Mollat, G. The Popes at Avignon, 1305–1378 (New York, Harper Torchbooks; originally published by Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1963).
Moorman, John. A History of the Franciscan Order from Its Origins to the Year 1517 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1968).
Muir, Dorothy. A History of Milan Under the Visconti (London, Methuen & Co., 1924).
Newton, Stella Mary. “Tomaso da Modena, Simone Martini, Hungarians and St. Martin in Fourteenth-Century Italy,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, vol. 43 (1980), pp. 234–238.
Nicol, Donald M. The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453. 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
Norwich, John Julius. Byzantium: The Decline and Fall (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996).
O’Callaghan, Joseph. F. A History of Medieval Spain (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1975).
Ormrod, W. M. The Reign of Edward III (Charleston, Tempus Publishing, 2000).
Panache, Madame. Historical Life of Joanna of Sicily, Queen of Naples and Countess of Provence with Correlative Details of the Literature and Manners of Italy and Provence in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. 2 vols. (London, Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1824).
Park, Katharine. Doctors and Medicine in Early Renaissance Florence (Princeton University Press, 1985).
Parsons, John Carmi, editor. Medieval Queenship (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1993, 1998).
Pastor, Ludwig. The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 1. Edited by Frederick Ignatius Antrobus (St. Louis, B. Herder, 1902).
Pennington, Kenneth. Popes, Canonists and Texts, 1150–1550 (Great Britain, Variorum, 1993).
Percy, William. “Review of La politica napoletana di Urbano VI by Salvatore Fodale,” Speculum, vol. 51, no. 4 (October 1976), pp. 740–741.
Perkins, Charles C. Historical Handbook of Italian Sculpture (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1883).
Perkins, F. Mason. “Andrea Vanni,” Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, vol. 2, no. 6 (August 1903), pp. 309–325.
Petrarch, Francesco. Letters on Familiar Matters, I–XXIV. Translated by Aldo S. Bernardo. 3 vols. (New York, Italica Press, 2005).
Petrucci, Armando. Writers and Readers in Medieval Italy: Studies in the History of Written Culture. Translated by Charles M. Radding (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1995).
Postan, M. M., editor. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 1 The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages. 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, 1966).
Power, Eileen. Medieval People (BiblioLife, 2008).
Quatriglio, Giuseppe. A Thousand Years in Sicily: From the Arabs to the Bourbons. Translated by Justin Vitiello (New York, Legas, 1997).
Raymond of Capua. The Life of St. Catherine of Siena. Translated by George Lamb (New York, P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1960).
Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de, editor. A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
Rodax, Yvonne. The Real and the Ideal in the Novella of Italy, France and England: Four Centuries of Change in the Boccaccian Tale (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1968).
Ruggiers, Paul G. Florence in the Age of Dante (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1964).
Runciman, Steven. The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century (Cambridge University Press, 1982).
Sandys, John Edwin. Harvard Lectures on the Revival of Learning (Cambridge University Press, 1905).
Saunders, Frances Stonor. The Devil’s Broker: Seeking Gold, God and Glory in Fourteenth-Century Italy (New York, Fourth Estate, 2004).
Sedgwick, Henry Dwight. Italy in the Thirteenth Century, vol. 2 (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1912).
Setton, Kenneth M. “Archbishop Pierre d’Ameil in Naples and the Affair of Aimon III of Geneva (1363–1364),” Speculum, vol. 28, no. 4 (October 1953), pp. 643–691.
Sevcenko, Ihor. Society and Intellectual Life in Late Byzantium (London, Variorum Reprints, 1981).
Sinor, Denis. History of Hungary (London, George Allen & Unwin, 1959).
Smith, Denis Mack. A History of Sicily: Medieval Sicily, 800–1713 (New York, Viking Press, 1968).
Smith, Lesley, and Jane H. M. Taylor, editors. Women and the Book: Accessing the Visual Evidence (British Library and University of Toronto Press, 1996).
Spufford, Peter. Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1988).
