), 97.
159. Ibid., 107–08.
160. Revoliutsiia, I, 114.
161. Nalivaiskii, Petrogradskii Sovet, 9.
162. Ibid., 10.
163. Revoliutsiia, I, 64.
164. Ibid., 72.
165. Ibid., 80.
166. Ibid., 71–72.
167. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 1, 74.
168. Nalivaiskii, Petrogradskii Sovet, 118.
169. Ibid., 61–62.
170. Tokarev, Petrogradskii Sovet, 145–46.
171. Protocols of the Consultation in Tsapenko, Vserossiiskoe Soveshchanie; cf. Revoliutsiia, I, 162–63.
172. Tokarev, Petrogradskii Sovet, 148–52.
173. Its legislative output is assembled in the three-volume collection edited by Alexander Kerensky and Robert Browder, The Russian Provisional Government (Stanford, Cal., 1961).
174. R. Wojna, Walka o ziemie w Rosji w 1917 roku (Wroclaw, 1977), 79.
175. Revoliutsiia, I, 96.
176. K. G. Kotelnikov and V. L. Meller, eds., Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie v 1917 godu (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927).
177. John L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution (London, 1976), 162–63.
178. Revoliutsiia, I, 84–85.
179. Tsentral’noe Statisticheskoe Upravlenie, Otdel Voennoi Statistiki, Rossiia v Mirovoi Voine 1914–1918 goda (v tsifrakh) (Moscow, 1925), 26.
180. Nabokov, Provisional Government, 135.
181. M. V. Vishniak, Vserossiiskoe Uchreditel’noe Sobranie (Paris, 1932), 73.
182. Sukhanov, Zapiski, II, 140.
183. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, I, 40.
184. Marc Ferro in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, 143–57, esp. 151.
185. Tokarev, Petrogradskii Sovet, 145.
186. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 57.
187. L. Bazylow, Obalenie caratu (Warsaw, 1976), 376n.
188. Izvestiia, No. 15 (March 15/28, 1917), 1.
189. V. S. Vasiukov, Vneshniaia politika Vremennogo Pravitel’stva (Moscow, 1966), 87–88.
190. Text in Revoliutsiia, I, 195–96.
191. Miliukov, Vospominaniia, II, 345–46.
192. Revoliutsiia, I, 30–52, passim.
193. W. H. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921, I (New York, 1935), 85.
194. This development, the subject of my Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–23, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), will be treated at length in my forthcoming Russia under the New Regime.
195 V. V. Rozanov, Apokalipsis nashego vremeni (Berlin-Paris, 1917), 5. Written in 1917–18.
196. Denikin, Ocherki, I, Pt. 1, 54. This document remains unpublished.
197. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 54; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 187–89.
198. G. Buchanan, My Mission to Russia, II (Boston, 1923), 104.
199. Public Record Office, London, FO 371–3008, p. 1, Reel 22, Doc. 196482.
200. Revoliutsiia, I, 73–74, 76; Nalivaiskii, Petrogradskii Sovet, 29–30.
201. RL, No. 3 (1922), 96–97.
202. Ibid., 97–98.
203. KA, No. 20 (1927), 138. Description in Dembovskii, RL, No. 3 (1922), 87–88: here the event is mistakenly dated March 6.
204. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 194.
205. Benckendorff, Last Days, 30–31.
206. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 67.
207. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 196–97.
208. Ibid., 197.
209. Reproduced in ibid., 200–1.
210. Kerensky, Catastrophe, 264–69; KA, No. 20 (1927), 140.
211. See, e.g., articles by Miliukov and “Dioneo” in PN, No. 4099 (June 12, 1932), 2.
212. Kenneth Rose, King George V (London, 1983), 211–14.
213. Public Record Office, London, FO 800–383, p. 32, April 7, 1917 (March 25 OS).
214. S. P. Melgunov, Sud’ba Imperatora Nikolaia II posle otrecheniia (Paris, 1951), 175.
215. Kerensky, Catastrophe, in.
216. Rozanov, Apokalipsis, 6.
217. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, I, 124; Revoliutsiia, II, 74.
