Grassby, R., English Merchant Capitalism in the Late Seventeenth Century (Past and Present, 1970)
Hacking, Ian, The Emergence of Probability (1975)
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Houghton, John, A Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade (1692–1703)
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Culture and Society
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Barker, Jane, Exilius or The Banish’d Roman (1715)
Barker, Jane, The Amours of Bosvil and Galesia (1715)
Barker, Jane, A Patchwork Screen for the Ladies (1723)
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Morality
By the King [James II] a Proclamation against Vice and Debauchery (1688)
Virtue’s Triumph at the Suppression of Vice (1688)
His Majesty’s Letter to the Lord Bishop of London (1690)
Antimoixeia, or the honest and joint-design of the Tower Hamlets for the general suppression of bawdy houses, as encouraged thereto by the public magistrates (1691)
Proceedings of the Middlesex Quarter Sessions, 10 July 1691 (1691)
By the King and Queen, a proclamation against vitious, debauched and profane persons ... given 21 January 1691/2 (1692)
Proposals for a National Reformation of Manners humbly offered to the consideration of our magistrates and clergy, to which is added, I. The instrument for reformation, II. An account of several murders &c and particularly a bloody slaughter-house discovered in Rosemary Lane by some of the Society for Reformation ... as also the Black Book containing the names and crimes of several hundred persons who have been prosecuted by the Society (1694)
The Immorality of the English Pulpit, as justly subjected to the notice of the English stage (1698)
Bahlman, Dudley, The Moral Revolution of 1688 (1957)
Claydon, Tony, William III and the Godly Revolution (1996)
Curtis, T. C. & Speck, W. A., The Societies for the Reformation of Manners (Literature and History, 1976)
Defoe, Daniel, The True-Born Englishman (1702)
Fowler, Edward, A Vindication of an Undertaking of Certain Gentlemen in order to the suppressing of debauchery and Profaneness (1692)
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and Country Politics in the Late Seventeenth-Century House of Commons (Past and Present, 1990)
Jeremy Collier, A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage (1698)
Lowther Clarke, W. K., A History of the SPCK (1959)
Patrick, Simon, A Letter of the Bishop of Ely [Simon Patrick] to his Clergy (1692)
Perkin, Harold, The Origins of Modern English Society (1969)
Sacheverell, Henry, The Political Union, a discourse shewing the dependance of Government on Religion in general (1702)
Stephens, Edward, The Beginning and Progress of a Needful and Hopeful Reformation in England (1691)
Woodward, Josiah, An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Religious Societies in the City of London etc. and of their Endeavours for Reformation of Manners (1712)
ENDNOTES
II‘Rebels And Traitors’
*In 1660 James married Anne Hyde, daughter of Charles II’s minister. She died in 1671. Her brothers, the Earls of Clarendon and Rochester, would both be involved in the politics of James II’s reign.
III‘A Favourite of the People’
*Stephen Towgood is, at least, the most likely author of the Axminster Book of Remembrance.
*‘Sober and pious men,’ Stephen Towgood called them.
IX‘The Mode of Living of the Chinezes’
*In fact, the first London coffee house had opened in 1652.
*It had been built by Joseph Georgirenes, Archbishop of Samos, for Greek refugees from the Ottomans, but the project ran out of funds.
*More properly (in English), An Embassy from the East-India Company of the United Provinces to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperor of China.
*He sent them on to Lambeth Palace, as well, but Archbishop Sancroft ‘would not ... eat or drink with an infidel’.
*Which leaked. It would be demolished in autumn 1688.
*Which survive in fragmentary, bowdlerised and disputed form. Most manuscripts or transcripts are lost. But the Rev. J S Clarke had access to them when he wrote his Life of James II in 1816, and indicated (albeit somewhat confusingly) which passages he had copied verbatim. It is these which are used here.
X‘All Engines Now at Work to Bring in Popery Amain’
*Some of the angels still survive in the Parish church of Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset.
XI‘The True Bounds Between the Church and the Commonwealth’
*The pocket-book found on Monmouth when he was arrested contained a recipe for invisible ink: ‘Take fine allum, beat it small and put a reasonable quantity of it into water, & then write with the said water. The work cannot be read but by steeping your paper into fair running water.’
XIII‘The Prince of Orange’s Opinion’
*In entering Dutch politics we also take on the Gregorian calendar. 15 August in Britain was 25 August in the rest of Europe.
*Torture was still legal north of the border.
XV‘A Total Reconstruction of all Human Knowledge’
*A corruption of S’Athina, at Athens.
*Science fiction was born at the same time as science: ‘It may be some ages hence a voyage to the Southern unknown tracts, yea possibly the Moon, will not be more strange than one to America. To them that come after us, it may be as ordinary to buy a pair of wings to fly into remotest regions; as now a pair of boots to ride a journey. And to confer at the distance of the Indies by sympathetic conveyances, may be as usual to future times, as to us in a literary correspondence.’
*An episode which provides almost the sole evidence for Newton’s sense of humour, the other incident occurring when an acquaintance asked what was the point of reading Euclid ‘upon which Sir Isaac was very merry’.
*No relation.
