The Russian Revolution
Page 142
86. A. Kaktyn in NKh, No. 4 (1919), 16–19.
87. Vainshtein in NKh, No. 5–6 (1920), 54–55.
88. Gurovich in ARR, VI (1922), 315–16.
89. Trotsky, Arbeit, 11–13; Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 380–81.
90. G. K. Guins, Sibir’, Soiuzniki i Kolchak, II (Peking, 1921), 429.
91. Examples in Carr, Bolshevik Revolution, II, 186.
92. Drobizhev, Glavnyi shtab, 121.
93. E.g., G. Krumin in EZh, No. 230 (October 15, 1919), 1.
94. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 163–64.
95. Ibid., 190.
96. Lenin, PSS, XLIV, 326.
97. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 153–54.
98. Ibid., 154–55.
99. Ibid., 155.
100. EZh, No. 215 (September 28, 1920), 1, and No. 219 (October 2, 1920), 1.
101. S. Strumilin, in EZh, No. 225 (October 9, 1920), 2.
102. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 184–85.
103. Vosmoi S”ezd RKP (b), 407.
104. On them, Scheibert, Lenin, 254–62.
105. Dekrety, IV, 491–508.
106. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 113.
107. Ibid., 220.
108. Ibid., 141.
109. Dekrety, XII, 10–12; Dekrety. XI, 43–45; SUiR, 1921, No. 6, art. 47, cited in Carr, Bolshevik Revolution, II, 260; Malle, War Communism, 181–82.
110. Pollock, Planwirtschaftlichen Versuche, 70–71.
111. E. Gan in Izvestiia, No. 243 (October 30, 1920), 1. Cf. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 133.
112. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 140.
113. A. Lositskii in EZh, No. in (May 25, 1920), 1.
114. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 139.
115. A. Goldschmidt, Moskau 1920 (Berlin, 1920), 30, 87–88.
116. V. Beliaev, Ispoved’ komissara (New York, 1921), 8–10.
117. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 140.
118. EZh, No. 36 (February 18, 1920), 1.
119. Carr, Bolshevik Revolution, II, 244.
120. L. Trotskii, Sochineniia, XII (Moscow, n.d.), 128–29.
121. Deviatyi S”ezd RKP (b), 91.
122. Tretii Vserossiiskii S”ezd ProfessionaVnykh Soiuzov: Stenograficheskiie Otchët, Pt. 1 (Moscow, 1921), 87–88.
123. Ibid., 89.
124. Odinadtsatyi S”ezd RKP (b), 37–38.
125. Ibid. 103–4.
126. Kommunisticheskaia Partiia Sovetskogo Soiuza v Rezoliutsiakh i Resheniiakh S”ezdov, Konferentsii, Plenumov TsK, 7th ed., I (Moscow, 1953), 351.
127. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 193.
