by Cyril Mango
Abu Bakr 123
Achaia, Latin principality 250, 254
Adelchis (Lombard king) 170
Adrianople:
and aristocracy 199
and Ottoman threat 268, 269
recovery (1225) 254
Adrianople, battle (378) 36, 66
Aelius Aristides 223, 287–8
Agapetos, Mirror of Princes 14, 245
Agathias Scholastikos 62–3
Aghlabids, attacks by 171
agora see market place
agriculture:
Dark Ages 150
Late Antique 88–9, 92
of late empire 262, 267
medieval 9, 196, 197, 199
monastic 209–11
of Nicaean empire 253
Alans 36, 38
missions to 231–2, 236, 240, 243
Alaric (Visigothic leader) 37, 38
Albania (Caucasian) and Heraclius 56
Albania and Ottoman Turks 279
Alexander II 202
Alexander, bishop of Alexandria 104–5
Alexander of Nicaea 216
Alexandria:
baths 75
Persian capture (619) 55, 142
plan 64
shrine of St Menas 117, 118, 118
Alexiad 206
Alexios I Komnenos 159, 191, 204
and Latin West 190–2
and Patmos monastery 210
and Pechenegs 183
and Seljuk Turks 12, 185, 187, 187
Alexios II Komnenos 193, 205, 206
Alexios III Angelos Komnenos 193, 196, 206, 253
Alexios IV 206
Alexios V Doukas ‘Mourtzouphlos’ 206
Alexios Apokaukos (High Admiral) 265, 265
Alexios Komnenos 251
Alexios Philanthropenos (general) 261
Alexios (pretender) 196
Alexios Strategopoulos 254
Alp Arslan (Seljuk leader) 184–5
Amadeo VI of Savoy 269, 271
Amalfi, and trade 70, 192, 197, 198, 295
Ambrose of Milan, St 5, 118, 207
Amida, Persian attacks on 28, 42
Ammianus Marcellinus 5
and Constantius II 27, 28
and Julian the Apostate 29–31
Amorium, plan 200
amphorae, transport 163–5, 164
ampullae 116–17, 116, 117–18, 118
amulets, magical 109, 111
Anastasios (priest) 243
Anastasius I 42, 46, 47, 164
Anastasius II 137–8
Anatolia:
and Arab attacks 131, 134, 136, 137–8, 141, 149
Byzantine control 142, 185, 198
and late Byzantine state 250, 260–3
and Latin empire 250, 253, 254
and Ottoman Turks 261–2, 268–9
and Persian advances 53, 55, 56–7, 58
and Seljuk Turks 185, 187, 197, 253
and taxation 258 see also Nicaea, Empire
Anatolic Theme 131, 134, 138, 200
Ancyra, Persian capture (623) 55 see also Ankara
Andrew I of Hungary, and monasteries 240–1
Andrew of Crete 214
Androna (Syria), baths 94
Andronikos I Komnenos 193, 195, 205–6
Andronikos II 255, 256, 258–60
and the Church 260
and dynastic conflict 262
and Ilkhanids 261–2
and Ottoman Turks 260–2
and revival of learning 286
and Serbia 260, 262
Andronikos III 255
and Ottoman Turks 262–3
and Serbia 263
and succession 265, 268
Andronikos IV 270–2
Andronikos Palaiologos, Kallimachos and Chrysorrhoi 301–2
Anemurium 8
Angevins 257–8, 300
Ani kingdom 180
Anicia Juliana, princess 225
Anjar (Lebanon) 127
Ankara, Temple of Rome and Augustus 108
Ankara, battle (1402) 270, 274
Anna Dalassena (mother of Alexios I) 206
Anna Komnena, Alexiad 206
Anna of Savoy (mother of John V) 265–7
Anthemius, Western emperor 39–40
Anthony the Great, St 209
Anthony (Russian monk) 241
Antioch 198
as crusader principality 187, 190, 191, 193
as frontier capital 23, 27, 28, 30, 142
hippodrome 81
Persian sack (260) 23
Persian sack (540) 47, 88
plan 64
population 69
Apamea (Syria) 76, 88
aristocratic mansions 87
churches and cathedral 87
colonnaded street 85, 87
mosaics 86, 97