Chapter 9
1.
Institut Marksizma-Leninizma,
Khronologicheskii ukazatel’ proizvedenii V. I. Lenina
, I (Moscow, 1959), 1–8.
2.
Institut MELS,
Vospominaniia rodnykh o V. I. Lenine
(Moscow, 1955), 85.
3.
On this, see Nikolai Valentinov,
The Early Years of Lenin
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1969), 111–12.
4.
A. I. Ulianova-Elizarova in Institut Marksizma-Leninizma,
Vospominaniia o Vladimire Il’iche Lenine
I (Moscow, 1956) 13.
5.
Molodaia gvardiia
, No. 1 (1924), 89.
6.
A. I. Ulianova-Elizarova in
Aleksandr Il’ich Ulianov i delo 1 marta 1887 g
. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 97, and V. Alekseev and A. Shver in
Sem’ia Ulianovykh v Simbirske, 1896–1897
(Leningrad, 1925), 48–51.
7.
V. Vodovozov in
NChS
, XII (1925), 175.
8.
Valentinov,
Early Years
, 111–38 and 189–215, based on conversations with Lenin.
9.
SR
, XII, No. 36 (1934), 592–93.
10. K. Marx and F. Engels, Werke, XXXIV (Berlin, 1966), 47
7.
11. This subject is treated at length in my Struve: Liberal on the Left, 1870–1905 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 28–51.
12. Richard Pipes in Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 32.
13. Ulianova-Elizarova in Vospominaniia rodnykh, 29.
14. Marx and Engels, Werke, XXII, 509–27.
15. On this usage, see my article in SR, XXIII, No. 3 (1964), 441–58.
16. Lenin, PSS, I, 105; LS, XXXIII, 16.
17. Lenin, PSS, I, 312.
18. Karl Radek in Rabochaia Moskva, No. 92/656 (April 22, 1924).
19. A. N. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik proizvedenii (Paris, 1937), 294; R. H. B. Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent (London, 1935), 237; Angelica Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1964), 123.
20. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik, 301.
21. Robert Michels, Political Parties (Glencoe, 111., 1949), 227n.
22. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik, 300.
23. L. Trotskii, O Lenine (Moscow, 1924), 6–7.
24. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 23.
25. N. [L.] Trotskii, Nashi politicheskie zadachi (Geneva, 1904), 96.
26. Nina Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), 77.
27. M. Gorkii, Vladimir Il’ich Lenin (Leningrad, 1924), 9; NZh, No. 177 (November 10, 1917), cited in H. Ermolaev, ed., Maxim Gorky, Untimely Thoughts (New York, 1968), 89.
28. V. Vodovozov in NChS, XII, 176–77.
29. Gorkii, Lenin, 10; M. Gorki, Lenine et le Paysan Russe (Paris, 1924), 96.
30. La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 8 (August 1923), 206.
31. B. D. Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution (New York, 1948), 219–20.
32. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik, 296–97.
33. SR, XII, No. 36 (1934), 593.
34. Gorki, Lenine et le Paysan Russe, 64.
35. Ibid, 83–84.
36. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 346.
37. La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 9 (September 1923), 459.
38. Gorki, Lenine et le Paysan Russe, 16–17.
39. K. Marx, Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, J. O’Malley, ed. (Cambridge, 1970), 133.
40. Lenin, PSS, XV, 296–97.
41. N. K. Takhtarev in Byloe, No. 24 (1924), 22.
42. Lenin’s first St. Petersburg period (1893–97) is recounted in my Social-Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement (Cambridge, Mass., 1963).
43. Perepiska G. V. Plekhanova i P. B. Aksel’roda, I (Moscow, 1925), 271.
44. Lenin, PSS, I, 279–80, and II, 433–70.
45. Ibid, II, 84.
46. Karl Radek in Rabochaia Moskva, No. 92/656 (April 22, 1924).
47. Lenin, PSS, II, 104; emphasis supplied.
48. Ibid., 84, 101–2; emphasis supplied.
49. Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 223–26.