128. Vtoroi Vserossiiskii S”ezd Sovetov Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), 165.
129. Dekrety, I, 226.
130. Ibid. 322; based on Lenin’s draft, ibid. 316.
131. Ibid., Ill, 461–63.
132. Izvestiia, No. 279/126 (December 11, 1920), 2.
133. M. Dewar, Labour Policy in the USSR, 1917–1928 (New York, 1956), 174–99.
134. Trotskii, Sochineniia, XV (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 126.
135. Liberman, Building, 19.
136. L. Trotskii, Kak vooruzhalas’ revoliutsiia, II, Pt. 2 (Moscow, 1924), 33–36.
137. Cited in Carr, Bolshevik Revolution, II, 210.
138. Dewar, Labour Policy, 213.
139. Liberman, Building, 73.
140. Trotskii, Sochineniia, XII, 160.
141. Dekrety, I, 77–85; Malle, War Communism, 93.
142. M. Brinton, The Bolsheviks and Worker’s Control: 1917 to 1921 (London, 1970), 16.
143. Ibid., 18.
144. Pervyi Vserossiiskii S”ezd ProfessionaVnykh Soiuzov 7–17 Ianvariia 1918 g. (Moscow, 1918).
145. Vtoroi Vserossiiskii S”ezd ProfessionaVnykh Soiuzov Pt. I (Moscow, 1921), 97.
146. Ibid.
147. Trotskii, Kak vooruzhalas’, II, Pt. 2, 78.
148. P. A. Garvi, ProfessionaVnye soiuzy v Rossii v pervye gody revoliutsii (New York, 1958), 46.
149. Iu. Milonov, PutevoditeV po rezoliutsiiam Vserossiiskikh S”ezdov i Konferentsii ProfessionaVnykh Soiuzov (Moscow, 1924), 61.
150. Pervyi Vserossiiskii S”ezd ProfessionaVnykh Soiuzov, 367.
151. J. Sorenson, The Life and Death of Soviet Trade Unionism: 1917–28 (New York, 1969), 37–38.
152. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 165, 186.
153. Pravda, No. 30 (February 11, 1921), 1. Also Larin in EZh, No. 173 (August 7, 1920), 1.
154. G. Krumin in EZh, No. 118 (June 3, 1920), 1.
Chapter 16
1.
Das Kapital
, I, Chap. 15, Sec. 10. On this subject, see D. Mitrany,
Marx Against the Peasant
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1951).
2.
H. Willets in L. Schapiro and P. Reddaway, eds.,
Lenin: The Man, the Theorist, the Leader
(London, 1967), 212.
3.
“Agrarnyi vopros i sotsial’naia demokratiia v Rossii,” in
Doklad delegatsii Russkikh Sotsial-Demokratov na mezhdunarodnom sotsialisticheskom kongresse v Londone v 1896 godu
(Geneva, 1896). Written by P. B. Struve.
4.
Lenin,
PSS
, VI, 310.
5.
Ibid
. 347–48.
6.
E.g.,
ibid
. XXXVII, 352–64.
7.
N. Orlov cited by V. V. Kabanov in
IZ
, No. 82 (1968), 28.
8.
Pravda
, No. 240 (November 5,1918), 2. Further on this subject: V. V. Kabanov,
KrestHanskoe khoziaistvo v usloviiakh “Voennogo Kommunizma
,” (Moscow, 1988), 22–32.
9.
A.T. in
Svoboda Rossii
, No. 26 (May 16, 1918), 6.
10. Iu. A. Poliakov in Istoriia sovetskogo krestHanstva i kolkhoznogo stroitel’stva v SSSR (Moscow, 1963), 16.
11. Ibid., 16; Dorothy Atkinson, The End of the Russian Land Commune, 1905–1930 (Stanford, Calif., 1983), 178–80.
12. V. P. Danilov, Pereraspredelenie zemel’nogo fonda Rossii (Moscow, 1979), 283–87, cited in Kabanov, KrestHanskoe khoziaistvo, 49.
13. la. Bliakher in Vestnik statistiki, XIII, No. 1–3 (1923), 138.
14. Ibid. 146–47.
15. V. R. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 1 (1965), 100.
16. O zemle: sbornik statei, I (1921), 9.
17. la. Piletskii in NZh, No. 18/232 (January 25/February 7, 1918), 1.
18. A. M. Anfimov, in VI, No. 1 (1955), 111–12.
19. Kabanov, KrestHanskoe khoziaistvo, 50–51.
20. Ibid., 52–53.
21. BSE, L, 359.
22. I. V. Nazarov in NZh, No. 50/265 (March 24, 1918), 1.
23. A. M. Anfimov and I. F. Makarov in ISSSR, No. 1 (1974), 85.
24. D. Thorniley, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Rural Communist Party, 1927–1939 (Birmingham, 1988), 10.
25. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 1 (1965), 100.
26. Ibid. 102.
27. Dekrety, I, 410.
28. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 1 (1965), 100.
