1. Richard Asmet Awid and Marlene Hamdon, Through the Eyes of the Son — A Factual History About Canadian Arabs (Edmonton: Accent Printing, 2000).
2. Daood Hamdani, In the footsteps of Canadian Muslim Women (Canadian Council of Muslim Women, 2007), 6.
3. Andrea Lorenz, “The Women Behind the Al Rashid,” Legacy, November 1988–January 1999 (Alberta Online Encyclopedia).
4. Don Thomas, “Muslims Mark a Century of Faith in Canada,” Edmonton Journal, May 3, 1999: B3.
5. Awid and Hamdon.
Hattie Rhue Hatchett
1. Paula McCooey, “That Sacred Song,” Ottawa Citizen, November 11, 2002: C1.
2. Richard George Stewardson, “Hattie Rhue Hatchett (1863–1958)” (MA Thesis, York University, 1994), 51.
3. Ibid., 40, 266, 267.
4. Ibid., 62.
5. McCooey.
6. Ibid.
7. Hattie Rhue Hatchett, “That Sacred Spot.”
Satinder Hawkins
1. Vaughn Palmer, “Cancer Crusader Sindi Hawkins Made a Difference,” Vancouver Sun, September 22, 2010.
2. Notes from Seema Ahluwalia to author, April 2011.
3. Official Report of the Legislative Assembly (British Columbia), Vol. 6, No. 20: 5615.
4. Jonathan Fowlie, “Former Liberal MLA Sindi Hawkins Loses Cancer Battle,” Vancouver Sun, September 21, 2010.
5. Broadcast on www.castanet.net., September 22, 2010.
Prudence Heward
1. Natalie Luckyj, Expressions of Will: The Art of Prudence Heward (Kingston: Agnes Etherington Art Centre, 1986), 61.
2. Evelyn Walters, The Women of Beaver Hall (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2005), 49.
3. See the biography of her grandmother, Eliza Jones, in this book.
4. A.K. Prakash, Independent Spirit: Early Canadian Women Artists (Buffalo/Richmond Hill: Firefly, 2008), 100.
5. Walters, 47.
6. Ibid., 51.
7. Canadian Painting in the 1930s, www.gallery.ca.
Esther Hill
1. “New Trail Blazed by a Varsity Girl,” Globe and Mail, June 3, 1920.
2. “Breaking Barriers by Building,” The Gazette, August 5, 2000.
3. Annmarie Adams and Peta Tancred, “Designing Women: Then and Now,” The Canadian Architect, Vol. 45, Iss. 11 (Nov. 2000): 16–17. See also Annmarie Adams and Peta Tancred, Designing Women: Gender and the Architectural Profession (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000).
4. “Marjorie Hill,” International Archive of Women in Architecture: Biographical Database, Virginia Tech, www.lumiere.lib.vt.edu.
Lotta Hitschmanova
1. This is the title of a documentary film about Lotta Hitschmanova, produced by Peter Lockyer.
2. Clyde Sanger, Lotta (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd., 1986), 254.
3. The oats were developed by breeder Dr. Vernon Burrows, who was inspired by Lotta’s work.
4. USC Canada has an excellent website with many resources about Lotta Hitschmanova, where you can also hear her voice again. See www.DrLotta.ca. USC Canada website, www.usc-canada.org.
Helen Hogg
1. Christine Clement and Peter Broughton, “Helen Sawyer Hogg,” RASC Journal, Vol. 87, No. 6.
2. Judith L. Pipher, “Helen Sawyer Hogg,” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 105, No. 694: 1371.
3. Judith Knelman, “Helen Hogg,” Graduate: The University of Toronto Alumni Magazine, Vol. XIII, No. 1.
4. Pipher, 1372.
5. Althea Blackburn-Evans, “Helen Hogg — Great Discoverers,” EDGE Magazine, Winter 2000.
6. Benjamin F. Shearer and Barbara S. Shearer, eds., Notable Women in the Physical Sciences (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997), 193.
