[2] τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν τῆς πόλεως. ἦν γὰρ Κύμη κατ᾽ ἐκείνους τοὺς χρόνους περιβόητος ἀνὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν ὅλην πλούτου τε καὶ δυνάμεως ἕνεκα καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθῶν γῆν τε κατέχουσα τῆς Καμπανῶν πεδιάδος τὴν πολυκαρποτάτην καὶ λιμένων κρατοῦσα τῶν περὶ Μισηνὸν ἐπικαιροτάτων. τούτοις ἐπιβουλεύσαντες τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς οἱ βάρβαροι στρατεύουσιν ἐπ᾽ αὐτήν, πεζοὶ μὲν οὐκ ἐλάττους πεντήκοντα μυριάδων, ἱππεῖς δὲ δυεῖν χιλιάδων ἀποδέοντες εἶναι δισμύριοι. ἐστρατοπεδευκόσι δ᾽ αὐτοῖς οὐ μακρὰν ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως τέρας γίνεται θαυμαστόν, οἷον ἐν οὐδενὶ χρόνῳ μνημονεύεται γενόμενον οὔθ᾽ Ἑλλάδος οὔτε βαρβάρου γῆς οὐδαμόθι.
[2] For Cumae was at that time celebrated throughout all Italy for its riches, power, and all the other advantages, as it possessed the most fertile part of the Campanian plain and was mistress of the most convenient havens round about Misenum. The barbarians, accordingly, forming designs upon these advantages, marched against this city with an army consisting of no less than 500,000 foot and 18,000 horse. While they lay encamped not far from the city, a remarkable prodigy appeared to them, the like of which is not recorded as ever having happened anywhere in either the Greek or the barbarian world.
[3] οἱ γὰρ παρὰ τὰ στρατόπεδα ῥέοντες αὐτῶν ποταμοί, Οὐολτοῦρνος ὄνομα θατέρῳ, τῷ δ᾽ ἑτέρῳ Γλάνις, ἀφέντες τὰς κατὰ φύσιν ὁδοὺς ἀνέστρεψαν τὰ νάματα καὶ μέχρι [p. 6] πολλοῦ διετέλεσαν ἀπὸ τῶν στομάτων ἀναχωροῦντες ἐπὶ τὰς πηγάς.
[3] The rivers, namely, which ran near their camp, one of which is called the Volturnus and the other the Glanis, abandoning their natural course, turned their streams backwards and for a long time continued to run up from their mouths toward their sources.
[4] τοῦτο καταμαθόντες οἱ Κυμαῖοι τότ᾽ ἐθάρρησαν ὁμόσε τοῖς βαρβάροις χωρεῖν ὡς τοῦ δαιμονίου ταπεινὰ μὲν τἀκείνων μετέωρα θήσοντος, ὑψηλὰ δὲ τὰ δοκοῦντα εἶναι σφῶν ταπεινά. νείμαντες δὲ τὴν ἐν ἀκμῇ δύναμιν ἅπασαν τριχῇ, μιᾷ μὲν τὴν πόλιν ἐφρούρουν, τῇ δ᾽ ἑτέρᾳ τὰς ναῦς εἶχον ἐν φυλακῇ, τῇ δὲ τρίτῃ πρὸ τοῦ τείχους ταξάμενοι τοὺς ἐπιόντας ἐδέχοντο. τούτων ἱππεῖς μὲν ἦσαν ἑξακόσιοι, πεζοὶ δὲ τετρακισχίλιοι καὶ πεντἀκόσιοι: καὶ οὕτως ὄντες τὸν ἀριθμὸν ὀλίγοι τὰς τοσαύτας ὑπέστησαν μυριάδας.
[4] The Cumaeans, being informed of this prodigy, were then at last encouraged to engage with the barbarians, in the assurance that Heaven designed to bring low the lofty eminence of their foes and to raise their own fortunes, which seemed at low ebb. And having divided all their youth into three bodies, with one of these they defended the city, with another they guarded their ships, and the third they drew up before the walls to await the enemy’s attack. These consisted of 600 horse and of 4500 foot. And though so few in number, they sustained the attack of so many myriads.