29. Atkinson, Russian Commune, 185.
30. V. R. Gerasimiuk, Nachalo sotsialisticheskoi revoliutsii v derevne (Moscow, 1958), 73; emphasis supplied.
31. Kabanov, KrestHanskoe khoziaistvo, 182.
32. See above, pp. 697–98.
33. NZh, No. 12/226 (January 18/31, 1918), 1.
34. Ibid.
35. NZh, No. 25/239 (February 15, 1918), 4.
36. NZh, No. 100/315 (May 26, 1918), 1.
37. B. Brutzkus in Quellen und Studien, N.F., No. 2 (Berlin, 1925), 160, cited in Friedrich Pollock, Die Planwirtschaftlichen Versuche in der Sowjetunion, 1917–1927 (Leipzig, 1929), 71.
38. Poliakov in Istoriia sovetskogo krest’ianstva, 38.
39. Dekrety, I, 406; NZh, No. 82/297 (May 3, 1918), 4.
4
0. ND, No. 1 (February 1/14, 1918), 1.
41. E.g., NZh, No. 41/256 (March 14, 1918), 4.
42. Reprinted in NZh, No. 39/254 (March 10, 1918), 4.
43. NZh, No. 79/294 (April 28, 1918), 4.
44. N. Orlov, Deviai’ mesiatsev prodovol’stvennoi raboty sovetskoi vlasti (Moscow, 1918), 44–45. I owe this reference to Mr. Leonid Heretz.
45. NZh, No. 98/313 (May 24, 1918), 3.
46. LS, XVIII, 81. 10.
47. Orlov, Deviai’ mesiatsev, 82.
48. SV, No. 4 (March 18, 1921), 4.
49. Tsiurupa in Piatyi VserossiiskiiS”ezdSovetov: Stenograficheskii Otchët (Moscow, 1918), 140–41.
50. Dekrety, I, 459–60; cf. LS, XVIII, 78–79.
51. E.g., Dekrety, I, 502.
52. NZh, No. 29/243 (February 20, 1918), 1.
53. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXIII, 542.
54. Dekrety, II, 48–50.
55. LS, XVIII, 92.
56. NZh, No. 99/314 (May 25, 1918), 1.
57. Protokoly zasedanii Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta 4-go Sozyva (Moscow, 1920), 294.
58. Cited in NZh, No. 71/286 (April 19, 1918), 1.
59. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 1870–1905 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 129–30.
60. A. L. Okninskii, Dva goda sredi kresfian (Riga, [1936]), 93.
61. On this subject, see C. Frierson, From Narod to Kulak: Peasant Images in Russia, 1870 to 1885, Ph.D. Dissertation, 1985, Harvard University.
62. Lenin, PSS, XXXVIII, 197.
63. V. P. Antonov-Saratovskii, ed., Sovety v epokhu voennogo kommunizma, 1918–21, I (Moscow, 1928), 131.
64. NZh, No. 117/332 (June 19, 1918), 3.
65. E.g., Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 354–55.
66. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 40.
67. Ibid. III, 62, and XVI, 205.
68. Ibid. XXXVIII, 255.
69. F. Engels, “Prefatory Note to The Peasant War in Germany,” in K. Marx and F. Engels Selected Works, I (Moscow, 1962), 647.
70. Lenin, PSS, XXVII, 226.
71. V. P. Miliutin, Agrarnaia politika SSSR (Moscow-Leningrad, 1929), 106.
72. Ibid.
73. Dekrety, II, 264–66; LS, XVIII, 82–88.
74. LS, XVIII, 82.
75. E.g., NZh, No. 71/286 (April 19, 1918), 4.
76. John L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution (London, 1976), 424.
77. Dekrety, II, 298–301.
78. NZh, No. 99 (May 25, 1918), 4, and No. 102/317 (May 29, 1918), 3.
79. Ibid., No. 104/319 (May 31, 1918), 1.
80. NZh, No. 105/320 (June 1, 1918), 1.
81. Lenin, Khronika, VI, 313, 369, 507, 542. See EZh, No. 17 (November 27, 1918), 1–2, for a description of the type of person who enrolled in these detachments.
