by Max Hastings
Defence Registry, 143
de Guingand, Maj.Gen. Sir Francis W., 482
de la Warre, Herbrand Brassey Sackville, 9th Earl, 555
Denmark: Resistance movement, 453
Denver Post, 228–9
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 77
de Valeria, Éamon, 70–3
Dieppe: raid (1942), 332–4
Dill, Gen. Sir John: flies to France with WSC, 16,
45–6; succeeds Ironside as CIGS, 25; and evacuation of forces from Cherbourg, 52; WSC turns against, 74; persuades WSC to send tanks to Wavell, 94; apprehension over prospective German invasion, 96; orders Kennedy to prepare strategy paper, 113; advocates reinforcing Far East, 117, 218; questions British intervention in Greece, 119, 125–7, 130; flies to Athens, 128; returns from Cairo, 131; dismissed, 133, 266; pessimism over Middle East, 133; qualities, 142–3; predicts loss of Middle East, 149; at Placentia Bay meeting, 194–5; sees no propect of engaging Germans on continent, 195; WSC dismisses, 210; accompanies WSC to Washington, 217; on shipping shortages for conveying US troops, 220; as chief of military mission in USA, 232–3; good relations with Marshall, 232–3; on preventing junction of Japanese and German forces, 241; on inequitable exchange with USA, 258; and WSC’s dissatisfaction with commanders, 267; relations with Hopkins, 296; favours early second front, 311; on Hopkins-Marshall-King visit to WSC, 311; blames WSC for Auchinleck’s Middle East failure, 318; favours Wavell as super-chief of staff, 335; influence at Casablanca conference, 358; criticises Roosevelt, 359; Marshall proposes to command Overlord, 394; WSC expresses disappointment at Anzio stalemate, 441; cautions WSC about excessive messages to Roosevelt on Overlord, 480; death, 530
Disraeli, Benjamin, 89
Ditchley, Oxfordshire, 181–2
Djilas, Milovan, 467–8, 486
Dodecanese: operations, xxii, 116, 386, 400–20, 449; casualties, 417
Doenitz Grand Admiral Karl, 569
‘Dolbey, Maj.’, 405
Donovan, Col. William (‘Wild Bill’), 176, 461
Dowding, Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh, 15, 67, 80, 83, 100
Dragoon, Operation (earlier Anvil): planned, 448, 478, 493–6; landings in southern France, 506, 511
Drax, Admiral Sir Reginald Ernle-Erle-Plunkett-, 96
Dresden: bombed, 558–9, 561–2
Dugdale, Thomas, 280
Dumas, Alexandre, 591
Dunkirk: evacuation from (1940), 24, 30–1, 36–44
Dykes, Brig.
Vivian, 296
EAM (Greek organisation), 463, 465, 507, 525–6
East Africa: British victory in, 118, 123
Economist (journal), 253, 541–2
Eden, Anthony (later 1st Earl of Avon): serves under WSC, 11–12; and Ironside’s pessimism, 19; flies to France with WSC, 45–6; pessimism, 48; persuades WSC to send tanks to Wavell, 94; position in Tory party, 106; public image, 111; plans capture of Sicily, 116; questions British intervention in Greece, 119, 124–6, 130; WSC proposes as replacement for Wavell in Middle East, 121; character and qualities, 126–7; as Foreign Secretary, 126–7; flies to Athens, 128; in war cabinet, 140; and WSC’s welcoming Russia as ally, 152–3; coolness towards Russians, 154; meets Maisky, 160; rules out second front, 162; supports aid to Russia, 163; on US aid policy, 172; on terms of Lend-Lease, 174; Hopkins’ view of, 182; and fear of Japanese attack on Malaya, 189; dines with WSC, 202, 204; on food shortages, 202; stays at Chequers, 203; dismay at WSC’s proposed attack on Norway, 208; visits Moscow, 216; on relations with USA, 228; dismay at Roosevelt’s international ambitions, 230; on WSC and Cripps, 242; as potential successor to WSC, 243, 498; declines US invitation to write on post-war vision, 253; welcomes US plan for second