Ann Hulan
1. George Coggeshall, History of the American Privateers (New York: Putnam, 1861), 60.
2. Ibid., 4.
3. Edwards Wix, Six Months of a Newfoundland Missionary’s Journal (London: Smith, Elder and Co., Cornhill, 1836), 193
4. W.E. Cormack, Narrative of Journey Across the Island of Newfoundland in 1822 (London/Toronto: Longmans, Green and Company, 1928).
5. Cultural Connections Resource, Of Character: Newfoundland and Labrador, 2008.
6. Wix, 194.
May Irwin
1. Eve Golden, Golden Images: 41 Essays in Silent Film Stars (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2001), 60.
2. In Golden, 56, there is a quote from May Irwin indicating she was eleven at the time of the audition. Though her birth year is usually indicated as 1862, recent research in the Canadian Census shows it could be 1861.
3. Lewis Clinton Strang, Famous Actresses of the Day in America (Boston: L.C. Page and Company, 1899), 174.
4. See “May Irwin to Head Laughter Bureau,” New York Times, September 18, 1915, and “May Irwin’s Play Anew: Improved Production Launches Suffrage Week at the Park,” the New York Times, September 28, 1915.
5. Charles Foster, Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2000), 15.
6. The Heroes (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited, 1967), 78.
Eliza M. Jones
1. Henry J. Morgan, Types of Canadian Women Past & Present (Toronto: William Briggs, 1903), 181.
2. Faith Berghuis Collection, Jones Family Files.
3. S. Lynn Campbell and Susan L. Bennett, “Eliza Maria Harvey,” DCB, www.biographi.ca.
4. Mrs. E.M. Jones, Dairying for Profit; or, The Poor Man’s Cow (Montreal: John Lovell & Son, 1892), Preface.
Frances Kelsey
1. Linda Bren, “Frances Oldham Kelsey: FDA Medical Reviewer Leaves Her Mark on History,” FDA Consumer magazine, March–April 2001.
2. Gardiner Harris, “The Public’s Quiet Savior from Harmful Medicines,” New York Times, September 13, 2010.
3. Bren.
4. “Dr. Frances Kathleen Oldham Kelsey,” National Library of Medicine, www.nlm.nih.gov.
5. Harris.
6. See, for example, Ian E.P. Taylor, “Censuring the Scientists,” CPJ/RPC, Vol. 141, No. 2 (2008): 69, and The Current, CBC Radio, July 27, 2010.
7. Harris.
8. Bren.
Lady Sara Kirke
1. Peter E. Pope, Fish into Wine (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 438.
2. Robert W. Sexty and Suzanne Sexty, “Lady Sara Kirke: Canada’s First Female Entrepreneur or One of Many?” Administrative Sciences Association of Canada — Annual Conference 2000, Vol. 21, Part 24, 29.
3. Petition of the Merchant Adventurers of Plymouth, England, to the Council of State, circa 1650, Winthrop Papers, VI, 4–6, in Pope, 437.
4. CATA Alliance, www.cata.ca (accessed August 13, 2009).
5. Sexty and Sexty, 28.
Muriel Kitagawa
1. Muriel Kitagawa, This Is My Own (Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1985), 31.
2. Kitagawa, 21.
3. Ibid., 184–85.
4. “The News from the Ethnic Press,” The Vancouver Sun, October 26, 1998.
5. “Reflections on Anniversary of an Apology,” The Toronto Star, November 17, 2008.
6. Kitagawa, 250.
Elsie Knott
1. Cora Voyageur, Firekeepers of the Twenty-First Century: First Nations Women Chiefs (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008), 28.
2. Ibid., 29.
Molly Kool
1. “Fearless Captain Molly Kool,” King’s County Record, August 30, 1978.