[1] ὡς δὲ κατέμαθον αὐτοὺς οἱ βάρβαροι μάχεσθαι παρεσκευασμένους, ἀλαλάξαντες ἐχώρουν ὁμόσε τὸν βάρβαρον τρόπον ἄνευ κόσμου πεζοί τε καὶ ἱππεῖς ἀναμὶξ ὡς ἅπαντας ἀναρπασόμενοι. ἦν δὲ τὸ πρὸ τῆς πόλεως χωρίον, ἐν ᾧ συνέμισγον ἀλλήλοις, αὐλὼν στενὸς ὄρεσι καὶ λίμναις περικλειόμενος, τῇ μὲν ἀρετῇ τῶν Κυμαίων σύμμαχος, τῷ δὲ πλήθει τῶν βαρβάρων πολέμιος.
[4.1] When the barbarians learned that they were ready to fight, they uttered their war-cry and came to close quarters, in the barbarian fashion, without any order, the horse and the foot intermingled, in the expectation of utterly annihilating them. The place before the city where they engaged was a narrow defile surrounded by mountains and lakes, a terrain favourable to the valour of the Cumaeans and unfavourable to the multitude of the barbarians.
[2] ἀνατρεπόμενοι γὰρ ὑπ᾽ ἀλλήλων καὶ συμπατούμενοι πολλαχῇ μὲν καὶ ἄλλῃ, μάλιστα δὲ περὶ τὰ τέλματα τῆς λίμνης, οὐδ᾽ εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθόντες τῇ φάλαγγι τῶν Ἑλλήνων αὐτοὶ δι᾽ αὑτῶν οἱ πλείους διεφθάρησαν: καὶ ὁ μὲν πεζὸς αὐτῶν στρατὸς ὁ πολὺς περὶ ἑαυτῷ σφαλείς, ἔργον δὲ γενναῖον οὐδὲν ἀποδειξάμενος, ἄλλος ἄλλῃ διασκεδασθεὶς ἔφυγεν: οἱ δ᾽ ἱππεῖς συνῆλθον μὲν ὁμόσε καὶ πολὺν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν οὗτοι παρέσχον [p. 7] πόνον. ἀδύνατοι δ᾽ ὄντες κυκλώσασθαι τοὺς πολεμίους διὰ στενοχωρίαν, καί τι καὶ τοῦ δαιμονίου κεραυνοῖς καὶ ὕδασι καὶ βρονταῖς συναγωνισαμένου τοῖς Ἕλλησι, δείσαντες εἰς φυγὴν τρέπονται.
[2] For they were knocked down and trampled upon by one another in many parts of the field, but particularly around that the marshy edges of the lake, so that the greater part of them were destroyed by their own forces without even engaging the battle-line of the Greeks. Thus their huge army of foot defeated itself, and without performing any brave action dispersed and fled in every direction. The horse, however, engaged and gave the Greeks great trouble; yet being unable to surround their enemies by reason of the narrow space, and Heaven also rendering the Greeks some assistance with lightning, rain and thunder, they were seized with fear and turned to flight.
[3] ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ μάχῃ πάντες μὲν οἱ τῶν Κυμαίων ἱππεῖς λαμπρῶς ἠγωνίσαντο, καὶ τῆς νίκης οὗτοι μάλιστα ὡμολογοῦντο αἴτιοι γενέσθαι, ὑπὲρ ἅπαντας δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους Ἀριστόδημος ὁ Μαλακὸς ἐπικαλούμενος: καὶ γὰρ τὸν ἡγεμόνα τῶν πολεμίων οὗτος ἀπέκτεινε μόνος ὑποστὰς καὶ ἄλλους πολλοὺς καὶ ἀγαθούς. λυθέντος δὲ τοῦ πολέμου τὰς χαριστηρίους θυσίας ἀποδόντες οἱ Κυμαῖοι τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ ταφὰς τῶν ἀποθανόντων τῶν ἐν τῇ μάχῃ λαμπρὰς ποιησάμενοι περὶ τῶν ἀριστείων, ὅτῳ χρὴ τὸν πρῶτον ἀποδοῦναι στέφανον, εἰς πολλὴν κατέστησαν ἔριν.