50. Ibid., 227–32.
51. Lenin, PSS, IV, 193–94.
52. Ibid., 373.
53. The background of these negotiations is described in my Struve: Liberal on the Left, 260–70.
54. Ibid., 276.
55. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 40.
56. On this, see V. A. Tvardovskaia in IZ, No. 67 (1960), 103–44; S. S. Volk, Narodnaia volia (Moscow-Leningrad, 1966), 250–77; and F. Venturi, Roots of Revolution (New York, 1960), 650–53.
57. Volk, Narodnaia volia, 254–55.
58. Lenin, PSS, VIII, 384–85.
59. Volk, Narodnaia volia, 203–12.
60. Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New York, 1960), 49.
61. Ibid., 58–59.
62. Ibid., 61.
63. Trotskii, Nashi politicheskie zadachi, 93.
64. Lenin, PSS, VIII, 370.
65. Letter to Karl Kautsky, June 1904, cited in A. Ascher, Pavel Axelrod and the Development of Menshevism (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 211.
66. L. Martov, Spasiteli ili uprazdniteli? (Paris, 1911), 3.
67. Z. A. B. Zeman and W. B. Scharlau, The Merchant of Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus) (London, 1965), 76.
68. LS, V (1926), 456–59.
69. On this, see Oskar Anweiler, The Soviets (New York, 1974), 76–86.
70. N. Mendeleev in NZh, No. 6 (November 2, 1905), 5.
71. Anweiler, Soviets, 84–85.
72. N. K. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine, I (Moscow-Leningrad, 1930), 120.
73. Schapiro, Communist Party, 86, 105.
74. The information which follows is drawn largely from D. Lane’s The Roots of Russian Communism (Assen, Holland, 1969).
75. Schapiro, Communist Party, 101.
76. Lane, Roots, 21.
77. Ibid, 44–45.
78. Ibid., 210.
79. On the early manifestations of this attitude, see my Social-Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement, passim.
80. L. M[art]ov in OD, III, Book 5, 572.
81. Anweiler, Soviets, 278n.
82. M[art]ov, OD, III, Book 5, 570.
83. Ibid., 571.
84. Schapiro, Communist Party, 76.
85. See below, p. 719.
86. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine, I, 107–9.
87. John L. H. Keep, The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia (Oxford, 1963), 194–95.
88. Lenin, PSS, XVII, 31–32.
89. Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–23 (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 31–33.
90. Lenin, PSS, II, 452.
91. Pipes, Formation, 35–49.
92. Wolfe, Three, 261; Schapiro, Communist Party, 88.
93. Keep, Social Democracy, 181–82, 205.
94. M. N. Liadov [M. N. Mandelshtam] and S. M. Pozner, eds., Leonid Borisovich Krasin (“Nikitich”): Gody podpol’ia (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), 142.
95. Martov, Spasiteli ili uprazdniteli?, 22–23; B Bibineishvili, Kamo (Moscow, 1934). 142n.–143n.
96. David Shub, Lenin (Garden City, N.Y., 1948), 101–2; Pis’ma Akselroda i Martova (Berlin, 1924), 184.
97. Martov, Spasiteli, passim.
98. Ibid., 18.
99. On him, see Liadov and Pozner, Krasin, and M. Glenny in SS, No. 22 (1970), 192–221.
100. Liadov and Pozner, Krasin, 236–39 and passim.
101. Shub, Lenin, 104–5,
102. Wolfe, Three, 379; T. Aleksinskii in La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 9 (September 1923), 456–57.
103. On this, see S. Shesternin in SB, No. 5/8 (1933), 155–56; N. K. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine (Moscow, 1932), 141–42, and Dietrich Geyer, Kautskys Russisches Dossier (Frankfurt-New York, 1981), 18–25.
104. Geyer, Kautskys Russisches Dossier, 24.
105. La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 9 (September 1923), 448.
106. Padenie, I, 315. On him, see R. C. Elwood, Roman Malinovsky (Newtonville, Mass., 1977).
107. Lenin, PSS, XLVIII, 140 and 133.
108. Shub, Lenin, 117.
109. M. A. Tsiavlovskii, Bol’sheviki: Dokumenty po istorii bol’shevizma’s 1903 po 1916 god byvsh. Moskovskogo Okhrannogo Otdeleniia (Moscow, 1918), xiii.