front, 285; and WSC’s fear of losing leadership, 302; Beaverbrook believes in as WSC’s successor, 336; outrage at Darlan’s appointment in North Africa, 347; WSC briefs on response to questions on Dodecanese campaign, 420; on WSC’s unwillingness to address non-military matters, 422; and WSC’s wish for Turkey to enter war, 424; on Cairo conference, 429; view of Stalin, 432; on success of Tehran conference, 435; dines in Cairo with WSC, 436; and landing at Anzio, 439; fears Soviet post-war ambitions, 445; argues for French resurrection, 447; discomfort on tour of pre-D-Day troops, 485; Bevin discusses maintaining coalition government with, 486; on WSC’s accepting US criticism of Montgomery’s sloweness, 497; and Nazi persecution of Jews, 501; and Stalin’s attitude to Poles, 503; persuades WSC to suppport de Gaulle against Americans, 505; and return of Togliatti to Italy, 506; appalled at Morgenthau Plan, 512; supports French National Government, 513; negotiates with Molotov over ‘percentage agreement’, 515; welcomed in Athens, 524; and post-war Greek politics and civil war, 526, 531; travels to Greece with WSC, 534, 536–7; dissatisfactions towards war’s end, 542; asks WSC about plans for post-war Germany, 543–4; at Malta before Yalta conference, 547; attends Yalta conference, 548; depressed by Yalta meeting, 556; and Soviet demands in East Europe, 566; supports WSC’s proposal to drive back Russia in Europe, 572; dislikes Conservative Party, 578; at Potsdam conference, 584, 588; on WSC’s final cabinet, 591
Eden, Nicholas (Anthony’s son), 498
Edwards, Capt. Ralph, 62, 205
Egypt: Italian army threatens, 118; WSC visits, 316; inadequate British equiipment in, 317; see also Cairo
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 290
Eisenhower, Gen. Dwight D.: writes to Patton on early days of war, 294; Hopkins and party visit in London, 312; Soviet knowledge of activities, 322; supports North African landings, 335; commands in North Africa, 340, 351, 370; appoints Darlan France’s high commissioner in North Africa, 346; dealings with British, 351; confidence over Sicily landings, 381; favours amphibious landings in Italy, 383; Morgan admires, 386; declines to support Dodecanese campaign, 403, 420; at Cairo conference, 429; WSC and Brooke visit in Tunisia, 436; appointed to command Overlord, 437; postpones D-Day to June, 439; demands pre-invasion bombing of French railways, 480; relations with British, 483; commitment to landings in south of France, 494; insists on concentrating forces in France, 496; and collapse of German reistance in France, 505; tensions with Montgomery, 547, 558; preserves Allied unity, 549; advance to Rhine, 550; assures Stalin of Western armies staying away from Berlin, 558, 565
ELAS (Greek communist organisation), 463–5, 507, 525–6, 531, 533, 536–8, 540
Eldergill, Lylie, 490
Elizabeth, Queen of George VI, 86
Ellender, Allen, 298
Embick, Maj.Gen. Stanley, 186
Eureka conference, 355
Europe: conditions little known in London, 307; Resistance movements, 451–7; forced labour in, 457
Fast, Howard, 196
Financial Times: on German invasion of Russia, 151
Finland: WSC supports against Russia, 152, 156
Fleet Air Arm: weakness, 206, 246, 595
Fleming, Peter, 57
Foot, Michael, 254
Ford, Edward, 38
Foreman, Carl, 401
Fortune (US magazine), 64, 253
Fox, William, 496
Franc-Tireurs et Partisans (French Communist bands), 458, 460