[3] In this action all the Cumaean horse fought brilliantly, and they were allowed to have been the chief cause of the victory; but Aristodemus, nicknamed Malacus, distinguished himself above all the rest, for he alone sustained the attack of the enemy and slew their general as well as many other brave men. When the war was at an end and the Cumaeans had offered sacrifices to the gods in thanksgiving for their victory and had given a splendid burial to those who had been slain in the battle, they fell into great strife concerning the prize for valour, disputing to whom they ought to award the first crown.
[4] οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀκέραιοι κριταὶ τὸν Ἀριστόδημον ἐβούλοντο τιμῆσαι, καὶ
ἦν ὁ δῆμος ἅπας μετ᾽ ἐκείνου: οἱ δὲ δυνατοὶ τὸν ἱππάρχην Ἱππομέδοντα, καὶ ἡ βουλὴ πᾶσα τούτῳ συνελάμβανεν: ἦν δ᾽ ἀριστοκρατικὴ τότε παρὰ τοῖς Κυμαίοις ἡ πολιτεία, καὶ ὁ δῆμος οὐ πολλῶν τινων κύριος. στάσεως δὲ διὰ ταύτην τὴν ἔριν ἀνισταμένης δείσαντες οἱ πρεσβύτεροι, μὴ πρὸς ὅπλα καὶ φόνους χωρήσῃ τὸ φιλότιμον, ἔπεισαν ἀμφοτέρας τὰς τάξεις συγχωρῆσαι τὰς ἴσας λαβεῖν τιμὰς ἑκάτερον τῶν ἀνδρῶν.
[4] For the impartial judges wished to bestow this honour upon Aristodemus, and the people were all on his side; but the men in power desired to confer it upon Hippomedon, the commander of the horse, and the whole senate championed his cause. The Cumaeans were at that time governed by an aristocracy, and the people were not in control of many matters. And when a sedition arose because of this strife, the older men, fearing that the rivalry might proceed to arms and bloodshed, prevailed on both parties to consent that each of the men should receive equal honours.
[5] ἀπὸ ταύτης γίνεται τῆς ἀρχῆς δήμου προστάτης ὁ Μαλακὸς Ἀριστόδημος καὶ λόγου πολιτικοῦ δύναμιν ἀσκήσας ἐξεδημαγώγει τὸ πλῆθος, πολιτεύμασί [p. 8] τε κεχαρισμένοις ἀναλαμβάνων καὶ τοὺς σφετεριζομένους τὰ κοινὰ τῶν δυνατῶν ἐξελέγχων καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ χρημάτων πολλοὺς τῶν πενήτων εὖ ποιῶν: καὶ ἦν τοῖς προεστηκόσι τῆς ἀριστοκρατίας διὰ ταῦτ᾽ ἐπαχθὴς καὶ φοβερός.
[5] From this beginning Aristodemus became a champion of the people, and having cultivated proficiency in political oratory, he seduced the mob by his harangues, improved their condition by popular measures, exposed the powerful men who were appropriating the public property, and relieved many of the poor with his own money. By this means he became both odious and formidable to the leading men of the aristocracy.
[1] εἰκοστῷ δ᾽ ὕστερον ἔτει τῆς πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους μάχης ἦλθον ὡς τοὺς Κυμαίους Ἀρικηνῶν πρέσβεις σὺν ἱκετηρίαις ἀξιοῦντες αὐτοὺς βοηθῆσαι σφίσιν ὑπὸ Τυρρηνῶν πολεμουμένοις. μετὰ γὰρ τὰς διαλλαγάς, ἃς ἐποιήσατο πρὸς τὴν Ῥωμαίων πόλιν ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Τυρρηνῶν Πορσίνας, τὸν υἱὸν Ἄρροντα δοὺς τὴν ἡμίσειαν τῆς στρατιᾶς ἔπεμψεν ἰδίαν ἀρχὴν κτήσασθαι βουλόμενον, ὡς ἐν τοῖς πρὸ τούτου δεδήλωκα λόγοις: ὃς ἐπολιόρκει τότε τοὺς Ἀρικηνοὺς καταπεφευγότας εἰς τὸ τεῖχος καὶ οὐ διὰ μακροῦ λιμῷ τὴν πόλιν αἱρήσειν ᾤετο.