plan 84, 85–6
shops and workshops 163
Aphrodisias:
and provincial governor 25, 84
stadium 83
temple 83
apocalypticism, 7th-century 55, 58
Apollonius of Citium 223
aqueducts 68, 70, 76
Ara Pacis (Rome) reliefs 3, 3
Arabia:
and rise of Islam 58, 121–3, 125
and trade 125
Arabic 126, 128, 169
Arabs:
Byzantine attitudes towards 121
in Byzantine population 11, 196
civil wars 126, 131, 133, 135–6
and Constans II 131–3
and Constantine IV 134, 135
and Constantine V 141
culture 125–6
in Egypt 58, 129, 131
and Greek literary tradition 214
and Justinian II 136
and Leo IV 141–2
and Persia 123, 129, 131
siege of Constantinople (717–18) 10, 128, 137–8, 140
and Tiberius III 137
in Transjordan and Syria 59
tribes 121, 123–4, 126 see also Ghassanids; Islam; Lakhmids
Arbogast (army commander) 34
Arcadius, Eastern emperor 32, 34, 35
historiated column 35, 65, 283
archaeology 8–9, 142–3, 163, 240
architecture 173, 226, 248, 299, 302
Ardashir (Sasanian ruler) 23
Ardashir (son of Kavad-Shiroe) 57
Areobindus 167
Arethas of Patras, Archbishop of Caesarea 221, 221, 223, 224, 226
Arianism 79, 103–6, 161
aristocracy:
houses 87
and imperial kinship 205–6
and Julian the Apostate 30
and Justinian 42, 45, 49–51
and Justinian II 136
medieval 182, 198–201
of service 24, 38–9, 61, 71–2
Aristotle, Aristotelianism 12, 293, 295
Armenia:
Arab attacks 131, 135, 136, 137, 142
Byzantine control 135, 136, 193, 198
and Monophysitism 106
and Monothelitism 134, 137
under Persians 55
Seljuk attacks on 184
Armeniac Theme 131, 133, 134, 138
Armenians, in Byzantine population 11–12, 150, 187, 196
army, Byzantine:
and choice of emperor 131, 147, 185, 202
and Iconoclasm 158
and imperial revenues 39, 51, 55, 131, 136, 147, 149–50
and Justinian II 136
land grants to 132–3, 140, 144–5, 147
medieval 179
and mercenaries 251, 261, 263, 267
and Pecheneg raids 183
revolt against Maurice 53
seventh-century organisation 55, 131–3
size 143, 144–5
see also strategoi; tagmata; themes
army, Roman:
and appointment of emperors 20, 23, 26, 32–4
and barbarian attacks 37–9
and control of provinces 24
&nbs
p; defeat by Visigoths (378) 36
and Honorius 36–7
and Julian the Apostate 30–1
and maritime activity 197
size 24
Arsenios, patriarch 254, 255
art: of Byzantine revival 226–7, 248
Franco-Greek 302
and Iconoclasm 162
pagan 111–13
and status 60 see also ivory
Artavasdos (Count of Opsician Theme) 139, 140
asceticism 109–10, 117, 206, 209, 213
and Byzantine mission 239, 240–1, 246
Asia Minor: and Arab attacks 12, 58–9, 171, 197
and aristocracy 199–201
churches 158
and cities 88
and Persian attacks 58
and Seljuk Turks 10, 184–7, 190, 197
astronomy 288–9, 288, 291
Ataulf (Visigothic leader) 38
Athanasios, St 213
Athanasios, patriarch of Alexandria 209
Athanasius bar Gumaye 126
Athenagoras 224
Athens 8
Avar and Slav attacks 51
Parthenon 111–13
philosophical schools 84
temples 73, 84
Athens and Thebes, Latin duchy 250–1, 261
Atropatene 55, 57
Attila the Hun 39, 40
Augustine of Hippo, St 5, 289
Augustus, emperor, and foundation of Constantinople 1–2, 3
Auzépy, M.-F. 159
Avars:
attack on Constantinople (626) 10, 56–7, 280
in Balkans 47–9, 51, 55
defeat by Charlemagne 170