2. Aida Boyer McAnn, “Kool is the Word for Molly,” The Star Weekly, June 3, 1939.
3. Donal Baird, Women at Sea in the Age of Sail (Halifax: Nimbus Publishing, 2001), 215.
4. “Fearless Captain Molly Kool.”
5. Molly Kool to Jean Kool, Canadian National Telegram, April 19, 1939, Visitor Centre in Alma, New Brunswick.
Marguerite de la Rocque
1. For an in-depth analysis of the many versions of the story see Arthur P. Stabler, The Legend of Marguerite de Roberval (Washington: Washingto
n State University Press, 1972).
2. Stabler, 15.
3. Ibid., 3.
4. Ibid., 25–27, 71–77.
5. Walter K. Kelly, translator, The Heptameron of Margaret, Queen of Navarre (London: Published for the trade, n.d.), 510.
Marguerite Vincent Lawinonkié
1. A.N. Montpetit, “Paul Tahourenche, Grand-chef des Hurons,” L’Opinion publique, Montreal, January 23, 1879: 40, in Jean Tanguay, “Marguerite Vincent Lawinonkié, ‘The Woman Skilled at Needlework,’” Commission des lieux et monuments historiques du Canada rapport au feuilleton — personne, 2007-29-A, 1.
2. Anonymous, “Marguerite Vincent Lawinonkié.” Commission des lieux et monuments historiques du Canada formulaire de demande — personne, 2000-42, 2153.
3. Tanguay, 11.
4. Ibid., 12.
5. Ibid., 3.
6. Montpetit, 40, in Tanguay, 11.
Florence Lawrence
1. Kelly R. Brown, Florence Lawrence, The Biograph Girl: America’s First Movie Star (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1999), 49.
2. “Florence Lawrence,” Inventor of the Week Archive, MIT, www.web.mit.edu.
3. At the time, Mary Pickford was earning $5 a day at Biograph; two years later she would be earning $200 per week with David Belasco. See Brown, 53–54.
4. Ibid., 53.
5. Ibid., 56.
6. Ibid., 79.
7. Ibid., 144.
8. Ibid., xii.
9. Ibid., 58.
Marie-Henriette LeJeune-Ross
1. Jackson, Elva E.,“The True Story of the Legendary Granny Ross,” Nova Scotia Historical Review, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1988).
2. Elva E. Jackson, “A Legend Reconsidered,” Cape Breton’s Magazine, Issue 37: 41–42.
3. Lois Kathleen Kernaghan, “Marie-Henriette Lejeune”, DCB, www.biographi.ca.
Irma LeVasseur
1. France Parent, “Irma LeVasseur (1877–1964),” Commission des lieux et monuments historiques du Canada rapport au feuilleton – personne, 2007-10, 3. LeVasseur was the first female to be licensed by the College of Physicians of Quebec, and is considered by Parent to be the first female French-Canadian doctor in Quebec. Female physicians such as Charlotte Ross, Grace Ritchie-England, and Maud Abbott (whose father was French Canadian) had already practised medicine in the province.
2. Ibid., 9. This was required since she had not graduated as a doctor in Quebec.
3. Ibid., 21.
4. Carlotta Hacker, The Indomitable Lady Doctors (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin & Co. Ltd.), 174.
5. Ibid., 176.
6. Albiny Paquette, “Irma LeVasseur (1877–1964),” in Album-souvenir 1923–1963 (Quebec City: Hôpital de l’Enfant-Jésus, 1964), 62, in Parent, Résumé, 3.
7. Irma LeVasseur to Françoise (Robertine Barry), La Patrie, April 18, 1907.
Frances Loring
1. Elspeth Cameron, And Beauty Answers: The Life of Frances Loring and Florence Wyle (Toronto: Cormorant Books, 2007), 293.