110. V. Burtsev in Struggling Russia, I, No. 9–10 (1919), 139.
111. A. I. Spiridovich, Istorila Bol’shevizma v Rossii (Paris, 1922), 260.
112. Burtsev, Struggling Russia, 139.
113. Tsiavlovskii, Bol’sheviki, xiv. See, for example, his speech of December 7, 1912, in Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie Otch’ty, Sozyv IV, Sessiia I, Zasedanie 8 (St. Petersburg, 1913). 313–27.
114. Padenie, III, 281, 286; Spiridovich, Istorila Bol’shevizma, 258; Burtsev in Padenie, I, 316. A police instruction to this effect from the winter of 1916–17: B. Ia. Nalivaiskii, ed., Petrogradskii Sovet Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov: Protokoly Zasedanii Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta i Biuro Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925), 312–13.
115. Spiridovich, Istoriia Bol’shevizma, 231.
116. On this organization and its activities, see Zeman and Scharlau, Merchant, 132–36.
117. T. Hornykiewicz, e
d., Ereignisse in der Ukraine, 1914–1922, I (Philadelphia, 1966), 183.
118. Unpublished document in the Central Party Archive, summarized in Lenin, Khronika, III, 269.
119. LS, II (1924), 180.
120. Unpublished document in the Central Party Archive, summarized in Lenin, Khronika, III, 273. On these events, see Ganetskii in LS, II (1924), 173–87, and Krupskaia, Vospominaniia, 212–16.
121. O. G. Gankin, The Bolsheviks and the World War (Stanford, Calif., 1940), 54–55.
122. Ibid., 59.
123. Lenin, PSS, XLVIII, 155.
124. Ibid., XXVI, 1–7.
125. Ibid., XLIX, 15.
126. Dispatch of January 1915, in Z. A. B. Zeman, ed., Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918 (London, 1958), 1–2.
127. On Parvus’s encounter with Lenin, see Zeman and Scharlau, Merchant, 157–59.
128. Ibid, 158–59.
129. Zeman, Germany, 11–13; A. Shliapnikov, Kanun semnadtsatogo goda, 3rd ed., Pt. 1 (Moscow, n.d.), 154.
130. As asserted by J. Braunthal, History of the International, II (New York-Washington, 1967), 47.
131. Gankin, The Bolsheviks, 329–33.
132. Ibid., 333–37. 347–49.
133. Ibid., 422; emphasis in the original.
134. Ibid., 426–27; emphasis in the original.
135. Ibid., 461.
136. On his Swiss period, see Shub, Lenin, 143–53.
137. G. A. Solomon, Lenin i ego sem ’ia (Paris, 1931), 78.
138. Bertram D. Wolfe, Strange Communists Whom I Have Known (New York, 1965), 138–64; Angelica Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1964), 14.
139. A. Shliapnikov, Kanun semnadtsatogo goda, 3rd ed., Pt. 2, (Moscow, [1923?], 37–44.
140. Lenin, PSS, XXX, 328.
Chapter 10
1.
M. Bronskii in
PR
, No. 4/27 (1924), 30–39.
2.
Neue Zürcher Zeitung
, No. 458 (March 15, 1917), 2; Lenin,
PSS
, XLIX, 398–99.
3.
Ibid
., 399.
4.
Ibid.
, XXXI, 491.
5.
W. Hahlweg,
Lenins Rückkehr nach Russland, 1917
(Leiden, 1957), 15–16; Lenin,
PSS
, XLIX, 406; G. E. Zinoviev,
God revoliutsii
, II (Leningrad, 1926), 503.
6.
Lenin,
PSS
, XXXI, 7.
7.
A. Shliapnikov,
Semnadtsatyi god
, 2nd ed., I (Moscow, n.d.), 99; E. N. Burdzhalov in
VI
, No. 4 (1956), 39n.
The Russian Revolution Page 137