82. Dekrety, II, 387.
83. See, e.g., speech by Tsiurupa in Piatyi S”ezd Sovetov, 144.
84. Dekrety, III, 178–80.
85. LS, XVIII, 93–94.
86. NZh, No. 112/327 (June 9, 1918), 3.
87. Atkinson, Russian Commune, 191–93.
88. Teodor Shanin, The Awkward Class (Oxford, 1972), 147.
89. NV, No. 97/121 (June 20, 1918), 4.
90. V. Kerzhentsev in Izvestiia, No. 15/567 (January 22, 1919), 1.
91. M. la. Latsis, Dva goda bor’by na vnutrennem fronte (Moscow, 1920), 75.
92. L. M. Spirin, Klassy i partii v grazhdanskoi voine v Rossii, 1917–1920 gg. (Moscow, 1968), 185.
93. Ocherki istorii Cheliabinskoi Oblastnoi partiinoi organizatsii (Cheliabinsk, 1967), 94.
94. Additional information: Okninskii, Dva goda, 128–51; NZh, No. 71/286 (April 19, 1918), 4; Gerasimiuk, Nachalo, 84–85; L. G. Sytov, ed., Penzenskaia organizatsiia KPSS v gody grazhdanskoi voiny (Penza, 1960), 87–99; LS, XVIII, 202–5; Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 151.
95. M. Frenkin, Tragediia kres’ianskikh vosstanii ([Jerusalem, 1987]), 79, 85–88. 48.
96. Lenin, PSS, L, 126–27.
97. LS, XVIII, 145.
98. Ibid., 146.
99. Ibid., 203.
100. Dekrety, III, 178–80.
101. LS, XVIII, 146.
102. Keep, Russian Revolution, 462.
103. Lenin, PSS, XXXIX, 407.
104. Dekrety, III, 224–26.
105. Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 54–56.
106. Kamkov in Piatyi S”ezd Sovetov, 75.
107. Dekrety, II, 295, 416–20.
108. Protokoly … VTsIK 4-ogo Sozyva, 398–419.
109. V. R. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 4 (1960), 122, 125.
110. V. N. Averev, ed., Komitety bednoty: sbornik materialov, I (Moscow-Leningrad, 1933), 120.
111. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 4 (1960), 122.
112. Averev, Komitety bednoty, I, 183.
113. E. G. Gimpel’son, Sovety v gody intervenisii i grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow, 1968), 68.
114. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 181.
115. Dekrety, III, 540–41.
116. Ibid., IV, 112–19.
117. Cf. Gimpel’son, Sovety, passim.
118. Ibid., 49.
119. Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 264, 405.
120. Gimpel’son, Sovety, 54.
121. Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 129.
122. Ibid., 439; also 264, 435.
123. L. N. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 155.
124. Bertrand Russell, Bolshevism: Practice and Theory (New York, 1920), 37.
125. J. M. Meijer in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 268.
126. LS, XVIII, 143–44.
127. E.g., speech of December 11, 1918, in Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 361.
128. RM, No. 9/12 (1923–24), 200.
129. Kabanov, Krest’ianskoe khoziaistvo, 202.
130. Shanin, Awkward Class, 164–69.
131. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 354; emphasis supplied.
Chapter 17
1.
Sverdlov addressing the Central Executive Committee (CEC) on May 9, 1918, in
Protokoly zasedanii Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitelnogo Komiteta 4-go Sozyva
(Moscow, 1920), 240.
2.
NV
, No. 63/87 (April 2, 1918), 3.
3.
Simon Liberman,
Building Lenin’s Russia
(Chicago, 1945), 56–57.
4.
George Buchanan to A. Balfour, September 8, 1917, Public Record Office (London), F.O. 371/3015.
5.
Lenin,
Khronika
, V, 165–66.
6.
NZh
, No. 43/258 (March 16, 1918), 1.
7.
NZh
, No. 51/266 (March 26, 1918), 3;
NV
, No. 73/97 (April 4, 1918), 3.
8.