Starn, Randolph. Contrary Commonwealth: The Theme of Exile in Medieval and Renaissance Italy (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1982).
Steele, Francesca M. The Beautiful Queen, Joanna I. of Naples (London, Hutchinson & Co., 1910).
Swanson, R. N. Universities, Academics and the Great Schism (Cambridge University Press, 1979).
Toynbee, Margaret R. S. Louis of Toulouse and the Process of Canonisation in the Fourteenth Century (Manchester University Press, 1929).
Treadgold, Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford University Press, 1997).
Trexler, Richard C. “Rome on the Eve of the Great Schism,” Speculum, vol. 42, no. 3 (July 1967), pp. 489–509.
Tuchman, Barbara W. A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1978).
Ullmann, Walter. The Origins of the Great Schism: A Study in Fourteenth-Century Ecclesiastical History (Hamden, Archon Books, 1967).
Van Buren, A. W. “Art Activities in Italy,” Parnassus, vol. 2, no. 8 (December 1930), pp. 13–18.
Vardy, S. B., G. Grosschmid, and L. S. Domonkos, editors. Louis the Great, King of Hungary and Poland (New York, Columbia University Press, 1986).
Villani, Giovanni. Villani’s Chronicle. Translated by Rose E. Selfe and edited by Philip H. Wicksteed (London, Archibald Constable & Co., 1906).
Villani, Giovanni, Matteo Villani, and Filippo Villani. Chroniche di Giovanni, Matteo e Filippo Villani (Trieste, 1858).
Waley, Daniel. The Italian City-Republics (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1978).
Ward, Jennifer. Women in Medieval Europe, 1200–1500 (London, Longman, 2002).
Welch, Evelyn. Art in Renaissance Italy, 1350–1500 (Oxford University Press 1997).
Wilkins, Ernest H. “Petrarch’s Ecclesiastical Career,” Speculum, vol. 28, no. 4 (October 1953), pp. 754–775.
Wood, Diana. Clement VI: The Pontificate and Ideas of an Avignon Pope (Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Zacour, Norman P. “Petrarch and Talleyrand,” Speculum, vol. 31, no. 4 (October 1956), pp. 683–703.
. “Talleyrand: The Cardinal of Périgord (1301–1364),” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., vol. 50, no. 7 (1960), pp. 1–83.
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
p. 1 Saint Louis of Toulouse Placing the Crown of the Kingdom of Naples on the Head of His Brother Robert of Anjou, by Simone Martini (1284–1344), Museo di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy. Photo credit: Alinari/Art Resource, NY.
p. 1 The Coronation of Pope Clement VII, 1378, c.1378–c.1400, Roy. 20. C. VII. Folio No: 208v (detail), British Library, London, Great Britain. Photo credit: HIP/Art Resource, NY.
p. 2 Naval Triumph after the Battle of Ischia, by Francesco Pagano, left and right sides, fifteenth century, Certosa di S. Martino, Naples, Italy. Photo credit: Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali/Art Resource, NY.
p. 2 Hungarian Anjou Legendary single leaf, MS M.360.6. By permission of the Pierpont Morgan Library. Photo credit: The Pierpoint Morgan Library, New York.
p. 3 Boethius, De musica, V.A. 14, Fol. 47, mid-fourteenth century. By permission of Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III, Naples, Italy. Photo credit: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III, Naples, Italy.
p. 4 Distribution of Grain in the Orsanmichele During the 1335 Famine, manuscript illumination from Il Biadiolo (The Grain Merchant) by Domenico Lenzi, fourteenth century, Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence, Italy. Photo credit: Scala/Art Resource, NY.
p. 4 Burying Plague Victims of Tour
nai, 1349, from the Annals of Gilles de Muisit, by the Abbot of Saint-Martin, 1352. MS 13076-7, c.24t, Fol. 24v., Bibliotheque Royale Albert I, Brussels, Belgium. Photo credit: Snark/Art Resource, NY.