France: and German advance, 5, 7, 14, 17–19, 43; WSC’s faith in, 12, 347–8, 447; British air support for, 14–16, 43–4; defeatism, 16; WSC visits, 16, 41, 45; bitterness towards Britain for lack of support, 20–1; refugees in, 20; counter-attack expected, 24; aids British evacuation from Dunkirk, 40; requests to Britain, 41; second British evacuation from, 51–3; British equipment abandoned, 53, 58; WSC proposes union with Britain, 54; resentment at perceived British betrayal, 55–6; surrenders, 55–6; casualties, 58; beneficial effects of surrender on Britain, 67; contributes to US economic boom, 175; raids on, 245; Allies plan invasion for 1944, 358; forces fight with Allies in North Africa, 370; proposed landings in south, 448, 478, 493–4; Resistance movement, 451, 455–8, 458–61, 470–1, 474; and German forced labour, 457; SOE in, 471; numbers killed by Allied bombing, 480; railways bombed before D-Day, 480, 560; de Gaulle heads government, 505, 513, 5
23; WSC wins German occupation zone for at Yalta conference, 551; driven from north-west Italy after occupation, 580
France, Anatole, 593
Franco, Gen. Francisco, 70
Frankfurter, Felix, 184, 300
Franks (Lee’s British driver), 189
Fraser, Admiral Sir Bruce, 250, 319
Free French (and Free France): in Britain, 56; failure to take Dakar, 70; seize Newfoundland islands, 227–8; fight against Axis powers, 365
Freeman, Air Marshal Sir Wilfred, 83, 194, 208
French, David, 369
French army: Forces Françaises de l’Intérieur (FFI), 460, 472
French fleet: fear of use by Germans, 45, 69; Britain requests delivery to British ports, 54; bombarded by British at Mers-el-Kebir, 69–70 VESSELS: Jean-Bart (battleship), 220; Milan (destroyer), 56; Richelieu (battleship), 220
Freyburg, Maj.Gen. Bernard (later 1st Baron), commands in Crete, 133–5, 365
Gallipoli campaign (1915), 2, 8
Gamelin, Gen. Maurice, 5, 24
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma), 255
Garcia, Clive, 310
Gardiner, A.G., 9, 593
Gaulle, Gen. Charles de: on WSC’s demeanour in France, 46; WSC admires resolution, 48–9; invited to lunch with WSC and Eden, 54; broadcasts to France from London, 56; WSC endorses as leader of Free French, 75; on Pearl Harbor, 214; on Roosevelt, 224; on Darlan, 347; stormy relations with WSC, 347–8, 356–7; character, 349; and Giraud, 349; meets Giraud at Casablanca conference, 356, 359; recognised in North Africa, 365; US distaste for, 365, 446, 479; exasperates WSC, 446–7; urges restraint on Resistance activists, 453; attracts few followers, 454; instructions to Resistance groups, 458; expels SOE personnel from France, 473; animosity towards Britain, 486; returns to England for D-Day, 486; declines to meet WSC in Algiers, 505; returns to France as de facto ruler, 505, 513, 523; WSC dismisses wish to attend Yalta conference, 543
Gazala, 318
George II, King of Greece, 463–4, 469, 526, 531, 533, 538–9
George VI, King: WSC reports to, 24, 242; opposes Beaverbrook’s appointment to cabinet, 82; regular meetings with WSC, 86; message from Roosevelt, 179; welcomes Winant as US ambassador, 185; on WSC’s official burdens, 257; WSC sees on return from Tehran conference, 439; dissuades WSC from witnessing D-Day landings, 485
German army
Afrika Korps: advance in Libya, 130; Hitler reinforces, 252, 345; superior weapons and tactics, 264, 268, 317–18; repulsed at Alam Halfa, 335; supply ships attacked, 336
German navy
U-boats: campaign in Atlantic, 113, 199, 215, 367; signals intercepted, 158; attack arctic convoys, 241; and Coastal Command, 250; tracked by Ultra, 337
VESSELS: Bismarck (battleship), 138, 171, 192, 195; Gneisenau (battlecruiser), 237; Scharnhorst (battlecruiser), 237; Tirpitz (battleship), 192, 205, 245