2. Ibid., 18.
3. Ibid., 73.
4. Ibid., 6–9.
5. Ibid., 281.
6. Ibid., 212.
Laura Muntz Lyall
1. Elizabeth Mulley, “Women and Children in Context: Laura Muntz and the Representation of Maternity” (Doctoral Thesis, McGill, 2000).
2. Paul Duval, Canadian Impressionism (Toronto and London: McClelland & Stewart, 1990), 50.
3. Mulley, 125–26.
4. Saturday Night, June 7, 1913, cited in Mulley, 2.
5. Ibid., 85.
Anna Markova
1. “An Interview with Anna Petrovna Markova,” Mir (1979): 6.
2. Ibid.: 8.
3. George Woodcock and Ivan Avakumovic, The Doukhobors (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1968), 358.
4. Koozma J. Tarasoff, Spirit Wrestlers: Doukhobor Pioneers’ Strategies for Living (Ottawa: Legas, 2002), 114.
5. “An Interview with Anna Petrovna Markova,” 6.
Clara Brett Martin
1. “Clara Brett Martin,” DCB, www.biographi.ca.
2. Constance Backhouse, “Clara Brett Martin: Canadian Heroine or Not?” Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1992): 265.
3. Ibid.: 276.
4. Lynne Pearlman, “Through Jewish Lesbian Eyes: Rethinking Clara Brett Martin,” Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1992): 329, 348.
5. Buffalo Express, 1896.
Frances Gertrude McGill
1. Joe L. Salterio, “Frances G. McGill, M.D.,” RCMP Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1 (1946): 32.
2. Ibid.: 32.
3. Jim Churchman, “Initio,” RCMP Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 3 (1972): 21.
4. “Dr. Frances Gertrude McGill,” Celebrating Women’s Achievements, Library and Archives Canada, www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/002026-417-e.html (accessed April 24, 2010).
Dorothea Mitchell
1. Michel S. Beaulieu and Ronald N. Harpelle, eds., The Lady Lumberjack (Thunder Bay: Centre for Northern Studies, 2005), 106.
2. Ibid., xiii.
3. Ibid., xi.
4. Ibid., 108.
Sophie Morigeau
1. Jean Barman, “Sophie Morigeau: Free Trader, Free Woman,” in Lives of Aboriginal Women of the Canadian Northwest and Borderlands, edited by Sarah Carter and Patricia A. McCormack (Edmonton: Athabasca University Press, 2011), 188.
2. Ibid., 184.
3. Ibid., 186.
4. Carol S. Ray, “Sophie Morigeau: Trading Across the Boundaries” (MA Thesis, University of Wyoming, 2001).
5. Barman, 189.
Kirkina Mucko
1. Earl B. Pilgrim, The Day Grenfell Cried (St. John’s: DRC Publishing, 2007), 148.
2. There are many versions of the story, and the details differ. See for example Wilfred Thomason Grenfell, A Labrador Doctor (Bibliobazaar, 2007), 245, and Harry Paddon, The Labrador Memoir of Dr. Harry Paddon (Montreal/Toronto: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003), 73.
3. Cassie Brown, “Kirkina Mucko,” The Daily News, April 23, 1964.
4. The Twillingate Sun, October 21, 1950.
5. Cultural Connections Resource, Of Character: Newfoundland and Labrador, 2008.
6. Brown.
Marion Orr
1. Shirley Render, No Place for a Lady (Winnipeg: Portage & Main Press, 2000), 11.
2. Ibid., 142.
3. Ibid., 125.
Yoko Oya
1. Fujin means woman in Japanese.
2. Roy Ito, Stories of My People: A Japanese Canadian Journal (Hamilton: Promark Printing, 1994).
3. Jorgen Dahlie, “The Japanese in B.C.: Lost Opportunity?” BC Studies, No. 8, (1970–71): 5.
Madeleine Parent
1. Andrée Lévesque, Madeleine Parent: Activist (Toronto: Sumach Press, 2005), 128.
2. Ibid., 70.
Esther Pariseau
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