Lenin,
PSS
, XXI, 17.
9.
NS
, No. 1 (April 13, 1918), 2;
NV
, No. 73/97 (April 14, 1918), 3.
10. NVCh, No. 65 (April 22, 1918), 1.
11. A. D. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 187.
12. G. Lefebvre, The French Revolution (New York, 1962), 270.
13. P. M. Bykov, “Poslednie dni poslednego tsaria,” in N. I. Nikolaev, ed., Rabochaia revoliutsiia na Urale (Ekaterinburg, 1921), 7.
14. P. M. Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh (Sverdlovsk, 1926), 89, 307–8; P. Bulygin, The Murder of the Romanovs (London, 1935), 203–5; N. A. Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i (Paris, 1925), 42–43; S. P. Melgunov, Sud’ba Imperatora Nikolaia II posle otrecheniia (Paris, 1951), 276–79.
15. I. Koretskii in PR, No. 4 (1922), 13.
16. P. Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court (New York, 1921), 257–58; Melgunov, Sud’ba, 250–58.
17. Protokoly VTsIK 4-go sozyva (Moscow, 1920), 240–41; cf. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 89, and G. Ioffe in Sovetskaia Rossiia, No. 161/9, 412 (July 1
2, 1987), 4.
18. G. Z. Ioffe, Krakh rossiiskoi monarkhicheskoi kontrrevoliutsii (Moscow, 1977), 148–57; also Ural, No. 7 (1988), 147–50.
19. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 90.
20. Ibid, 91.
21. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 44.
22. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 191.
23. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 45.
24. Iakovlev in Izvestiia, No. 96/360 (May 16, 1918), 2.
25. Kobylinskii in Robert Wilton, The Last Days of the Romanovs (London, 1920), 206.
26. Iakovlev in Izvestiia, No. 96/360 (May 16, 1918), 2.
27. Gilliard, Thirteen Years, 260–63.
28. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 99.
29. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 190, 193; Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 10.
30. Isaac Don Levine, Eyewitness to History (New York, 1963), 130.
31. M. K. Kasvinov, Dvadsat’ tri stupeni v niz (Moscow, 1978), 454–55.
32. Iakovlev in RL, No. 1 (1921), 152.
33. Ibid.
34. Sokolov Archive, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Box 67, pp. 212–13.
35. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 97; this is confirmed by the tapes of the conversation between Iakovlev and Sverdlov as summarized by Ioffe in Sovetskaia Rossiia, No. 161/9,412 (July 12, 1987), 4; Iakovlev in Ural, No. 7 (1988), 162.
36. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 195–96.
37. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 98.
38. Ibid. 100.
39. Iakovlev in Izvestiia, No. 96/360 (May 16, 1918), 2.
40. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 64–65; Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 52.
41. Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 12.
42. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 199–200.
43. Ibid. 197.
44. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 124.
45. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 203.
46. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 129, 131.
47. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 203; Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 15.
48. S. S. Bekhteev, Pesni russkoi skorbi i slëz, I, (Munich, 1923), 18; Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 282. The above translation is from Bulygin, Murder, 25–26, with one minor change,
49. Trotsky’s Diary, entry for April 9, 1935, in Trotsky Archive, Houghton Library, Harvard University, bMS/Russ 13, T-3731, p. III.
50. On Grand Duke Michael: O. Poutianine, in Revue des Deux Mondes, XVIII (November 1, 1923), 56–78, and XVIII (November 15, 1923), 290–310; G.B. in Rul’, No. 2472 (January 13, 1929), 5.
51. Poutianine in Revue, 309–10, based on an account of Michael’s valet as told to a Swiss acquaintance; see also Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 265–66.
52. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 121; Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 266.
53. Melgunov, Sud’ba, 388.
54. NZh, No. 120/335 (June 22, 1918); 3; NV, No. 96/120 (June 19,1918), 2; NVCh, No. 93 (June 19, 1918), 1. For reports abroad, see New York Times, July 1, 1918, 5, and The Times, July 3, 1918, 6.