[5.1] In the twentieth year after the engagement with the barbarians ambassadors from the Aricians came to the Cumaeans with the tokens of suppliants to beg their assistance against the Tyrrhenians who were making war upon them. For, as I related in an earlier book, Porsena, king of the Tyrrhenians, after making peace with Rome, had sent out his son Arruns with one half of the army when the youth desired to acquire a dominion for himself. Arruns, then, at the time in question was besieging the Aricians, whom he had forced to take refuge inside their walls, and he expected to capture the city soon by famine.
[2] ταύτης τῆς πρεσβείας ἀφικομένης οἱ προεστηκότες τῆς ἀριστοκρατίας μισοῦντες τὸν Ἀριστόδημον καὶ δεδιότες, μή τι κακὸν ἐξεργάσηται περὶ τὴν πολιτείαν, κάλλιστον ὑπέλαβον εἰληφέναι καιρὸν ἐκποδὼν αὐτὸν ποιήσασθαι σὺν εὐσχήμονι προφάσει. πείσαντες δὴ τὸν δῆμον ἀποστεῖλαι Ἀρικηνοῖς δισχιλίους ἄνδρας ἐπὶ συμμαχίαν, καὶ στρατηγὸν ἀποδείξαντες τὸν Ἀριστόδημον ὡς δὴ τὰ πολέμια λαμπρόν, τὰ μετὰ ταῦτ᾽ ἔπραττον, ἐξ ὧν ἢ κατακοπήσεσθαι μαχόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν Τυρρηνῶν αὐτὸν ὑπελάμβανον ἢ κατὰ πέλαγος διαφθαρήσεσθαι.
[2] When this embassy arrived, the leading men of the aristocracy, who hated Aristodemus and feared he might do some harm to the established government, thought they had got a very fine opportunity to get rid of him under a specious pretence. They accordingly persuaded the people to send two thousand men to the aid of the Aricians and appointed Aristodemus as general, ostensibly because of his brilliant military achievements; after which they took such measures as they supposed would result in his either being destroyed in battle by the Tyrrhenians or perishing at sea.
[3] γενόμενοι γὰρ ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς κύριοι καταλέξαι τοὺς ἐπὶ τὴν συμμαχίαν ἐξελευσομένους τῶν μὲν [p. 9] ἐπισήμων καὶ λόγου ἀξίων οὐδένα κατέγραψαν, ἐπιλέξαντες δὲ τοὺς ἀπορωτάτους τε καὶ πονηροτάτους τῶν δημοτικῶν, ἐξ ὧν ἀεί τινας ὑπώπτευον νεωτερισμούς, ἐκ τούτων συνεπλήρωσαν τὸν ἀπόστολον: καὶ ναῦς δέκα παλαιὰς κάκιστα πλεούσας καθελκύσαντες, ὧν ἐτριηράρχουν οἱ πενέστατοι Κυμαίων, εἰς ταύτας αὐτοὺς ἐνεβίβασαν θάνατον ἀπειλήσαντες, ἐάν τις ἀπολειφθῇ τῆς στρατείας.
[3] For being empowered by the senate to raise the forces that were to be sent as auxiliaries, they enrolled no men of distinction or reputation; but choosing out the poorest and the most unprincipled of the common people from whom they were under continual apprehension of some uprisings, they made up out of these the complement of men who were to be sent upon the exception. And launching ten old ships that were most unseaworthy and were commanded by the poorest of the Cumaeans, they embarked the forces on board these ships, threatening with death anyone who should fail to enlist.