Germany: advance in West, 5–8, 13, 17–19, 21, 23–4; air threat to Britain, 13; as invasion threat to England (Operation ‘Sealion’), 18, 24, 30–1, 67–9, 73–4, 81, 87, 94–7, 100–1, 123–4, 207, 217; occupies Paris, 51; press comments on WSC, 77–8; signals decoded, 84–5; bombing campaign against, 97, 113, 246–51, 324, 334, 358, 368, 424–6, 558–64; prospective attack against Russia, 103; invades Russia, 149–50, 152; non-aggression pact with Russia (1939), 151; advance in Russia, 169; declares war on USA, 215–16; given priority as war aim, 220–1, 354; military culture and efficiency, 264–5, 270; superiority of armour and weapons, 268; losses at Stalingrad, 344; unconditional surrender demand on, 360; Soviet predominance in defeat of, 362; surrender of Sixth Army at Stalingrad, 365; resists Allied advance in Italy, 390–2, 427, 442–3, 481, 494; retreat before Russians, 403; counters and suppresses Resistance fighters, 453–6, 464; introduces forced labour throughout Europe, 457; secret weapons deployed against Britain, 479, 490; anti-Hitler faction in, 499–500; continuing resistance after D-Day, 499; post-war settlement discussed at Quebec, 511–12; Morgenthau proposes pastoralising, 512; division and reparations agreed at Yalta, 551, 553; civilian casualties from bombing, 563; surrenders, 569; see also Luftwaffe
Ghormley, Rear-Admiral Robert, 108
Gibraltar, 66
Gibson, Wing-Commander Guy, 387–8
Gide, André, 453
Gildea, Robert, 453 Giraud, Gen. Henri, 348–9, 356, 359, 365
Gloucester, Prince Henry, Duke of, 309, 335
Goebbels, Joseph, 68, 247, 512
Goering, Hermann, 40, 80, 99, 102
Golovanov, Alexander, 327
Gordon, John, 265–6, 287
Gort, Gen. John Vereker, 6th Viscount: qualities, 14; campaign as BEF commander, 19, 21, 25; and expected French counter-attack, 24; on evacuation from Dunkirk, 36; instructed to fight on, 38; plans to hold Dunkirk perimeter, 39; ordered to quit Dunkirk, 42; dispatch on 1940 campaign in France, 208; as governor of Malta, 427
Gott, Lt.Gen. William (‘Strafer’), 319–20, 366
Graziani, Marshal Rodolfo, 118
Greece: WSC visits (December 1944), xxii, 534–40; Italians invade, 118–19; British intervention and campaign in, 119–20, 124–6, 128–9; Germans invade and occupy, 124, 130, 133; British evacuate, 133; US-British disagreements over, 430; Resistance movement, 461, 463–4; internal dissensions, 462–3; German reprisals, 464–5; communist hostility to WSC, 469; troops and sailors in Egypt mutiny, 479–80; post-liberation settlement, 493, 507, 515–16, 524; British troops in after German withdrawal, 514; post-liberation civil disorder, 524–34, 539–41; opts for regency, 538
Green, Corp. Geoffrey, 192, 197
Green, Muriel, 27
Green, Yolande, 107
Greene, Major A.P., 532–3
Greenwood, Arthur, 10, 30, 37, 140, 145
Gretton, Col. John, 13
Griffiths, Eaton, 83
Griffiths, James, 241
Grigg, Sir James, 126–7
Gubbins, Maj.Gen. Colin, 471–2
Guderian, Gen. Heinz, 5
Guns of Navarone, The (film), 401
Gunther, John, 482
Gusev, Feodor, 398–9, 580–3
Gustav V Adolf, King of Sweden: mediation offer to Britain and Germany, 78
Hachmeister, Louise, 296
Hackett, Walter, 7
Haig, Field Marshal Douglas, 1st Earl, 261
Halifax, Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of: and WSC’s appointment as prime minister, 2–3, 8; career and experience, 10; proposes Italian mediation with Hitler, 26, 28, 33, 36; threatens resignation, 33; suggests direct call upon USA, 37; opposes sending more forces to France, 43; travels to Tours with WSC, 48–9; recommends Menzies as head of Intelligence, 85; Lothian advocates negotiations to, 105; as prospective Tory leader, 106; as ambassador in Washington, 126, 174, 178, 191, 232, 295; attitude to Americans, 174; on WSC’s visit to Washington, 224; on Conservative blindness to social welfare, 282; Beaverbrook meets in USA, 288; unpopularity in USA, 300; fears US demands for Lend-Lease repayments, 377; Hopkins confides in, 513; on US view of British actions in Greece, 531