‡Newton’s interest in alchemy (a subject on which his unpublished writings dwarfed his ‘conventional’ output) has perhaps caused too much recent excitement. Alchemists’ ‘success has been as small as their design was extravagant’ was Thomas Sprat’s wry comment, but plenty of the new men were attracted by it. Even John Locke would correspond with Newton about the philosopher’s stone. For virtuosi, alchemy seemed a ready-made path to escape the tyranny of the schools. Paracelsus, after all, had been among the first to challenge the orthodoxy of ancient medicine; he was sometimes called the Luther of medicine. Perhaps, too, alchemy showed a yearning for a single body of knowledge which would link everything, when modern advances were revealing an ever larger, ever more complex world. What Newton’s sulphurous experiments certainly reveal is that the rise of modern science was a more crooked road than we sometimes allow.
XVI‘Annus Mirabilis Tertius’
*Originally the libel was merely scandalous. The King’s later decision to call it ‘seditious’ opened up the possibility of a charge of High Treason.
‡The Bishops themselves do not seem to have been particularly perturbed. Sir John Reresby, who passed them on their way down to the river steps, thought ‘they all looked very cheerfully, and the Bishop of Chichester called to me, asking how I did’.
*Mary of Modena had undergone many unsuccessful pregnancies.
XVII‘To Come and Rescue the Nation’
*It was no longer easy to leave England. When Danby asked for a passport for his son, the King replied ‘with some heat, Provided it be not into Holland, for I will suffer nobody to go thither!’
XVIII‘Among Speculators’
*As did the ways traders would spend their fortunes: ‘cards, dice, wine, banquets, gifts, ladies, carriages, splendid clothing, and other luxuries’.
XX‘Wonderful Expectation of the Dutch Fleet’
*As usual in this crisis, there were two sides to every story. Dartmouth’s friend Philip Frowde wrote to tell him that ‘As my Lord Chancellor came into the City he was huzza’d in the streets as his coaches came along, and in the Guildhall, all which I saw.’
*He was. His next master was the Prince of Orange.
XXI‘A Vast Body of Men in a Strange Language’
*‘Changes in the upper air circulation had resulted in a southward shift of the latitudinal paths followed by cyclonic disturbances, and had increased the frequency of blocking high pressure systems over Europe. The more southerly paths of the storms and the increasing meridional component of the surface airflows altered the weather, and more particularly the strength, direction and persistence of winds with which the navigator in European waters had to contend.’ (J L Anderson, Climatic Change, Sea-Power and Historical Discontinuity, The Great Circle 5)
‡English Julian Calendar dates will generally be used from now on.
*And Pepys, when his first anger had subsided.
*One probably apocryphal tale had a short-sighted Catholic gentleman in Torbay mistake the Dutch fleet for French and celebrate the arrival of a Catholic army with Te Deums.
*On d’Avaux’s count. The ambassador almost certainly baulked at telling his master quite how many Frenchmen were ready to take up arms in a hostile cause. William’s chief engineer, Cambon, was a Huguenot, as were three of his aides de camp and Goulon, his chief bombardier.
XXII‘THE MISERIES OF A WAR’
*Cornbury had generally been a disappointment to his father, however, having married a poor girl without permission.
*Although it may as well not have bothered. ‘The last two Gazettes’, wrote one newswriter to his client, ‘give such slender accounts of the present current of affairs that ... I was unwilling to put you to the charge of postage.’
XXIII‘It Looks Like a Revolution’
*Churchill might have been planning a still greater coup. ‘Under pretence of showing his Majesty the outguards of his army’, Sir John Reresby was told, he would have ‘led him into a train, where he had certainly been betrayed into the hands of a party of the Prince’s army, but that an immoderate bleeding at the nose prevented his going.’
XXIV‘Out of the Reach of my Enemies’
*Shortly afterwards the hapless Edward Poulson, master of the Speedwell, found himself inveigled into the Antel
ope tavern in Poole, imprisoned and robbed, while a Williamite took command of his ship.
*A horse Ailesbury had given him.
XXV‘Vengeance, Justice’
*The Prince of Orange took as many as possible of the disbanded soldiers into his own pay. One group found itself ‘volunteered’ to go and fight the Turks in the army of the Emperor Leopold and was next heard of fighting in Hungary.
*‘I know my dear heart,’ wrote Dartmouth’s wife Barbara, ‘this juncture of time is very amazing to everybody throughout this nation and must be so pertickerlery to you upon all accounts ... I hope dear you will be so wise to your self and family as to do what becomes a resonable man who I am sure is left in the most deplorable condition of any subject or servant whatsoever.’
XXVI‘I Thought a King to be a Brave Thing’
*The Old Kent Road.
XXVII‘A Foreign Enemy in the Kingdom’
*Someone at Faversham remembered the moment when ‘news came that the P. of O. did not approve of the King’s being stopped, which made several of them that were concerned very blank, and wish they had never meddled’.
II‘An Occasion of Amending the Government’
*Locke’s friend, a radical Whig.
*Leaving aside Roger Morrice’s sexist objection that under a sole Queen ‘we are then subject to femin[in]e humours, capriccios, which were so many in Queen Elizabeth, that she made her wise counsel slaves and their lives burthens’.
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