[1] ὁ δ᾽ Ἀριστόδημος τοσοῦτον εἰπὼν μόνον, ὡς οὐ λέληθεν αὐτὸν ἡ διάνοια τῶν ἐχθρῶν, ὅτι λόγῳ μὲν ἐπὶ συμμαχίαν αὐτὸν ἀποστέλλουσιν, ἔργῳ δ᾽ εἰς προὖπτον ὄλεθρον, δέχεται μὲν τὴν στρατηγίαν, ἀναχθεὶς δ᾽ ἅμα τοῖς πρέσβεσι τῶν Ἀρικηνῶν διὰ ταχέων καὶ τὸ μεταξὺ πέλαγος ἐπιπόνως καὶ κινδυνωδῶς διανύσας ὁρμίζεται κατὰ τοὺς ἔγγιστα τῆς Ἀρικείας αἰγιαλούς: καὶ καταλιπὼν ἐν ταῖς ναυσὶ φυλακὴν ἀποχρῶσαν ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ νυκτὶ τὴν ἀπὸ θαλάσσης ὁδὸν οὐ πολλὴν οὖσαν διανύσας ἐπιφαίνεται τοῖς Ἀρικηνοῖς περὶ τὸν ὄρθρον ἀπροσδόκητος.
[6.1] Aristodemus, merely remarking that he was not ignorant of the purpose of his enemies, namely, that in word they were sending him to the assistance of the Aricians, but in fact to manifest destruction, accepted the command, and hastily setting sail with the ambassadors of the Aricians, and accomplishing the voyage over the intervening sea with great difficulty and danger, came to anchor at points along the coast nearest to Aricia. And leaving a sufficient number of men on board to guard the ships, on the first night he made the march, which was not a long one, from the sea to the city and appeared unexpected
ly to the inhabitants at dawn.
[2] θέμενος δὲ πλησίον αὐτῶν τὸν χάρακα καὶ τοὺς καταπεφευγότας εἰς τὰ τείχη πείσας προελθεῖν εἰς ὕπαιθρον προὐκαλεῖτο τοὺς Τυρρηνοὺς εὐθὺς εἰς μάχην. γενομένου δ᾽ ἐκ παρατάξεως ἀγῶνος καρτεροῦ οἱ μὲν Ἀρικηνοὶ βραχὺν πάνυ διαμείναντες χρόνον ἐνέκλιναν ἀθρόοι, καὶ γίνεται πάλιν εἰς τὸ τεῖχος αὐτῶν φυγή: ὁ δ᾽ Ἀριστόδημος σὺν τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν λογάσι Κυμαίων ὀλίγοις οὖσι πᾶν τὸ τοῦ πολέμου [p. 10] βάρος ὑποστὰς καὶ τὸν ἡγεμόνα τῶν Τυρρηνῶν αὐτοχειρίᾳ κτείνας τρέπει τοὺς ἄλλους εἰς φυγὴν καὶ
[2] Then, encamping near the city and persuading the citizens who had fled for refuge inside the walls to come out into the open, he promptly challenged the Tyrrhenians to battle. And a sharp engagement ensuing, the Aricians after a very short resistance all gave way and again fled inside the walls. But Aristodemus with a small body of chosen Cumaeans sustained the united shock of the enemy, and having slain the general of the Tyrrhenians with his own hand, put the rest to flight and gained the most glorious of all victories.
[3] νίκην ἀναιρεῖται πασῶν λαμπροτάτην. διαπραξάμενος δὲ ταῦτα καὶ τιμηθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀρικηνῶν πολλαῖς δωρεαῖς ἀπέπλει διὰ ταχέων αὐτὸς ἄγγελος τοῖς Κυμαίοις τῆς αὑτοῦ νίκης βουλόμενος γενέσθαι: εἵποντο δ᾽ αὐτῷ πολλαὶ πάνυ τῶν Ἀρικηνῶν ὁλκάδες τὰ λάφυρα καὶ τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους τῶν Τυρρηνῶν ἄγουσαι.
Delphi Complete Works of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Illustrated) (Delphi Ancient Classics Book 79) Page 579