p. 5 Scene from the Battle of Crécy, 1346, from Les Chroniques de France, Cotton Nero E. II, fol. 152v (detail), British Library, London, Great Britain. Photo credit: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.
p. 5 King Jean II Le Bon Surrenders to the Black Prince After the Battle of Poitiers, 1356, from The Chronicles of Jean Froissart, Book 1, MS 873, ex 501, fol. 201v, Musée Condé, Chantilly, France. Photo credit: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.
p. 6 The Sacrament of Marriage, by Roberto d’Oderisio, mid-1360s, the Church of Santa Maria Incoronata, Naples, Italy. By permission of the Soprintendenza PSAE e per il Molo Museale della città di Napoli. Photo credit: @pedicini luciano.
p. 6 Royal Court Entertained to a Tilting Match, from Le Roman du Roi Meliadus de Leonnoys, by Helie de Borron, circa 1352–1362, Add 12228, Folio 214v-215 (detail), British Library, London, Great Britain. Photo credit: HIP/Art Resource, NY.
p. 7 Petrarch Appearing to Boccaccio in His Sleep, by Master François and Master Dunois, from Les Cas des nobles homes et femmes by Giovanni Boccaccio, 1465, MS 860, fol. 258r, Musée Condé, Chantilly, France. Photo credit: Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY.
p. 7 “Via Veritatis,” detail of Church Militant and Triumphant, by Andrea da Firenze (also known as Andrea di Bonaiuto), 1366–1368, Spanish Chapel, S. M. Novella, Florence, Italy. Photo credit: Scala/Art Resource, NY.
p. 8 The Queen of Naples Praying to the Madonna and Child for an Heir, by Niccolò di Tommaso, circa late 1360s, lunette over the chapel door, Certosa di San Giacomo, Capri. By permission of the Soprintendenza PSAE e per il Molo Museale della città di Napoli. Photo credit: @pedicini luciano.
It was Petrarch who labeled the papal residency at Avignon, known for its profligacy, with the withering sobriquet “The Babylonian Captivity,” an unusually apt turn of phrase that stuck through the ages.
This idea was evidently acquired by Sancia’s eldest brother and passed on to the rest of the family as a result of a brief conversation with Robert’s saintly brother Louis on his way home from prison in 1295.
“Item, praefatus dominus dux ac domina ducissa et Maria, soror ejus, puberes se affermantes, et sic ex eorum aspectu apparebat, in praesentia domini Regis nostrumque, judicis, notarii et testium suprascriptorum, promiserunt et juraverunt ad sancta Dei Evangelia corporaliter tacta praemissa omnia et singular tenaciter et inviolabiliter observare et nullo unquam tempore per se vel alium quovismodo contra facere vel tenere, recipients sibi adinvicem ipsam promissionem et sacramentum preadictum.”
These Letters Have Never Been Documented; It Has Been Suggested They Were Forged.
Jeanne was originally engaged to Joanna’s son, Charles Martel, in 1347, to buy Charles of Durazzo’s loyalty. Because Jeanne was promised to the heir to the throne, an inheritance fit for a queen, consisting of much of Maria’s legacy from Robert the Wise, was bestowed on her at that time. This explains why Louis of Taranto was so vehement in his refusal to surrender her assets to the Durazzos.
This ransom was never paid in full, although John went to great lengths to raise it, both by increasing taxes and by other, more unconventional means. For example, Galeazzo Visconti, brother of Bernabò, contracted to marry eleven-year-old Isabelle, a royal princess of the house of Valois, to his nine-year-old son at this time. “His [Galeazzo’s] proposals were listened to because they knew he was rich,” Froissart sniffed. “He therefore bought the daughter of King John for 600,000 francs.” Matteo Villani went even further: “Who could imagine that because of the assaults of the king of England—small and poor in comparison—the king of France should be reduced to such straits as virtually to sell his own flesh at auction… Thrusting into oblivion her royal dignity and nobility of blood, she made reverence to messer Galeazzo and to messer Bernabò and to their ladies.”