Aydın beylik 262, 263, 267
Baghdad, as Abbasid capital 171, 179, 180, 214–15, 235
Baldwin I of Constantinople (count of Flanders) 250, 256
Baldwin II of Constantinople 256, 257, 258
Balkans 11, 142, 180, 197
and Avars 47–9, 51, 55, 57
and Bulgars 10, 138, 141, 172–5
and Byzantine missions 231–2, 233–7, 239–40, 244
as centre of Byzantine state 196, 255
and Constans I 26
and Cumans 10, 183–4, 185
and Huns 40
and Justinian 46
and late Byzantine state 255, 260–1
and Normans 190
and Ostrogoths 40
and Ottoman Turks 270, 279–80
and Slavs 51, 57–8, 231, 235
and Visigoths 36–7, 38
Bapheus, battle (1302) 261
barbarians:
conversion 231–5
and Justinian 46
as Scyths 184
as threat to Roman empire 22–3, 27–8, 32, 36–40, 66
see also Alans; Avars; Goths; Huns; Sueves; Vandals; Visigoths
Bardas, Caesar 216
Bardas Phokas 202
Bardas Skleros 202
Bari:
growth 198
Norman capture 189, 295
Barletta, colossus of 39
Bashshar ibn Burd 126
Basil I 203
and Bulgaria 230, 231, 234, 239
and church building 66, 70
and law 222
and ‘Macedonian’ dynasty 7, 11, 15, 202, 226
Basil II 180, 181, 206
and aristocracy 199
and conquest of Bulgaria 174, 176, 180, 238
and conquest of Sicily 180
and Fatimid caliphate 180
and Franks 179
and textile industry 168
and usurpers 202
Basil ‘the Great’ of Caesarea, St 103, 209, 287
baths:
Alexandria 75
costs 71
Ephesus 76, 79, 81
reduction in size 148
rural 92, 94, 110
Sardis 83
Bayezid I ‘Thunderbolt’ 270, 272–4
Belisarius 4, 60
Benevento, battle (1266) 257
Bessarion of Trebizond 293
Bethlehem:
Holy Nativity Church 25, 115
monastery of St Jerome 211
Bible, manuscripts 217–18, 218, 223, 224, 227
bishops:
and iconoclasm 153, 161
jurisdiction 148
and local administration 72, 110
Bithynia:
and Michael VIII Palaiologos 255–6
and Ottoman Turks 262, 263
see also Nicaea, Empire
Black Sea 66, 197–8, 243, 294
and Pechenegs 183
and Venetians 251
Boaz Kesen castle 286
Bohemond (Norman) 190–2
Boniface, marquis of Monteferrat 250
Book of the Prefect 163, 166, 168
book production 215, 217–18
Boris II of Bulgaria 176
Boris (Michael), Khan 239–40
conversion to Christianity 172–3, 175, 231, 232, 233, 236–7
and literature 239
and Photius 235
Boucicaut, Marshal 274
boulloterion 63, 63
bourgeoisie, emergence 12
brass, trade in 165, 166, 166
Britain, and Western empire 32, 34, 38
bronze, trade in 165–6, 166
bubonic plague 49, 69, 125, 148, 149, 265, 267
Buchthal, Hugo 303
Bulgaria:
as challenge to Byzantium 175–6, 180, 262
conversion to Christianity 172–5, 183, 231–2, 232, 233–7, 239–40
and Epiros 254
and Ottoman Turks 270
secession from empire 249
Bulgars 10
and Constantine V 141, 172
and Leo III 138
and Nikephoros I 172, 185, 201
as threat 134–5, 137, 142
Volga 236
bulla 60
bureaucracy:
centralized 4, 24, 61–2, 179, 198–9
contraction 147–8
and education 215
uniform 62–3
Bursa, Muradiye Camii 276
Byzantion, Greek colony 1
Byzantium:
Arab attacks 128, 129–50
end of 5
and ethnic diversity 11, 196, 284
and Europe 5–6
fragmentation of empire 10
historical sources 6–9, 142–3
history of usage 2
and immutability 9–10, 142–3
and longevity 10
and Rome 1–4, 169, 257 see also Constantinople; Late Antiquity; Roman empire, Eastern