Hammond, Nick, 464
Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers, 1st Baron: disparages WSC’s war cabinet, 11, 17; on Lords’ ‘Fifth Column’, 27; criticises WSC, 133, 242; on German military superiority, 133; opposes aiding Stalin, 163; criticises Beaverbrook, 166; and proposed dismissal of Tedder, 208; dismissed, 242; and Cairncross, 320–1
Harriman, Averell: accompanies delegation to Russia, 164–5; WSC’s relations with, 178; mission to Britain, 185, 187–8; and US aid to Britain, 186; convinced of US entering war, 187; at Placentia Bay, 196; writes to WSC on British inaction, 206; and Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, 212; on Roosevelt’s international ideas, 231; reports Skelton’s pessimistic views to Roosevelt, 243; joins WSC on visit to Moscow, 315, 320, 325, 328–9; on easy living in Cairo, 316; on de Gaulle and Giraud, 348; on US readiness to disparage British, 357; on WSC’s distress at Roosevelt’s insisting on unconditional surrender, 360; on Roosevelt’s indifference to East European question, 434; aff
air with Pamela Churchill, 510; as ambassador in Moscow, 515
Harriman, Kathleen, 187–8
Harris, Air Marshal Sir Arthur: on dealing with Americans, 175–6; as C.in C. Bomber Command, 247, 251, 561; relations with WSC, 248–9; on Guy Gibson’s trip to Canada with WSC, 388; diverts bombing campaign to Berlin, 424–5; on effects of bombing offensive, 425; opposes SOE, 457
Hart, (Sir) Basil Liddell: on German strategy in Belgium, 5; on WSC’s new war cabinet, 11; urges negotiated peace, 111; on WSC’s Anzio plan, 441
Harvey, (Sir) Oliver (later Baron): pessimism, 123; on government hostility to Russia, 168; on Halifax’s ambassadorship in USA, 175; on ailing WSC, 236; believes WSC jealous of Stalin’s military successes, 240; on Roosevelt’s willingness to sacrifice men in second front, 292; on WSC’s vist to Middle East, 315; on Lampson, 316; on army caution, 346; on assassination of Darlan, 349; compares Russia’s successes with British inaction, 382; and WSC’s dismissal of Stimson’s proposal to advance D-Day, 385; on Hitler bomb plot, 500; on WSC’s visit to Italy, 508; on WSC’s growing attention to foreign affairs, 546; on WSC’s 1945 election campaign, 579
Harwood, Admiral Sir Henry, 319
Hassett, William, 225, 298, 393
Headlam, Cuthbert, 11, 76, 154, 175, 276, 280, 310, 371, 444, 520
Hemingway, Ernest, 488
Henderson, G.F.R.: biography of Stonewall Jackson, 115
Hennessy, Patrick, 83
Henry V (film of Shakespeare play), 499
Hess, Rudolf, 82, 137
Heydrich, Heinrich: assassinated, 455
Hichens, Lt. Robert, 39, 60–1, 97
Hill, A.V., 249
Hill, Kathleen, 119, 203
Himmler, Heinrich, 565
Hiss, Alger, 321
Hitler, Adolf: indifference to suffering, xxiii; and German advance in West, 5, 8, 15; and attack on Norway, 9; withholds forces at Dunkirk, 40; orders air campaign against Britain, 78; publicly offers choice of peace or suffering to Britain, 78; and proposed invasion of Britain, 100–1; declares no interest in Africa, 124; invasion of Russia, 150–1, 156; neglects attacks on Britain, 157; and attack on Stalingrad, 324; reinforces North Africa after Allied successes, 345, 351; WSC refuses to negotiate with, 359–60; Italian defence strategy, 392, 494; responds to British operations in Aegean, 407; congratulates commanders for Aegean success, 417; bomb plot against (20 July 1944), 499–500; compared with WSC, 594