Giotto was famously known for both his wit and his homely appearance. Another medieval folktale reported that Dante had once asked the painter in jest how “his children could be so ugly when his paintings were so beautiful.” Without missing a beat, Giotto answered that “he painted by daylight but procreated in the dark.”
Both men were illegitimate, of undistinguished middle-class birth, working as relative underlings in their fathers’ businesses when they first met, although Acciaiuoli, several years older, would very quickly worm his way into Catherine of Valois’ household as a financial adviser and tutor to her young sons, among his other, less respectable duties.
An illness that occurs every other day or every third day.
Joanna’s reference to the moon is most likely meant to underscore that James’s ailment was psychological, not physical. In the Middle Ages, insanity (“lunacy”) was frequently thought to be affected by the phases of the moon.
Other observers reported that James had in fact “struck the Queen, injuring her badly,” during this incident.
Actually, in English, the duchess of Durazzo was also named Joanna in honor of her aunt, Joanna I, but I have used the French spelling of her name to avoid confusion with the queen.
This part must have been difficult to forward, as it was the archbishop of Naples himself who was transmitting this information.
There is some confusion as to when, exactly, Maria died, as another chronicler wrote that she lived until June 5, 1367, and a third indicated that she was still alive in Viterbo on September 5, 1367. However, as May 20, 1366, is the date of Maria’s death as inscribed on her sepulcher at Santa Chiara, and there are strong indications that Joanna, rather than Maria, acted in a mother’s capacity to Jeanne at her wedding to Louis of Navarre on June 19, 1366, the earlier date seems the most likely.
Hawkwood’s forces went through a number of transformations. The White Company disbanded in 1365, only to be reconstituted as the Company of Saint George, which also dispersed after a year. Although known primarily as a leader of expatriate English mercenaries, Hawkwood also utilized Italian and Hungarian knights and soldiers in his companies. “It was the peculiarity of Italian warfare that the captains Hawkwood fought against one day fought with him the next,” observed medieval scholar William Caferro.
Elizabeth was not only still alive; she was managing much of the Hungarian government. “Due to her influence over Louis, she gained the upper hand at court and for several decades acted as a sort of co-regent,” wrote Pál Engel. “The king clung to her with boyish affection… Even the barons were afraid of her.” When Louis the Great inherited the kingdom of Poland on his uncle’s death in 1370, he sent his sixty-five-year-old mother to govern it for him.
Unlike Philip of Taranto, who held the title of emperor of Constantinople, John Palaeologus actually was the emperor of Constantinople.
No record survives as to how much Joanna paid to Hawkwood, what year the annuity began, or when it ended, but possibly Joanna was forced to bribe the Englishman to stay out of Naples in January 1364, when James of Majorca invited Hawkwood and the White Company to Naples in order to overthrow her.
Interestingly, Louis did not attempt to reacquire the kingdom of Naples by revisiting the notion that Joanna had murdered Andrew, an indication that her innocence on this point was an accepted matter of record. The king of Hungary would most certainly have tried this gambit if he thought it would have any hope of success.
Philip of Taranto, the last surviving brother, had died in 1373, at which point the Taranto family holdings had reverted to the crown.
“It doesn’t seem to me that modern historians who have examined the schism have paid this point the required consideration,” wrote Italian scholar Giacinto Romano. “Looking to identify the distant and direct reasons of this grave conflict, they didn’t think it necessary to speculate how Joanna’s stance might have contributed not perhaps to provoke, but to facilitate and hasten it. It cannot be denied, however (since this stands out in the chro
nology of facts) that if the French cardinals had not been certain of the immediate and neighborly support of the queen of Naples… they would have found it difficult to dare spur the fight against Urban and accelerate events in such a public way.”
Jeanne of Durazzo, having lost her first husband, had just married Robert, another member of the extended Valois family, on April 6, 1378, in Naples.
Not to be confused with Louis’ indomitable mother, Elizabeth, who had finally passed away in 1380, predeceasing her son by only two years.
The Lady Queen Page 44