Byzantium, Dark Age 70, 129–50
and coinage 8
and literature 149, 214
social change in 142–50
territorial gains and losses 138, 140, 141, 142, 144–5, 169
towns 145, 148
villages 149
see also Iconoclasm
Byzantium, late 248–83
as Balkan state 255
civil wars 263–8
decay of state 263–70
and Frankish states 250–1, 253
and Ottoman Turks 248, 251, 261–3, 265, 267–70
and Palaiologan reconstruction 254–63
and rebellion and autonomy 273–6
and recovery of Constantinople 253, 254
and Seljuk Turks 260–1
and territorial losses 260–3
and vassalage to Ottomans 270–3, 276, 277–83
see also Epiros, Despotate; Nicaea, Empire
Byzantium, medieval 169–208
and Abbasid caliphate 170–1, 176
and aristocracy 198–201
and Bulgars 172–6
and Church and State 172, 179, 206–8
and cities 8–9
civil wars 176, 185
and coastline 196–7
and crusader states 193–5
and emperors and dynasties 202–6
and empresses 205–6
/>
and Fatimid caliphate 180
and Franks 170–2, 176–80, 189, 233
and legacy of the past 179–80
and Normans 2, 189–92
and Pechenegs 182–3
and revival of learning 214–29
and Seljuk Turks 184–5
territorial gains and losses 169, 176, 180–2, 185–7, 192–3, 196–7
and Türkmen 184–7
and villages 9
Byzantium, Roman see Roman empire, Eastern
‘caesaropapism’ 14
canon law 14, 154–5, 207
Cappadocia, Armenian settlers 12
Carabisian Theme 132, 136, 137, 139
Carolingian Renaissance 214–15
Carolingians:
and Irene 170
and papacy 169
as threat to Byzantium 170–1, 176–9, 197
Carthage, Arab capture (697) 136
Catalan Grand Company 251, 261
celibacy, clerical 2, 14
Celsus (polemicist) 99
ernomen, battle (1371) 269
Chalcedon, Council (451) 40–2, 49, 142
chancery, and education 215
Charlemagne:
and Abbasid caliphate 170–1, 176
and coinage 226, 226
and Italy 169–70
succession to 176–9
tomb 168, 168
Charles VI of France 274
Charles of Anjou 257, 258
Cherson (Crimea) 8, 198
harbour 242
liturgical bowls 242
and monasticism 240, 241–3
Chios:
Byzantine reconquest 263
and Latin empire 250
Nea Moni monastery 213
Ottoman conquest (1566) 294
Choricius, surviving manuscripts 224
Christianity:
adoption 2, 4, 21–2, 73, 96
and city life 73, 76, 78, 83
and Constantine 21–2, 24–5, 96, 98–9, 103, 111
and cult of the saints 106–9
and demons 100–1
development and spread 98–9, 231–2
and healing 113
and literary culture 102–3, 224, 287
and paganism 32, 73, 293
as philosophy 99–100, 103–5, 111
as religio 97, 106
and religious tolerance 13, 31
as static 13–14, 111
see also Christology; Iconoclasm; Orthodoxy; theology
Christology:
and Chalcedonian definition 40–2, 49
and Iconoclasm 157
and Monophysitism 106
and Monothelitism 134
Christopher of Mitylene 12
Chronicle of the Morea 298, 300
Chronicle of Tocco 298
chrysobull 60, 210
Chrysopolis, battle (324) 22, 66
Church:
and education 12, 102–3, 111, 244
and Iconoclasm 153–4, 208
and schism 139, 140, 189, 190–1
union of East and West 15, 257–8, 260, 269, 271, 278–9, 278, 283
Church and State 14–15, 111, 206–8
and church building 24–5
and Constantine 24–6, 103–5, 230
and emperors as apostles 230–7, 243–4
and imperial revenues 55
and Julian the Apostate 29
and Justinian 42–5, 49
in medieval empire 172, 179, 206–8
